
Qass. 
Book- 



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-104 






J. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OK SOILS. 



IL SURVEY FIELD BOOK. 



:fi:el3D se-A-SOzst, i9oe- 



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, "> 3>0 ,', ^, ; J'-, ;'> ^/^ i'» ''' 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAl^; OF SOILS. 



SOIL SURVEY FIELD BOOK. 



IFIEJLXD SE^^SOnsr, 10O6. 



• • • . i i 
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1907. 


JANUARY. 


FEBRUARY. 


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1 































SEP 12 1906 
D. ofD. 



PREFACE 



Two years have elapsed since the pubhcation of the last issue of 
Instructions to Field Parties and Description of Soil Types. During 
these years the soils of many new areas have been studied and much 
additional information in regard to the general relation of the soils 
of the United States has been obtained. The correlation of the soils 
is a very difficult problem, and one which can not be definitely solved 
from the data obtained by the survey of a limited number of widely 
separated areas. Each additional survey throws new light upon the 
subject, and sometimes necessitates changes in the soil names used in 
the earlier reports. The student of soils will doubtless realize that 
the necessity for such readjustments is an inherent feature of work 
of this character. 

Appieciating the importance of the proper correlation of the soils, 
Messrs. Macy H. Lapham, Charles N. Mooney, J. E. Lapham, and 
Hugh H. Bennett — field men of wide experience — were detailed to 
assist Messrs. George N. Cofi"ey and Jay A. Bonsteel in the revision of 
this publication. This committee has gone carefully over the reports 
of all the areas that have been surveyed, compared the descriptions 
and analyses of the soils, and made such changes as were necessary to 
bring each soil into its proper place in the classification. Every 
change made is believed to be a step in advance, no step has been taken 
except after the most careful consideration of all the questions involved, 
and it is believed that the subject has been handled in a conservative 
way. 

The present volume is definitive of the state of knowledge at the 
time of its issuance. However, the collection of data is going on and 
a fuller understanding of soil relationships is being gained as area after 
area is mapped. It follows that some changes in the present classi- 
fication will yet be found advisable, and these will be made as their 
need becomes apparent. In this way, and only in this way, can a 
uniform and consistent exposition of the wonderfully varied soil 
resources of the country be ultimately accomplished. 

Milton Whitney, 

Chief of Bureau. 
Washington, D. C, May 2^, 1906. 

3 




o 



CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Directions for surveying soils: 

Organization of field party 7 

Field outfit 7 

Base map 8 

Plane-table traversing 8 

Odometer. 9 

Field and oflfice maps 11 

Abbreviations 11 

Determining soil types 11 

Outlining soil boundaries 12 

Naming soil types. .* 13 

Samples for laboratory examination 14 

Classification of soils 15 

Soil type 16 

Soil class 16 

Soil series 19 

Instructions for estimating and mapping alkali 24 

Electrolytic determination of total salts. 24 

Principles of electrolytic determination 24 

Instructions for operating the electrolytic bridge 24 

Reduction of resistances to a temperature of 60° F 26 

Concentration intervals. 30 

Average standardization 30 

Directions for making standardizations 31 

Alkali maps 33 

Principles of alkali mapping 33 

Methods of sampling 34 

Total alkali maps * 35 

Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlo- 
rides in soils 35 

Black alkali maps 36 

5 



6 Contents. 

Page. 

Determination of total salts in water 37 

Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides 

in waters 39 

Instructions for qualitative determination of alkali salts 39 

Calcium 39 

Magnesium - - - - - 39 

Sodium and potassium 40 

Chlorides. - 40 

Sulphates - - - - 40 

Carbonates — - - - 40 

Bicarbonates 40 

Nitrates. - - - 40 

Apparatus and reagents required 41 

Collection of laboratory samples. 41 

Reports - 41 

Correspondence and weekly report 41 

Form of a soil survey report 42 

Outline of soil survey report. — 43 

Descriptions of established soil types 44 

Index of soil types, arranged alphabetically 279 

Index of soil types, arranged by groups and series 293 

Index of soil types by States 305 

References to Soil Survey Reports 317 



ILLUSTRATION 



Page. 
Fig. 1. Chart of equal magnetic declinations 4 



SOIL SURVEY FIELD BOOK. 



DIRECTIONS FOR SURVEYING SOILS. 

Organization of field party. — A field party in the soil survey usually 
consists of two men, an assistant in charge of party and a field 
assistant. The assistant in charge of party is responsible for the 
field work of the party, for the preparation of reports and maps, 
for the carrying on of all necessary correspondence, for the payment 
of all field expenses, and for the forwarding of monthly expense 
accounts to headquarters. The field assistant will perform all 
official duties required of him by the assistant in charge. 

Field outfit. — The outfit for field work consists of the following: 

Soil auger, 40-inch. 

Geologist's hammer 

Notebooks. 

Compass or plane table. 

Odometer. 

Chain scale. 

Set of colored pencils. 

Base map. 

Sacks and tags for collecting samples of soil. 

Cards for reporting samples collected (Forms 46, 47, 48). 

Requisition cards (Form 43). 

Copy of Soil Survey Field Book. 

In addition to the above certain parties should add: 

Alkali outfit. 

Extension auger and pipe wrenches. 
Filter pump and screw-driver. 
Metallic tape 50 feet long. 
Mailing cases and water bottles. 

All supplies may be obtained on application to the property 
clerk of the Bureau, countersigned by the chief clerk. Memorandum 
receipts are taken by him for all supplies issued. Additional sup- 
plies, stationery, etc., needed while in the field should be ordered 
on card (Form 43). The loss of or damage to any supplies should 
be at once reported to the chief clerk, with an explanation of the cause 
of such loss or damage. 

7 



8 Soil Survey Field Booh 

Base map. — All mapping should be on a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile. 
Where possible base maps on this scale will be furnished all field par- 
ties before entering the area. Wherever such maps arc supplied 
it is supposed that they are the most reliable and complete maps 
obtainable. Field parties should endeavor to correct the base map 
if it is found in error. Frequent check upon directions should be 
made with the compass, and all distances on roads are to be meas- 
ured with the odometer. 

Where minor errors are encountered in the l)as(> maj) which can not 
be corrected, the soil boundaries on the map should be so adjusted 
as to present a representation as nearly correct as possible, and note 
of such instances" should be made so that in case a revised edition 
of the map is published the correction can be made without a n survey 
of the soils. No attempt should be made to correct the contour 
lines on engraved topographic sheets. 

Plane-table traversing. — It is sometimes impossible to furnish the 
field party with a base map of proper accuracy. In all such cases 
the party will be supplied with a plane-table outfit, and a traverse 
base map of the area should be constructed in the field by the soil- 
survey party. This traverse work should, however, be reduced to 
a minimum. 

In carrying on traverse work or surveying of any description the 
methods used, where possible, should conform to well established 
methods, such as are given in Wilson's Topographic Surveying. 
The base map should show roads, streams, towns, churches, school- 
houses, and in a sectionized country township and section lines. 
No attempt should be made to construct a general topographic map 
of the area, but distinct blufl" or terrace lines or the occurrence of a 
hill in a generally level country, where these influence the distribu- 
tion of soil types, may be indicated by hachures. Public roads 
should be shown in double solid lines, secondary or private roads 
in double broken lines, trails in a single broken line, and soil bound- 
aries in a single dotted line. On tracing cloth copy single lines can 
be used for all roads. Secondary roads and trails should not be 
surveyed unless necessary in the location of soil boundaries. Roads 
and township and section lines should be drawn in black; streams 
and other water lines in blue. 

In ord(n- to orient plane-table maps to true north and south, the 
map on page 4 showing the lines of equal magnetic declination, 



Classification of Soils. 



17 



constitutes merely a codification and arrangement of facts reported by 
the field men. It has been found convenient to number the different 
grades into which the soil is separated by mechanical analysis. The 
name of the grade to which these numbers refer is given in the table. 

Scheme of soil classification, based upon the mechanical composition of 

soils. 



Class. 



Coarse sand. 



1. 


2. 


Fine 

gravel. 

2-1 


Coarse 
sand. 
1-.5 


mm. 


mm. 


More t 
per cent 


ban 25 
of 1+2. 



Medium 
sand. 
. 5-. 25 

mm. 



More than 50 per cent of 
1 + 2-1-3. 



Less than 25 
percent of 1+2. 



Medium 
sand. 



Fine sand. 



Sandy loam. 



Fine sandy 
loam. 



More than 20 per cent of 

1 + 2+3. 



Less than 20 per cent of 
1+2+3. 



More than 20 per cent of 
1+2+3. 



Less than 20 per cent of 
1+2+3. 



4. 

Fine 
sand. 
. 25-. 1 

mm. 


5. 

Very 

fine 

sand. 

. 1-. 05 

mm. 





















Silt. 
. 05-. 005 



7. 

Clay. 
. 005-0 



0-15 



0-10 



Less than 20 per 
cent of 6+7. 



0-15 



0-10 



Less than 20 per 
cent of 6+7. 



0-15 


0-10 


Less than 20 per 
cent of 6+7. 


10-35 


5-15 



More than 20 per 
cent and less than 
50 per cent of 6+7. 



10-35 



5-15 



More than 20 per 
cent and less than 
50 per cent of 6+7. 



32075—06 2 



18 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



Scheme of soil classification, based iipon the mechanical composition of 

soils — Co n t i n ii ed . 



Class. 


1. 

Fine 

gravel. 

2-1 


2. 

Coarse 

sand. 

1-.5 


3. 

Medium 
sand. 
. 5-. 25 


4. 

Fine 
sand. 
. 25-. 1 


5. 

Very 

fine 

sand. 

. 1-. 05 


6. 

Silt. 
. 05-. 005 


7. 

Clay. 
. 005-0 


Loam. 














15-25 


Less 
than 55 
per cent 

of 6. 




More than 50 per 
cent of 6+7. 


Silt loam. 












More 
than 55 
per cent 

of 6. 


Less 
than 25 
per cent 

of 7. 


Clay loam. 










25-55 


25-35 


More than 60 per 
cent of 6+7. 


Sandy clay. 








Less 
than 25 
per cent 

of 6. 


More 
than 20 
per cent 

of 7. 


Less than 60 per 
cent of 6+7. 


Silt clay. 










More, 
than 55 
per cent 

of 6. 


25-35 

per cent 

of 7. 


Clay. 














More 
than 35 
per cent 

of 7. 


More than 60 per 
cent of 6+7. 



Classification of Soils. 19 

Soil series. — It has been found that in many parts of the U.nited 
States a given set of soil classes are so evidently related through source 
of material, method of formation, topographic position, and coloration 
that the different types constitute merely a gradation in the texture of 
an otherwise uniform material. Soils of different classes that are thus 
related constitute a series. A complete soil series consists of material 
similar in many other characteristics, but grading in texture from 
stones and gravel on the one hand, through the sands and loams, to a 
heavy clay on the other. 

In arranging the soils in series the same factors should be considered 
that are used in separating soils of the same class into difi'erent types. 
For example, the Marshall silt loam and the Miami silt loam have been 
separated because of the difference in the amount and condition of the 
organic matter in the surface soil and the essential differences in colora- 
tion. The former is dark brown to black, while the latter is light 
brown to almost white. This same relation has been found to exist 
between soils of other classes in the glacial regions, and these factors 
have been used as a basis for separating the glacial soils into the Mar- 
shall and the Miami series. On account of the very different processes of 
their formation, residual and recent alluvial soils should not be included 
in the same series. 

Soils may, however, be very similar in origin and texture but may 
occupy so entirely different topographic positions that their relation to 
crops is entirely changed, and this fact should be recognized by the use 
of another serial name. An example of this is found in the separation 
of the soils of the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountains 
into the Cecil and the Porters series. 

The -color of the soil is one of its most noticeable physical features, 
and is often of the greatest assistance in separating the soils into 
different series. The soils of the Orangeburg series, for example, have 
been formed in a very similar manner to those of the Norfolk series, but 
are distinguished from the latter by the red color of the subsoil and 
the associated differences in agricultural value. 

Soil series may grade into each other in a manner similar to the 
intergradation of the types within a series. Thus the Marshall series 
may grade into the Miami series and the Norfolk series into the Orange- 
burg or Portsmouth series. 

Much advance has been made in the last two years in the arrange- 
ment of the soils in series. Several of the original types have been 



20 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

merged into others, or have been given new names in order to bring 
them into a uniform series, where this could be done without danger 
of confusion. If the field men acquaint themselves with the general 
characteristics of these series they will find it a great aid in placing 
soils of new areas. Furthermore, if any type in a series is thoroughly 
understood, the remaining types can be called to mind without refer- 
ence to the printed description, thereby reducing the number of type 
descriptions necessary to be carried in the head. There will be found 
in nearly all areas soils of local origin and of exceptional character 
which will have to be given local names, but so far as possible the 
soils encountered in new areas should be correlated with established 
types, preference being given where possible to some of the great series 
described hereafter. 

The following series have been established: 

Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 

Norfolk series. — Light-colored soils with yellow sand or sandy clay 
subsoils. 

Portsmouth series. — Z)aryt-colored soils with yellow or mottled gray 
sand or sandy clay subsoils. 

Orangeburg series. — Light-colored soils with red sandy clay subsoils. 

Galveston series. — The coastal beaches and marshes. 

Houston series. — Dark-gray or black calcareous prairies. 

LufJcin series. — Light-colored soils with heavy mottled gray and yel- 
low subsoils. 

Gadsden series. — Gray soils with subsoils of similar texture occupy- 
ing gentle slopes and depressions and formed by wash or creep from 
higher areas. 

Susquehanna series. — Gray soils with heavy red clay subsoils which 
become mottled and variegated in color in the deep subsoil. 

Wickhani series. — Reddish or reddish-brown terrace soils overlying 
reddish, micaceous heavy sandy loam or loam subsoils. 

Soils of the Flood Plains of the Mississippi and Other Rivers. 

Wabash series. — Dark-broam or black alluvial soils subject to overflow. 
Waverly series. — Light-volorcd alluvial soils subject to overflow. 
Miller series. — Brown to red alluvial soils formed from the reworking 
of the Permian Red Beds. 



Classification of Soils, 21 

Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 

Cecil series. — Gray to red soils with bright-red clay subsoils, derived 
from igneous and metamorphic rocks. 

Penn series. — Dark Indian-red soils with red subsoils derived from 
red sandstones and shales of Triassic age. 

CTiester series. — Gray to brown surface soils with yellow subsoils, 
derived principally from schists and gneisses. 

Soils of the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateaus. 

Porters series. — Gray to red soils with red cla}^ subsoils, derived from 
igneous and metamorphic rocks. 

Dekalb series. — Brown to yellow soils with yellow subsoils, derived 
from sandstones and shales. 

Upshur series. — Brown to red soils with red subsoils, derived from 
sandstones and shales. 

Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 

Hagerstown series. — Brown to yellowish soils with yellow to reddish 
subsoils, derived from massive limestone. 

Clarhsville series. — Light-gray to brown soils with yellow to red sub- 
soils, derived mainly from the St. Louis limestone. 

Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 

Miami series. — Ligr/i /-colored upland timbered soils. 
Marshall series. — Z>ar/:-colored upland prairie soils. 
Volusia series. — Light-colored soils with yellowish subsoils, derived 
l)y feeble glacial action from sandstones and shales. 

Soils of the Glacial Terraces. 

Dunkirlc series. — Light-colored reworked glacial material occurring 
as terraces around lakes and along streams. 

Clyde series. — Z>ar^-colored soils formed from reworked glacial 
material deposited in glacial lakes. 

Sioux series. — Dark-colored soils resting on dark or light-colored 
subsoils with gravel beds usually within 3 feet of the surface. 

Superior series. — Gray and red soils with red subsoils, formed from 
reworked glacial material deposited in glacial lakes. 

Vergennes series. — Light-colored soils with gray or whitish subsoils, 
derived from Champlain clays or lighter deposits over these ciays. 



22 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Besidual Soils of the Western Prairie Regions. 

Oswego series. — Gray or l)rown soils, dorived from sandstones and 
shales . 

Crawford .series. — Brown soils with reddish subsoils, derived from 
limestones. 

Vernon series. — Brown to red soils typical of the Permian formation. 

Soils of the Great Basin. 

Bingham series. — Porous dark or dral) colluvial and alluvial soils 
underlain by gravel or rock, occupying lower mountain slopes. 

Redfield series. — Red soils consisting of colluvial and alluvial mate- 
rials derived from red sandstones and other rocks. 

Malade series. — Dark-colored alluvial soils underlain by light-colored 
sands, sandy loams, or heavy reddish material. ' 

Jordan series. — Light to dark-colored lacustrine deposits. 

Salt Lake series. — Dark-colored soils underlain by stratified sedi- 
ments of lacustrine origin. 

Soils of the Northwestern Intermountain Regions. 

Bridger series. — Dark-colored soils with sticky yellow subsoils, of 
colluvial and alluvial origin. 

YaJcima series. — Ash-gray to light-brown soils derived principally 
from ancient lake sediments consisting of an admixture of volcanic 
dust, basaltic, andesitic, and granitic materials. 

Gallatin series. — Light to dark-colored soils with yellowish to dark 
compact subsoils, of recent alluvial origin from basaltic and volcanic 
rocks . 

Soils of the Rocky Mountain Valleys, Plateaus, and Plains. 

Laramie series. — Dark-colored soils with light-colored gravelly sub- 
soils, derived from colluvial mountain wash. 

Colorado series. — Light-gray to reddish-brown soils and subsoils, 
derived from colluvial wash. 

Billings series. — Compact adobelike gray to dark or brown soils and 
subsoils, formed mainly by reworking of sandstones and shales and 
occupying old elevated stream terraces. 

Fruita series. — Reddish-brown soils formed by reworking of sand- 
stones and shales, occurring as stream terraces. 



Classificcdioii of Soils. 23 

Mesa series. — Light-gray to brown soils derived from old flood-plain 
deposits now elevated to form mesa lands. 

San Luis semes. — Reddish-brown gravelly soils formed from lacus- 
trine sediments of volcanic rocks. 

Laurel series. — Light-gray to black soils underlain by river sands 
or gravels, occurring in flood plains along streams. 

Soils of the Arid Southwest. 

Indio series. — Light-colored soils usually underlain by coarser sands 
and gravels, formed by colluvial and alluvial wash from granitic rocks, 
mingled with some shale and sandstone. 

Gila series. — Light to dark-brown soils of flood-plain alluvium, 
underlain at varying depths l)y coarse sands and gravels. 

Imperial series. — Light-colored or reddish soils formed from old 
marine or lacustrine sediments modified b}^ more recent deposits and 
underlain to great depths by heavy material. 

Soils of the Pacijic Coast. 

Sierra series. — Light-gray to red and frequently gravelly soils, often 
underlain by red adobes. 

Maricopa series. — Loose, dark -colored soils derived from unassorted 
colluvial or partially assorted alluvial materials, generally derived from 
granitic or volcanic rocks. 

Placentia series. — Reddish soils derived largely from the weathering 
of alluvial and colluvial deposits, generally underlain by heavy compact 
red material with an impervious adobe structure. 

Oxnard series. — Dark-colored alluvial or colluvial soils derived from 
higher lying areas of sandstones and shales. 

San Joaquin series. — Compact red soils and subsoils derived from 
old marine sediments, usually underlain by red hardpan. 

Stockton series. — Brown to black soils with heavy yellow subsoils, 
derived from old alluvial sediments. 

Fresno series. — Light-colored soils with light-gray, ashy subsoils and 
alkali-carbonate hardpan, derived from old alluvial w^ash. 

Hanford series. — Recent alluvium of flood or delta plains derived 
from a variety of rocks. The light-textured soils are light in color 
and the heavy-textured soils are dark in color. 

Salem series. — Residual, alluvial, or colluvial soils, either red or 
dark in color, derived from rocks of basaltic, schistose, crystalline, or 
arenaceous character. 



2-1 Soil Survey Field Book. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ESTIMATING AND MAPPING 

ALKALI. 

ELECTROLYTIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SALTS. 

Principles of electrolytic determination. — The alkali content, in 
terms of total salts, is deterniiiied in both soils and waters by the use 
of the electrolytic bridge." 

By this instrument the electrical resistance in ohms, at 60° F., to the 
passage of a curivnt tlirough a cell filled with the soil or water in which 
the salt concentration is to be estimated, is determined. The resistance 
varies with the character and amount of the salts, decreasing as the 
concentration becomes greater. This rate of decrease in resistance 
with increase in concentration of any one particular salt or mixture 
of salts may be graphically represented by a curve. Such a curve, 
constructed experimentally by observing the resistance corresponding 
to various concentrations of a salt solution, will constitute a scale or 
standardization curve, from which the approximate concentration of 
salt solutions of the same general character may be determined from 
the resistance readings. 

When for purposes of comparison and representation upon maps 
the alkali or salt content of soils is grouped into zones of various 
degrees of concentration, the resistance corresponding to the lines 
of separation or concentration limits will constitute a series of limiting 
values. 

Instructions for operating the electrolytic bridge.— The irrigation 
water, or the soil, the electrical resistance of which is to be found, is 
put into the hard-rubber cell with metal electrodes. If the salt con- 
tent of water is to be determined, the cell is filled even full with the 
water. If the salt content of soils is to be determined, the soil is 
placed in a shallow cup and thoroughly mixed or worked with dis- 
tilled water until a condition of saturation is reached, indicated by 
the appearance of free water. The cell is then filled with this material, 
gently tapping the cell on the ground to exclude air bubbles. The 
top of the soil is then struck off with a knife edge, so that the cell 
shall be just level full of the saturated soil. The cell is then suspended 
in the mercury cups attached to the electrolytic bridge and the electrical 
resistance determined in the following way: 



a For a more complete description of the principles and operation of the electro- 
lytic bridge, see Bulletins 8 and 15 and Circular 6, Division of Soils. U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. 



Directions for Surveying Soils, 9 

is given. The solid lines show equal declination and the dotted 
lines show equal annual change. The lines are moving westward, 
so that where the declination is east it decreases and where west it 
increases annually. Whenever it is not possible to determine the 
declination from the map with a fair degree of accuracy the party 
should consult the county surveyor, who can usually furnish this 
datum. When a large area is being surveyed it is especially desirable 
to do this, as the declination may vary considerably between the 
eastern and western parts of the survey. True north should be 
shown on the margin of all maps. 

Odometer. — The Bell odometer has been adopted for use in all 
measurements. The instrument should be clamped to the axle of 
the vehicle and the iron pin driven in the end of the hub and bent 
so that as the wheel revolves the end of the pin just strikes the swell 
of the cogwheel on the odometer. The red hand revolves once every 
mile, giving the fractions of a mile, each space representing one- 
fortieth of a mile, or 8 rods. Each revolution of the red hand moves 
the yellow hand one space, representing the miles up to 40 in one 
revolution around the dial, and shown by the inside figures. Each 
revolution of the yellow hand moves the black hand one space, each 
space representing 40 miles, and shown by the outside figures. The 
sum of the indications of the three hands gives the mileage. Each 
odometer is adapted to but one sized wheel. In case it is impossible 
to obtain a vehicle with a wheel of the proper size for the odometer 
in use the readings must be corrected in order to read miles. 
Should any other sized wheel be used the following formula will 
enable the proper correction to be made: 

ad 

Where x is distance traversed in fortieths of a mile, d is the diame- 
ter of the wheel to be used, d^ is the diameter of wheel to which the 
odometer is adapted, and a is number of dial divisions as read from 
odometer. 

The instruments furnished b}^ this Bureau are nearly all adapted 
to a 42-inch wheel. The following table will enable the proper cor- 
rection to be made when any other than a 42-inch wheel is used. 
The figures in the first column are the dial divisions as read from 
the odometer, and the figures in the other columns give the distance 
traveled in fortieths of a mile. Chain scales divided into forty parts 



10 



Soil Survey Field Bool:. 



to an inch are supplied for convenience in platting distances as meas- 
ured or calculated in this table. 

Toblefor reducing odometer readings to fortieths of a mile. 





ChiJ 


in scale divisions for wheels of different dianie- 








ters— inches. 






Dial divisions. 














36 


37 


38 


39 


40 


41 

1.0 
2.0 


43 


44 


45 


1 


0.9 

1.7 


0.9 
1.8 


0.9 
1.8 


0.9 
1.9 


•1.0 
1,9 


1.0 
2.0 


1.0 
2.1 


1.1 
2.1 


2 


3 


2.6 
3.4 


2.6 
3.5 


2.7 

3.6 


2.8 
3.7 


2.9 

3.8 


2.9 
3.9 


3.1 
4.1 


3.1 
4.2 


3.2 
4.3 


4 


5 


4.3 
5.1 


4.4 
5.3 


4.5 
5.4 


4.6 
5.6 


4.8 
5.7 


4.9 
5.9 


5.1 
6.1 


5.2 
6.3 


5.4 
6,4 




6 




6.0 
6.9 

7.7 


6.2 
7.0 
7.9 


6.3 
7.2 

8.1 


6.5 
7.4 
8.4 


6.7 
7.6 
8.6 


6.8 
7.8 
8.8 


7.1 
8.2 
9.2 


7.3 
8.4 
9.4 


7.5 

8.6 
9.6 


8 


9 


10 


8.6 


8.8 


9.0 


9.3 


9.5 


9.8 


10.2 


10.5 


10.7 


11 


9.4 


9.7 


9.9 


10.2 


10.5 


10.7 


11.3 


11.5 


11.8 


12 


10.3 


10.0 


10.8 


11.1 


11.4 


11.7 


12.3 


12.6 


12.8 


13 


11.1 


11.5 


11.7 


12.1 


12.4 


12.7 


13.3 


13.6 


13.9 


14 


12.0 


12.3 


12.6 


13.0 


13.3 


13.7 


14.3 


14.7 


15.0 


15 


12.9 


13.2 


13.5 


13.9 


14.3 


14.6 


15.3 


15.7 


16.1 


16 


13.7 


14.1 


14.4 


14.8 


15.2 


15.6 


16.4 


16.8 


17.1 


17 


14.6 


14.8 


15.3 


15.8 


16.2 


16.6 


17.4 


17.8 


18.2 


18 


15.4 


15.9 


16.3 


16.7 


17.1 


17.6 


18.4 


18.8 


19.3 


' 19 


16.3 


16.7 


17.2 


17.6 


18.1 


18.5 


19.4 


19.9 


20.3 


r 20 


17.1 


17.6 


18.1 


18.6 


19.1 


19.5 


20.5 


20.9 


21.4 


1 21 


18.0 


18.5 


19.0 


19.5 


20.0 


20.5 


21.5 


22.0 


22.5 


' 22 


19.0 


19.4 


19.9 


20.4 


20.9 


21.4 


22.5 


23.0 


23.5 


23 


19.7 


20.3 


20.8 


21.3 


21.9 


22. 4 


23.5 


24.1 


24.6 


24 


20.6 


21.1 


21.7 


22.3 


'22.8 


23.4 


24.5 


25.1 


25.7 


25 


21.4 


22.0 


22.6 


23.2 


23.8 


24.4 


25.6 


26.2 


26.8 


26 


22.3 


22.9 


23.5 


24.1 


24.7 


25.4 


26.6 


27.2 


27.8 


27 


23.1 


23. 8 1 24. 4 


25.1 


25.7 


26.4 


27.6 


28.3 


28.9 


28 


24.0 


24.7 ' 25.3 


26.0 


2(). 6 


27.3 


28.6 


29.3 


30.0 


29 


24.9 


25.5 : 26.2 


26.9 


27.6 


28.3 


29.7 


30.4 


31.1 


30 


25.7 


26. 4 27. 1 


27.8 


28.6 


29.3 


30.7 


31.4 


32.1 


31 


26.6 


27.3 ; 28.0 


28.8 


29.5 


30.3 


31.7 


32.5 


32.2 


32 


27.4 


28.2 


28.9 


29.7 


30.4 


31.2 


32.7 


33.5 


34.3 


33 


28. 3 


29. 1 


29.8 


30.6 


31.4 


32.2 


33. 8 


34.6 


35.3 


34 


29.1 


29.9 


30.7 


31.6 


32.4 


33.2 


34. 8 


35.6 


36.4 


35 


30.0 


30.8 


31.6 


32.5 


33.3 


34.2 


35.8 


36.6 


37.5 


36 


30.9 
31.7 


31.7 
32.6 


32.5 
33.4 


33.4 
34.3 


34.3 
35.2 


35.1 
36.1 


36.8 
37.9 


37.7 

38.7 


38.6 
39.6 


37. 


38. 


32.6 


33.5 


34.4 


35.3 


36.2 


37. 1 


.38.9 


39.8 


40.7 


39 


33.4 


34.4 


35.3 


36.2 


37.1 


38.1 


39.9 


40.8 


41.8 


40. 


34.3 


35.2 


36.2 


37.1 


38.1 


39.0 


40.9 


41.9 


42.8 


41 


35.1 


36.1 


37.1 


38.0 


39.0 


40.0 


41.9 


42.9 


43.9 


42 


36.0 


37.0 


38.0 


39. 


40.0 


41.0 


43.0 


44.0 


45.0 


43 


36.9 


37.9 


38.9 


39.9 


40.9 


42.0 


44.0 


45.0 


46.1 


44 


37.7 


38.8 


39.8 


40.8 


41.9 


42.9 


45.0 


46.1 


•17.1 


45 


38.6 


39.7 


40.7 


41.8 


42.8 


43.9 


46.0 


47.1 


48.2 



. Directions for' Surveying Soils. 11 

Field and office maps. — As soon as a section as large as 35 or 40 
square miles has been surveyed, a copy or tracing of the map already 
finished, with soil legend attached, should be made and forwarded to 
the office, so that any accident which might happen to the original 
sheet would not destroy all record of the work. The sheets from which 
the map for publication are to be drawn should be marked "correct." 
This "correct'' map may be either the office copy or the field sheets, 
and care should be taken to see that all sheets join up, so that the work 
will be complete when assembled. 

Upon the completion of an area all maps, with complete legend and 
profile, all notebooks, plane-table sheets, and all other data collected 
during the survey, are to be forwarded to the Bureau. 

Abbreviations. — In order to secure greater simplicity and uni- 
formity on the field maps, the abbreviations of the principal words 
used in describing the texture of soils are given below. These abbre- 
viations have been formed by taking the first letter, or in some cases 
the first two letters, of the word, as S. for sand and Si. for silt. When it 
is necessary to use more than one word to express the texture, the 
abbreviation for each word in the description should be given in the 
same order as the words: For example, the abbreviation for fine sandy 
loam should be written Fsl.; for sandy clay Sc; for stony sandy loam 
Stsl., etc. 



Stone St. ! Clay C. 

Gravel Gr. | Peat P. 

Sand S. ; Muck Mu. 

Loam L. Adobe A. 

Silt Si. ! Shale Sh. 



Hardpan Hp. 

Light Li. 

Heavy H. 



Determining soil types. — The soil type is the unit of soil classification. 
A type comprises all soil material in any region which is marked to cor- 
responding depths by identity or close similarity in texture, structure, 
organic matter content, and color, and by similarity of origin and of 
topography. A type comprises all soil material which may properly l)e 
included in one general description covering these points. In the 
humid regions the description covers the material to an average depth 
of 3 feet; in the arid regions to a depth of 6 feet. The average depth 
of the surface soil and its relationship to the subsoil should be included 
in the general description. If the material changes, either in the sur- 
face soil or in the subsoil, enough to aft'ect definitely plant growth, the 
character of this change should be noted, and if the soil material in 



12 Soil Survey Field Book. 

which it occurs is of sufficient extent it should be classed as a separate 

type. 

When minor differences of texture, structure, organic matter con- 
tent, or succession of materials occur in the soil sections representing 
single areas of 10 acres or more, such variations may be described in 
the report as phases. Such phase descriptions should always be sub- 
ordinated to the description of the type of which they form variations. 

While it is not desirable to make more types than is absolutely 
necessary, still every distinct type should be recognized, described, 
and mapped. There will, of course, be some local variation in the 
type, and where there is serious doubt as to the advisability of sepa- 
rating the soil materia] into two types the separation should be made, 
as doubtful types can be more easily combined than separated without 
further field work. 

While agricultural value should be considered in the mapping of soils, 
it can not always be used as a safe guide in separating the soil into differ- 
ent types. Marked differences in the appearance and productiveness of 
the same type of soil have been observed in different areas, due not to 
any inherent difference in the character of the soil but to the employ- 
ment of better and more thorough methods of cultivation on some 
parts than on others. Where these differences can be eliminated by 
the employment of similar methods of treatment, the soils should be 
mapped as the same type, although their present yields are very 
different. 

Outlining soil boundaries. — Make preliminary borings in sufficient 
number to outline the location of a considerable body of soil material of 
uniform character. Record the general description of one or more bor- 
ings. Select a color to represent this description and color in so much of 
the map as undoubtedly corresponds with the description. Work away 
from this identified area until soil materials are found which manifestly 
do not fit the former description. Select a second color for this new 
set of soil characteristics and color in on the map only where the new 
material undoubtedly occurs. Work in between the areas of the two 
types thus established until a zone or line is found where all material 
on one side becomes increasingly characteristic of the one type and on 
the other side of the other type. Draw a line on the map to represent 
this line or to represent the center of the zone of gradation of soil 
characteristics. This line will constitute a soil boundary. It is well 
to remember tlmt, in mapping av, a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile, an ordinary 



Directions for Surveying Soils. 13 

pencil or pen line one one-hundredth of an inch wide on the paper repre- 
sents a width of nearly 53 feet on the ground. Soil variations occur- 
ring in areas smaller than 10 acres can not usually be represented, 
since a square on the map one-eighth of an inch on each side repre- 
sents 10 acres on the ground, and smaller areas can not well be printed 
from engraved stones. 

Naming soil types. — The type names employed by this Bureau con- 
sist of two essential parts: First, the descriptive or class name, such as 
sand, loam, or clay; second, a series or locality name, such as Miami, 
Marshall, or Norfolk. The descriptive part is to distinguish between 
soils of different classes or texture, while the series or locality part is 
used to distinguish between soils of the same class or texture, but 
differing materially with respect to origin, structure, organic-matter 
content, essential coloring, or other important characteristics. 

The type name covers the entire profile. Where there occurs, as a 
subsoil, material which if exposed at the surface would be called 
Fresno sand, for instance, it is not proper to speak of this subsoil as 
Fresno sand, but as material which gives rise to the Fresno sand when 
exposed at the surface. Wherever the soil section is essentially 
modified by the presence of material of a different texture, so as to 
lose its identity, another soil type should be established. Thus, a 
section which showed from 6 to 15 inches of silt underlain by sand 
would be classed as a distinct type, although the underlying sand 
might be identical with the material of some other sandy type. 

In this book is given a concise description of all the types of soil 
recognized by this Bureau up to December 31, 1905. In establishing 
types in each area this list should be carefully consulted. The field 
men will be held accountable for the recognition of all well-established 
soil types and for all possible correlations of soils in their areas with 
types already established. Provisional names should only be used in 
case of serious doubt or in the case of types which are known to be new. 
As soon as a thorough acquaintance with the type conditions has been 
obtained, a description of so general a nature that it will apply to the 
entire type should be sent in on Form 46. This type description 
should be made of every soil found in the area, whether it is correlated 
with a soil occurring in another area, or is recognized as a new type. 

Wherever a type is encountered the identity of which is uncertain, 
the best possible suggestions should be made as to its correlation and 
a provisional name given it pending the determination of the exact 



14 Soil Survey Field Book. 

place which the type occupies in the soil classification, and this name 
should be used in all subsequent correspondence in regard to the area. 
If for any reason the type name is changed after a sample has been 
sent in, the old name should be given in parentheses on label and card, 
after the new or substituted name. 

A soil, to be correlated with a type, must conform to it in certain 
broad, general features, but may differ from it in some details which 
do not greatly alTect the crop value. The descriptions of the soil types 
given in this publication must be taken as the definition of the general 
average of the type; and it must be remembered that certain minor 
variations, such as are frequently called phases, may occur in difl'erent 
areas. 

In the selection of local names for new or doubtful types the series 
relationship should be expressed in so far as it is known to exist. For 
example, soils found in a river bottom which difler only in texture 
should be classed in the same series. The same local name should not 
be employed for soils of different texture when no series relationship 
exists between them. 

Samples for laboratory examination. — To avoid unnecessary work 
and to prevent overcrowding of the laboratory force, it will be neces- 
sary to use care and judgment in the selection of samples for mechanical 
or chemical examination. 

As soon as a thorough acquaintance with the type conditions has 
been obtained, one preliminary sample of each doubtful type should be 
sent in for mechanical analyses, using the red tag for this and no other 
purpose, as an aid in determining the proper classification and correla- 
tion of the type. The analyses of these preliminary samples will be 
included in the report, together with those of samples collected later. 

After the work has progressed sufficiently to insure a thoroughly 
representative set, a limited number of samples from not exceeding 
three places (including the preliminary samples) in each important soil 
type, and limited to one or two localities in the case of less important 
types, should be collected. The individual samples should be described 
on Form 47, one card being used for each sample, whether of a surface 
soil or a subsoil, and each sample should be designated by the name 
adopted for the type. This card (Form 47) should be sent in at the 
same time as the sample. Where the subsoil consists of two or more 
layers of entirely different texture, a separate sample of each layer 
should be taken. The samples should be taken, as far as practicable, 



Classification of Soils. 15 

when the soil is in good physical condition. When heavy clay soils are 
sent in a wet condition the samples dry into hard lumps, which can be 
crushed only with great difficulty. 

In the correlation of the soils much importance is given to the sam- 
ples, and great care is enjoined upon those in charge of parties to see 
that the samples are representative in every respect. The samples 
should be taken to represent the type as defined, and not with a view 
of showing all the different phases. Samples should not be located by 
towns otrtside of the area being surveyed. As it is sometimes desirable 
to know the exact location where a sample was taken, the location 
should be indicated on the field copy of the map by a small ''s." 

A separate card (Form 48) is provided for miscellaneous samples, 
such as marl, minerals, crusts, and plants, and in all cases such samples 
should be fully described, and the kind and purpose of the examination 
desired should be clearly stated. Often a qualitative examination will 
answer if the purpose of the work is known, and thus the long and tedi- 
ous process of a complete chemical analysis may be avoided. 

Care in attending to these details will insure the greatest accuracy 
and the earliest completion of the work, so that the results may be 
available as soon as possible, preferably before the party leaves the 
district. 

Write all cards and tags on samples of soil in ink, as pencil rubs 
badly and is sometimes illegil)le when received in the office. 

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 

While the classification of the soils within a given area must necessa- 
rily be determined in the field by the men who are actually engaged in 
the mapping of the area, the broader relationships between the soils of 
diff"erent areas must be taken up at the Bureau, where all of the infor- 
mation concerning the various areas is available and where the decision 
must be made as to what constitutes the general average of the t^^pe. 
The determination of the true relationships of the soils of different areas 
is a very difficult problem, and it is essential that the field men give all 
possible assistance in this work. In order that they may be in a posi- 
tion to render the best assistance in the solution of this problem, an out- 
line of the general plan of classification, with a brief discussion of the 
principles upon which this arrangement is made, is given. 



16 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Soil type. — The fundamental unit in mapping and classifying soils 
is the type. In the determination of a type of soil there are many fac- 
tors to be considered. Among the most important are the texture, 
which deals with the size of the particles, the structure, which deals 
with the arrangement, the organic-matter content, origin, color, depth, 
drainage, topography, native vegetation, and natural productiveness. 
The classification is based primarily upon the physical properties, but 
all factors that influence the relation of soils to crops, so far as their 
influence can be determined, are taken into consideration. Many of 
the soil types in a given locality have been formed by the same general 
processes, and they will necessarily grade one into another in respect 
to all characteristics. 

Soil class. — Soil types, which constitute the units of soil classifica- 
tion, may be grouped in different ways. As soils are made up of parti- 
cles of different sizes, they may be grouped according to the relative 
proportions of the particles of different sizes which they contain. This 
grouping is known as the .so?7 clasfi, and is based on texture. By means 
of mechanical analyses the particles less than 2 millimeters in diameter 
are separated into 7 grades and the various percentage relationships of 
the different grades determine the class of soil; that is, they determine 
whether it is a sand, sandy loam, loam, clay, or some intermediate class. 
In addition to the fine earth, of which a mechanical analysis is made, 
many soils contain larger particles, which if of small size are called 
"gravel," and if of larger size are called "stones," so that in the soil 
classification it is possible to have a gravelly sand, loam, or clay, and 
likewise stony members of the various classes. 

As the soils of different classes grade into each other, the line of .sepa- 
ration between the different classes is necessarily an arbitrary one. 
The particles also may be very irregularly distributed between the dif- 
ferent grades, so that it is not possible to make a rigid classification 
according to the mechanical analyses. Much has been done, however, 
to systematize and bring into uniformity the classification by a careful 
examination of the analysis of several thousand samples, which have 
been described by the field men and analyzed in the laboratory of the 
Bureau. The following table shows the results of such an examination, 
and is intended as a guide in standardizing descriptions and as an aid 
in solving doubts concerning the proper classification of soils in new 
areas. Uniformity and close adherence to the standard are the chief 
considerations which it is desired to secure. The following table 



Instructions for Mapping Alkali. 25 

The telephone receiver is pressed against the ear and the handle of 
the instrument pressed down, when a buzzing sound will be heard in 
the receiver. Holding the handle down so as to keep the battery switch 
closed, the pointer is rotated to either right or left until the position 
is found at which the note in the telephone receiver is no longer heard 
or is only indistinctly heard. On rotating the pointer to either side 
of this position, the sound in the receiver should gradually increase. 
In case difficulty is found in locating the exact position of balance, 
it will be found of assistance to rotate the pointer rapidly back and 
forth over the position of least sound, locating points of equal intensity 
on either side. The mean position between these two points gives 
the position of balance, and the number opposite the pointer gives the* 
desired reading. 

The sharpness of the minimum reading is much improved if the 
inner surfaces of the electrodes are kept clean and free from traces 
of grease. When waters are being tested, the cell should be occa- 
sionally cleaned with an alkaline solution or kept well scoured. The 
operator should avoid handling or touching the surfaces of the electrodes 
with the fingers. 

In case a balance is not obtained with the 1,000-ohni coil of the 
rotary switch, the 100-ohm and 10-ohm coils should be tried in succes- 
sion. It is best to choose the coil which will bring the balance as near 
as possible to the center of the scale, as this is the most sensitive position. 

Having obtained th« balance, the resistance is found by multiplying 
the resistance of the comparison coil, as shown by the rotating switch, 
by the number on the scale opposite the pointer. Thus, if the com- 
parison coil used has a resistance of 100 ohms and the reading on the 
scale is 0.92, the resistance in the scale is 92 ohms. If the comparison 
coil is 1,000 ohms and the reading on the scale is 4.5, the resistance 
would be 4,500 ohms. After taking the resistance in this manner, 
t-ake the temperature immediately, either of the water or of the 
saturated soil, by sticking the bulb of a thermometer in and leaving 
it for some moments. The resistance is then corrected for this tem- 
perature according to the directions given below.a 



a In order to dislodge mercury from the expansion chamber at the top of the 
stem in the field thermometer, shake the mercury into the expansion chamber 
as far as possible and heat the chamber in boiling water or over the flame of a 
match. 



26 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



Reduction of resistances to a temperature of 60° F. — A single illus- 
tration will serve to show the way the following table is used in the 
reduction of electrical resistances to a uniform temperature of 60° F.: 
Suppose the observed resistance of the soil is 2,585 ohms at a temper- 
ature of 50.5°. In the table, at the temperature of 50.5°, as indicated 
on the left-hand side, we find that at that temperature 2,000 ohms is 
equal to 1,748 ohms at 60°; 5,000 ohms is equal to 4,370 ohms at 
60°; hence 500 ohms would 1)? equal to 437 ohms. Similarly, 80 ohms 
would be one-hundredth of the value given for 8,000 ohms at 50.5° 
in the table, therefore equal to about 70 ohms at 60°, while the 5 
ohms would be equal to about 4 ohms. These separate values are 
added together thus: 

2,000 1,748 

500 437 

80 70 . 

5 4 



2, 585 ohms at 50.5°=2, 259 ohms at 60°. 

Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperatiire of 

60° F. 



°F. 


1000 


2000 


3000 


4000 


5000 


6000 


7000 


8000 


9000 


32.0 
32.5 


625 
632 


1,250 

1,264 


1,875 
1,896 


2,500 

2,528 


3,125 
3,150 


3,750 
3,792 


4,375 
4,424 


5,000 
5, 056 


5,625 
5, 688 


33.0 
33.5 


639 
646 


1,278 
1,292 


1,917 
1,938 


2,556 

2,584 


3,195 
3,230 


3,834 
3,876 


4,473 
4,522 


5,112 
5, 168 


5,751 
5,814 


34.0 
34.5 


653 
660 


1,306 
1,320 


1,959 
1,980 


2,612 
2,640 


3,265 
3,300 


3,918 
3,960 


4,571 
4,620 


5,224 
5,280 


5,877 
5,940 


35.0 
35.5 


667 
674 


1,334 
1,348 


2,001 
2,022 


2,668 
2,696 


3,335 
3,370 


4,002 
4,044 


4,669 
4,718 


5,336 
5,392 


6,003 
6,066 


36.0 
36.5 


681 
688 


1,362 
1,376 


2,043 
2,064 


2,724 

2,752 


3,405 
3,440 


4,086 
4,128 


4,767 
4,816 


5,448 
5,504 


6,129 
6,192 


37.0 
37.5 


695 
702 


1,390 
1,404 


2, .085 
2,106 


2,780 
2,808 


3,475 
3,510 


4,170 
4,212 


4,865 
4,914 


5,560 
5,616 


6, 255 
6,318 


38.0 
38.5 


709 
716 


1,418 
1,432 


2,127 
2,148 


2,836 
2,864 


3,545 
3,580 


4,254 
4,296 


4,963 
5,012 


5,672 
5,728 


6, 381 
6,444 


39.0 
39.5 


722 
729 


1,444 

1,458 


2,166 
2,187 


2,888 
2,916 


3,610 
3,645 


4,332 
4,374 


5,054 
5,103 


5,776 
5,832 


6.498 
6, 561 


40.0 
40.5 


736 
743 


1,472 
1,486 


2,208 
2,229 


2,944 
2,972 


3,680 
3,715 


4,416 
4,458 


5,152 
5,201 


5,888 
5,944 


6, 634 
6, 687 


41.0 
41.5 


750 
757 


1,500 
1,514 


2, 250 
2,271 


3,000 
3,028 


3,750 

3, 785 


4,500 
4,542 


5,250 
5,299 


6,000 
6,056 


(), 750 
6,813 



Instructions for Mapping All^ali. 



27 



Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of 

60° F.— Continued. 



°F. 


1000 


2000 


3000 


4000 


5000 


6000 


7000 


8000 


9000 


42.0 
42.5 

43.0 
43.5 

44.0 
44.5 

45.0 
45.5 

46.0 
46.5 

47.0 
47.5 

48.0 
48.5 

49.0 
49.5 


763 
770 

776 
782 

788 
794 

800 
807 

814 

821 

828 
835 

842 
849 

856 
862 


1,526 
1,540 

1,552 
1,564 

1,576 

1,588 

1,600 
1,614 

1,628 
1,642 

1,656 
1,670 

1,684 
1,698 

1,712 
1,724 


2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 

2 

2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

I 


289 
310 

328 
346 

364 
382 

400 

421 

442 
463 

484 
505 

526 
547 

568 
586 


3,052 
3,080 

3,104 
3, 128 

3,152 
3,176 

3,200 

3,228 

3,256 
3,284 

3,312 
3,340 

3,368 
3,396 

3,424 
3,448 


3,815 
3,850 

3,880 
3,910 

3,940 
3,970 

4,000 
4,035 

4,070 
4,105 

4,140 
4,175 

4,210 
4,245 

4,280 
4,310 


4,578 
4,620 

4,656 
4,692 

4,728 
4,764 

4,800 
4,842 

4,884 
4,926 

4,968 
5,010 

5,052 
5,094 

5,136 
5,172 


5,341 
5,390 

5,432 
5,474 

5.516 
5,558 

5.600 
5,649 

5,698 
5,747 

5,796 
5,845 

5,884 
5,933 

5,992 
6,034 


6,104 
6,160 

6,208 
6,256 

6,304 
6,352 

6,400 
6,.456 

6,512 
6, 568 

6,624 
6,680 

6,736 
6,792 

6,848 
6,896 


6, 867 
6,930 

6,984 
7,038 

7,092 

7,146 

7,200 
7,263 

7,326 
7,389 

7,452 
7,515 

7,578 
7,641 

7,704 

7,758 


50.0 
50.5 

51.0 
51.5 

52.0 
52.5 

53.0 
53.5 

54.0 
54.5 

55.0 
55.5 

56.0 
56.5 

57.0 
57.5 

58.0 
58.5 

59.0 
59.5 


868 
875 

881 
887 

893 
900 

906 
912 

919 
926 

933 
940 

947 
954 

961 
968 

974 
981 

987 
994 


1,736 
1,750 

1,762 
1,774 

1,786 
1,800 

1,812 
1,824 

1,838 
1,852 

1.866 
1,880 

1,894 
1,908 

1.922 
1,936 

1,948 
1,962 

1,974 

1,988 


2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 

2 

2 
2 

2 
2 


604 
625 

643 
661 

679 
700 

718 
736 

757 
778 

799 
820 

841 
862 

883 
904 

922 
943 

962 
982 


3,472 
3,500 

3,524 
3,548 

3.572 
3,600 

3,624 
3,648 

3,676 
3,704 

3,732 
3,760 

3,780 
3,816 

3,844 
3,872 

3,896 
3,924 

3,949 
3,976 


4,340 
4,375 

4, 405 
4,435 

4,465 
4,500 

4,530 
4,560 

4,595 
4,630 

4,665 
4,700 

4.735 
4,770 

4,805 
4,839 

4,870 
4,905 

4,936 
4,971 


5,208 
5,250 

5,286 
5,322 

5.358 
5,400 

5,436 
5,472 

5,514 
5,556 

5,598 
5,640 

5,682 
5,724 

5,766 
5, 807 

5,844 
5,886 

5,923 
5,965 


6,076 
6,125 

6,167 
6,209 

6.251 
6,300 

6.342 
6, 384 

6,433 
6.482 

6,531 
6,580 

6,629 
6,678 

6,727 
6,775 

6,818 
6,867 

6,910 
6,959 


6,944 
7,000 

7,048 
7,096 

7,144 
7,200 

7.248 
7,296 

7.352 
7,408 

7,464 
7,526 

7,576 
7,632 

7,688 
7,743 

7,792 

7,848 

7,898 
7,953 


7,812 
7,875 

7,929 
7,983 

8, 037 
8,100 

8,154 
8,208 

8,271 
8,334 

8,397 
8,400 

8,523 
8,586 

8,649 
8,711 

8,766 

8,829 

8,885 
8,947 


60.0 
60.5 

61.0 
61.5 

62.0 
62.5 

63.0 
63.5 


1,000 
1,006 

1,013 
1,020 

1,027 
1,033 

1,040 
1,047 


2,000 
2,012 

2,026 
2,040 

2,054 
2,066 

2,080 
2,094 


3 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 


000 
018 

039 
060 

081 
099 

120 
141 


4,000 
4,024 

4,052 
4,080 

4,108 
4,132 

4,160 
4,188 


5,000 
5,030 

5,065 
5,100 

5,135 
5,165 

5,200 
5,235 


6,000 
6,036 

6,078 
6,120 

6,162 
6,198 

6,240 
6,282 


7,000 
7,042 

7,091 
7,140 

7,189 
7,231 

7,280 
7,329 


8,000 
8,048 

8,104 
8,160 

8,216 
8,264 

8, 320 
8,376 


9,000 
9,054 

9,117 
9,180 

9,243 
9,297 

9,360 
9,423 



28 



Soil Survey Field Boole. 



Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of 

60° /^.—Continued. 



°F. 


1000 


2000 


3000 


4000 


5000 


6000 


7000 


8000 


9000 


64.0 
64.5 


1,0.54 
1,061 


2,108 
2, 122 


3,162 
3,183 


4,216 
4,244 


5,270 
5,305 


6,324 
6,366 


7,378 
7,427 


8.432 

8,488 


9. 486 
9, 549 


65.0 
65.5 


1,068 
1,075 


2, 136 
2,150 


3.204 
3, 225 


4,272 
4,300 


5, 340 
5, 375 


6,408 
6,450 


7, 476 
7,525 


S, 544 
8, 600 


9,612 
9, 675 


66.0 
66.5 


1,082 
1,089 


2,164 

2,178 


3,246 
3,267 


4,328 
4, 356 


5,410 
5, 445 


6,492 
6, 534 


7,574 
7,623 


8, 656 
8,712 


9, 738 
9,801 


67.0 
67.5 


1,096 
1,103 


2, 192 
2,206 


3,288 
3,309 


4,384 
4,412 


5.480 
5,515 


6,576 
6,618 


7,672 
7,721 


8,768 
8,824 


9,864 
9,927 


68.0 
68.5 


1,110 
1,117 


2,220 
2,234 


3,330 
3,351 


4,440 
4, 468 


5,550 
5,585 


6,660 
6,702 


7,770 
7,819 


8,880 
8, 936 


9, 990 
10, 053 


69. 
69.5 


1,125 
1,133 


2,250 
2,266 


3,375 
3,399 


4,500 
4,532 


5,625 
5, 665 


6,750 
6,798 


7,875 
7,931 


9,000 
9,064 


10, 125 
10, 197 


70.0 
70.5 


1,140 
1,147 


2,280 
2,294 


3,420 

3,441 


4,560 

4,588 


5,700 
5, 735 


6,840 

6, 882 


7,980 
8,029 


9,120 
9,176 


10, 260 
10, 323 


71.0 
71.5 


1,155 
1, 162 


2,310 
2,324 


3, 465 

3,486 


4,620 
4,648 


5,775 
5,810 


6,930 
6, 972 


8,085 
8,134 


9,240 
9,296 


10, 395 
10, 458 


72.0 
72.5 


1,170 
1,177 


2,340 
2,354 


3,510 
3,531 


4,680 
4,708 


5,850 

5,885 


7,028 
7,062 


8,190 
8,239 


9,360 
9,416 


10, 530 
10, 593 


73.0 
73.5 


1,185 
1,193 


2,370 

2,386 


3,555 
3,579 


4,740 
4,772 


5,925 
5, 965 


7,110 

7,158 


8,295 
8,351 


9,480 
9,544 


10, 065 
10, 737 


74.0 
74.5 


1,201 
1,208 


2,402 
2,416 


3, 603 
3, 024 


4,804 
4,832 


6, 005 
6, 040 


7,206 

7, 248 


8,407 
8, 45() 


9, 608 
9,664 


10,809 
10,872 


75.6 
75.5 


1,215 
1,222 


2,430 
2,444 


3,645 
3,666 


4.800 

4,888 


6, 075 
6,110 


7,290 
7, 332 


8,505 
8,554 


9,720 
9,776 


10,935 
10,998 


76.0 
76.5 


1,230 
1,238 


2,460 
2,476 


3,690 
3,714 


4,920 
4,952 


6,158 
6, 190 


7,380 

7,428 


8, 610 
8,666 


9, 840 
9,904 


11,070 
11,142 


77.0 

77.5 


1,246 
1,254 


2,492 
2,508 


3,738 
3,762 


4,984 
5,016 


6,230 
6,270 


7, 476 
7,524 


8,722 
8,778 


9, 968 
10,032 


11,214 
11,286 


78.0 
78.5 


1,262 
1,270 


2,524 
2,540 


3, 786 
3,810 


5,048 
5,080 


6,310 
6,350 


7,572 

7, 620 


8,834 
8,890 


10, 096 
10, 160 


11,358 
11,430 


79.0 
79.5 


1,278 
1,286 


2,556 
2,572 


3,834 
3,858 


5,112 
5,144 


6,390 
6,430 


7, 668 
7, 716 


8,946 
9,002 


10,224 
10, 288 


11,502 
11,574 


80.0 
80.5 


1,294 
1,302 


2,588 
2,604 


3,882 
3,906 


5,176 
5,208 


6,470 
6, 510 


7,754 
7,812 


9,058 
9,114 


10, 352 
10,416 


11,646 
11,718 


81.0 
81.5 


1,310 
1,318 


2,020 
2,636 


3,930 
3,954 


5,240 
5,272 


6, 558 
6, 590 


7,860 

7, 908 


9,170 
9,226 


10, 480 
10,544 


11,790 
11,862 


82.0 
82.5 


1,327 
1,335 


2,654 
2,670 


3,981 
4, 005 


5, 308 
5,340 


6, ()35 
6, 675 


7,962 
8,010 


9,289 
9,345 


10, 616 
10, 680 


11,943 
12,015 


83.0 
83.5 


1,343 
1,351 


2, 686 
2,702 


4.029 
4,053 


5, 372 
5,404 


6,715 
6,755 


8,058 
8, 106 


9,401 
9,457 


10,744 
10, 808 


12, 087 
12 159 


84.0 
84.5 


1.359 
1,3^7 


2,718 
2,734 


4,077 
4,101 


5, 436 
5, 468 


6,795 
6,835 


8,154 
8,202 


9,513 
9,569 


10,872 
10, 936 


12,231 
12, 303 



Instructions for Maqjping AlJcali. 



29 



Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of 

60° i^.— Continued. 



°F. 


1000 


2000 


3000 


4000 


5000 


6000 


7000 


8000 


9000 


85.0 
85.5 


1,376 

1,385 


2,752 
2,770 


4,128 
4,155 


5,504 
5,540 


6,880 
6,925 


8,256 
8,310 


9,632 
9,695 


11 

11 


008 
080 


12, .384 
12, 465 


86.0 
86.5 


1,393 
1,401 


2,786 
2,802 


4,179 
4,203 


5,572 
5,604 


6,965 
7,005 


8,358 
8,406 


9,751 
9,807 


11 
11 


144 

208 


12, 537 
12, 609 


87.0 

87.5 


1,409 
1,418 


2,818 
2,836 


4,227 
4, 254 


5, 636 

5,672 


7,045 
7,090 


8,454 
8,508 


9,863 
9,931 


11 
11 


272 
344 


12,681 
12,762 


88.0 
88.5 


1,427 
1,435 


2,854 
2,870 


4,281 
4,305 


5,708 
5,740 


7,135 
7,175 


8,562 
8,610 


9.989 
10,040 


11 
11 


416 
480 


12,843 
12,915 


89.0 
89.5 


1,443 
1,451 


2,886 
2,902 


4, 329 
4,353 


5,772 
5,804 


7,215 
7,255 


8,658 
8,706 


10,091 
10, 157 


11 
11 


544 
608 


12,987 
13,059 


90.0 
90.5 


1,460 
1,468 


2,920 
2,936 


4, 380 
4,404 


5,840 
5,872 


7,300 
7, 340 


8,760 
8,808 


10, 220 
10, 276 


11 
11 


680 
744 


13.140 
13,212 


91.0 
91.5 


1,477 
1,486 


2,954 
2,972 


4,431 
4,458 


5,908 
5,944 


7, 385 
7, 430- 


8,862 
8,916 


10, 339 
10, 402 


11 
11 


816 

888 


13,293 
13,374 


92.0 
92.5 


1,495 
1,504 


2,990 
3,008 


4,485 
4, 512 


5,980 
6,016 


7,475 
7,520 


■8,970 
9.024 


10. 465 

10, 528 


11 
12 


960 
032 


13, 455 
13, 536 


93.0 
93.5 


1,513 
1,522 


3, 026 
3,044 


4, 539 
4, 566 


6,052 
6,088 


7, 565 
7,610 


9,078 
9,132 


10,591 
10, 654 


12 
12 


104 
176 


13,617 
13, 698 


94.0 
94.5 


1,531 
1,540 


3. 062 
3,080 


4,593 
4,620 


6,124 
6,160 


7,655 
7,700 


9,186 
9,240 


10.717 
10, 780 


12 
12 


248 
320 


13,779 
13,860 


95.0 
95.5 


1,549 
1,559 


3,098 
3,118 


4, 647 
4,677 


6,196 
6,236 


7.745 
7.795 


9,294 
9,354 


10.843 
10,913 


12 
12 


392 

472 


13,941 
14,031 


96.0 
96.5 


1,569 
1,579 


3, 138 
3, 158 


4,707 
4,737 


6,276 
6,316 


7,845 
7,895 


9,414 
9,474 


10, 983 
11,053 


12 
12 


552 
632 


14,121 
14,211 


97.0 
97.5 


1,589 
1,599 


3, l/'8 
3, 198 


4, 767 
4,797 


6.356 
6,396 


7,945 
7,995 


9.534 
9,594 


11,123 
11,193 


12 
12 


712 
792 


14,301 
14,391 


98.0 
98.5 


1,609 
1,619 


3,218 
3,238 


4,827 
4, 857 


6, 436 
6, 476 


8,045 
8,095 


9.654 
9,714 


11,263 
11,333 


12 
12 


872 
952 


14,481 
14, ,571 


99.0 


1,629 


3,258 


4,887 


6,516 


8.145 


9,774 


11,403 


13 


032 


14,061 



30 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



Concentration intervals. — The concentration limits used in the 
chissification of alkali soils are, respectively, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 1, and 3 
per cent of total salts in the dry soil, the maps showing the distri- 
bution of the several grades of concentration being constructed in the 
field directly from field determinations. 

Average standardization. — In the alkali surveys carried on by the 
Bureau standardization curves have been constructed in many widely 
separated areas difl'ering greatly in the character of the salts present. 
From the average of 15 such curves an average standardization curve 
has been obtained, from which the following table of limiting values or 
electrical resistances, corresponding to the various degrees of concen- 
tration, are derived. 

These values are found of sufficient accuracy to warrant their use 
in all reconnoissance work, and can be used in alkali surveys involving 
approximate determinations over limited areas, or in all alkali surveys 
where subject to check by independent standardization. In case it is 
found that the average curve does not give reliable results, or where 
unusual accuracy is required, a new curve should bt made according 
to the instructions given on page 31. 

Average, standardization — Table of limiting/ values. 



Salt in 
soil. 


Sand and 
sandy 
loam. 


Loam. 


Clay 
loam. 


Clay. 

• 


Average. 


Per cent. 

3.00 

1.00 

.00 

.40 

.20 


Ohms. 
21.9 
43.7 
65.9 
92.1 
163.6 


Ohms. 
24.9 
45.3 
68.8 
95.3 

172.5 


Ohms. 

26.7 
47.7 
71.1 

98.7 
178.7 


Ohms. 
27.4 

48.8 

73.5 

101.4 

193.4 


Ohms. 
25.2 
46.4 
69.8 
96.9 
177.1 



For convenience, where it is desired to determine the percentage of 
alkali from the resistance at 60° F., the following table has been picked 
out from the average standardizations: 



Instructions for Mapjniig AH'oli. 

Table shovnng percentage of salt in soil. 



31 



Resistance 
at G0° F. 


Sand and 
sandy loam. 


Loam. 


Clay loam. 


Clay. 




Per cent salt. 


Per cent salt. 


Per cent salt. 


Per cent salt. 


20 
25 


3.12 
2. 65 








2.' 98'" 


s.'ig" 


.3.' .36" 


30 


2.18 


2.43 


2.65 


2.79 


35 


1.69 


1.91 


2.13 


2.28 


40 


1.18 


1.40 


1.63 


1.77 


45 


.95 


1.02 


1.18 


1.28 


50 


.83 


.89 


.94 


.97 


55 


.74 


.80 


.84 


.87 


GO 


.67 


.71 


.74 


.78 


65 


.60 


.64 


.67 


.71 


70 


.55 


.58 


.61 


.65 


75 


.51 


.54 


.56 


.59 


80 


.47 


.51 


.52 


.54 


85 


.44 


.47 


.49 


.50 


90 


.41 


.43 


.45 


.47 


95 


.38 


.40 


.42 


.44 


100 


.36 


.37 


.39 


.41 


lor, 


.34 


.35 


.37 


.38 


110 


.32 


.33 


.35 


.36 


115 


.30 


.31 


.33 


.34 


120 


.29 


.30 


.31 


.33 


125 


.27 


.28 


.30 


.31 


130 


.25 


.27 


.28 


.30 


135 


.24 


.26 


.27 


.29 


140 


.23 


.25 


.26 


.28 


145 


.22 


.24 


.25 


.26 


150 


.21 


.23 


.24 


.25 


155 


.21 


.22 


.23 


.24 


160 


.20 


.21 


.22 


.23 


165 


.20 


.21 


.22 


.23 


170 


.19 


.20 


.21 


.22 



Directions for making standardizations. — If greater accuracy be 
desired, or if it be believed that the average standardization curve is 
not applicable to the conditions, a standardization curve or table is to 
be constructed in each district, by the following methods, reducing all 
resistances to the basis of 60° F. by use of the preceding tabks: 

Take 8 or 10 crusts, including the top inch of soil, or if crusts can 
not be obtained, use the strongest alkali soils collected from different 
places over the whole area. Place a portion of each of the several 
crusts or soils in a large cup or bottle, filling the vessel from one-fourth 
to one-half full, according to the concentration of the material, using 
the greater quantity where the material is less concentrated. Nearly 
fill the vessel with distilled water, stirring or shaking frecjucntly, and 
with the filter pump filter oft' a portion of each solution, cleaning the 
pump and filter tube and discarding the first 50 c. c. of subsequent 



32 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



filtrate after each filtration. Discoloration of solutions from the 
presence of black alkali may be ignored. 

Determine the electrical resistance of each solution, and either dilute 
with distilled water or else increase the concentration by evaporation 
or the addition of more alkali material until each filtrate shows a resist- 
ance of approximately 10 ohms at 60° F. From (>qual volumes taken 
from each solution make up in a large vess(>l a composite solution not 
l(\ss than 1 quart in volume. From 100 c. c. of this composite solu- 
tion determine the weight in grams a of soluble salts by evaporation, 
igniting gently before weighing. Di'vide the weight so obtained into 
each Dercentage given in the last four columns of the following table 
and multiply the quotient by 100. The result in each case r(>presents 
the number of cubic centimeters of composite solution to be diluted 
with distilled water to 100 c. c. in order to obtain the corresponding 
percentage of salt in soil given in the first column of the table. If the 
volume thus secured for some of the higher concentrations (exceeds 
100 c. c, it should be reduced to 100 c. c. by evaporation. Ordina- 
rily a 3.33 per cent solution is as concentrated as will be required, as 
this represents 1 per cent of salt in the soil. (See note below.) 

To obtain limiiitig values. 



Salt in 
.soil. 


Salt in solution. 


Sand and 
sandy 
loam. 


Loam . 


Clay 
loaili. 


Clay. 


Per cent. 

3. 00 

1.00 

.60 

.40 

.20 


Per cent. 

10. 00 

3.33 

2.00 

1.33 

.67 


Per cent. 
7. 9.-> 
2. (15 
1.59 
1.06 
.53 


Per cent. 

7.14 

2.38 

1.43 

.95 

.48 


Per cent. 

6. 67 

2.22 

1.33 

.89 

.44 


Resistances to 
1)6 red need 
to(iO° F.and 
divided l)y .24 


.275 


.29 


.30 



The resistance in ohms of each dilution of the composite solution, 
divided by the factor appearing at the foot of the column designating 



a Weighing, if done with care, may be upon druggist's scales, 15.5 grains 
equaling 1 gram. 



InstTuctio7is for mapping alkali. 



33 



the class of soil in the preceding table, will give for each class of soil 
the limiting value, or resistance in the cell at 60° F. of saturated soil 
corresponding to the concentration limits. These resistances or limit- 
ing values are to be inserted in the proper place in the following tal)le: 

Table of limiting values. 



Salt in 
soil. 


Sand and 
sandy 
loam. 


Loam. 


Clay 
loam. 


Clay. 


Per cent. 

3.00 

1.00 

.60 

.40 

.20 


Ohms. 


Ohms. 


Ohms. 


Ohms. 











































Note.— If it is desirable to determine the 3 per cent limit in the soil, portions 
of the composite solution will have to be concentrated l)y evaporation accord- 
ing to the above directions so as to contain the percentage of salt given in the 
table. The cell filled with such concentrated solutions gives a resistance too 
low to be read on the instrument, and it will be necessary to take a measured 
amount of the solution in the cell, as for example, one-fourth or one-fifth its 
capacity. Determine the resistance and divide it by 4 or 5, as the case may be. 
This gives the resistance of the cell when Allied. For these concentrated solu- 
tions the readings will be rather indefinite. Keep the cell electrodes well cleaned 
at all times. 

ALKALI MAPS. 

Principles of alkali mapping. — In making alkali maps the soils are 
grouped according to certain arbitrary limits, the basis of separation 
being the average percentage of total salts in the dry soil to the depth 
of 6 feet. The injurious effects upon crops varies considerably in the 
case of different salts, but only in the case of sodium carbonate, or 
black alkali, is the difference so great as to require the use of other 
limits and the construction of a separate map. 

The first grade of alkali soils includes areas where the content is less 
than 0.20 per cent in the case of total salts, and less than 0.05 per cent 
in the case of the more highly injurious black alkali. These limits were 
selected as representing the concentration of salts within which all 
ordinary crops grow without apparent injury. In cases where these 
contents for the 6-foot profile are accompanied by accumulations of 
much greater concentration upon the immediate surface, or at some 
other section in the soil profile, such concentration is shown by special 
rulings and legends explained later. 

32075—06 3 



34 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

The second grade comprehends soil containing between 0.20 and 0.40 
per cent of total salts, and in the case of sodium carbonate or black 
alkali 0.05 to 0.10 per cent of that salt. Soils of this grade fall within 
the first limits of danger, for while under favorable conditions the more 
hardy crops may escape injury, evidence of injury to the less tolerant 
plants, such as grains, young vegetables, beans, citrus, and many 
other fruits, is frequently observed. When accompanied by more 
highly concentrated accumulations at the surface, barren spots may 
occur in fields of alfalfa or other of the more tolerant crops. 

The third grade includes areas where the total salt content ranges 
from 0.40 to 0.60 per cent, and where 0.10 to 0.20 per cent of black 
alkali is found. These concentrations are usually marked by the occur- 
rence of a larger number of barren spots, by the appearance of alkali 
crusts and characteristic alkali vegetation, and by a consequent 
decrease in yield or a failure of crops. 

In the following two grades the concentration of total salts ranges 
from 0.60 to 1 per cent and 1 to 3 per cent, respectively. On land of 
this character there is generally a failure of all but the most tolerant 
crops, and it is ultimately thrown out of cultivation. 

The last grade in the classification covers soils showing more than 
3 per cent of total salts — a condition seldom encountered except in the 
barren beds of desiccated salt lakes. 

Similarly, the two higher grades of concentration of black alkali — 
0.20 to 0.30 per cent and more than 0.30 per cent, respectively — • 
represent conditions prohibitive of ordinary crop production. 

Careful observation of the character of prevailing soil types, topog- 
raphy, drainage features, character of native vegetation, and the con- 
dition of growing crops will aid greatly in locating boundaries defining 
the areas of the several grades of alkali soils. 

Methods of sampling. — uSampling for alkali determinations is done 
with the ordinary soil auger, the soil being separated into foot sections 
and placed upon a small sheet of oilcloth or similar material of con- 
venient size. Gravel and roots, or other extraneous matter, are removed 
by the hand and the soil prepared for electrolytic determination as 
previously described. The exact location of all borings made for alkali 
determinations, with brief descriptions of the texture and structure of 
the soil, the topography, drainage features, character of native vegeta- 
cion, condition of crops, original resistance, cell temperature, and cor- 
rected resistance, should be entered in the Alkali Field Book. 



Instructions f 07' mapping cdJcali. 35 

Total-alkali maps. — The percentage of alkali salts in each sectional 
foot of soil to a depth of 6 feet will be determined according to the 
directions previously given in this publication and in the Alkali Field 
Book. In many cases, after the observer becomes familiar with the 
soils of » locality, the fieldwork may be very much shortened by mak- 
ing the alkali determinations in alternate foot sections or by mixing 
2 or more feet for one salt determination. 

The percentage of alkali, as indicated by the various colors upon 
the alkali map, is to be a mathematical average of the alkali in the foot 
sections. In case there should be a marked accumulation of the alkali 
at any one part of the vertical section, such as the surface of the ground 
or in an alkali hardpan, the judgment of the observer is to decide 
whether the strict mathematical average should be followed or whether 
the soil is to be mapped as of the next higher grade of alkali content. If 
these areas, where there is a zone of accumulation of the alkali, such as 
an accumulation at the surface, are of considerable extent, they are to 
be indicated upon the field map by special rulings in lead pencil, and 
when the field maps are published the rulings will be described in the 
legend of the map. Thus, if a soil contain on an average 0.20 per cent 
of alkali, but has an accumulation of 0.50 per cent of alkali on the sur- 
face, this soil should be colored to show0.20 percent alkali, and the fact 
that there is a surface accumulation should be indicated by black 
rulings across the area affected. If the accumulation is below the sur- 
face foot another kind of ruling can be used to indicate that fact. 
Appropriate lettering upon the maps will render these rulings 
intelligible. 

Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides in soils. a — ■ 
Fill the small brass cone found in the field outfit, or other vessel of 
known volume, with saturated soil as prepared for electrolytic determi- 
nations, wash into a 250 c. c. bottle or flask, fill to the mark with dis- 
tilled water, shaking thoroughly, and then filter, discarding the first 
50 c. c. of filtrate in order to eliminate errors from the introduction of 
previous solutions retained in the porous tube of the filter pump. 
Titrate 50 c. c. of the solution, representing one-fifth of the total volume 
of saturated soil, with N/20 acid potassium sulphate containing 6.811 
grams per liter, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. This will 
represent the carbonates. Then add a drop or so of methyl orange or 

a See Bulletins 18 and .31, Bureau of Soils, for more complete directions and dis- 
cussion of this matter. 



36 



Soil Siirvey Field Booh. 



Congo red and again titrate witii N/20 acid potassium sulphate. Sub- 
tract an amount equal to the first titration from the second, and tiie 
difference represents the bicarbonates. Add a few drops of potassium 
chromate as an indicator to the same solution and titrate with N/10 
silver nitrate. This will represent the chlorides. The salts §re all to 
be estimated as sodium salts, as follows: 

1 c. c. N/20 1IKS04 is equivalent to 0.005305 gram NazCOa. 
1 c. c. N/20 IIKSO4 is equivalent to 0.004203 gram NallCOa. 
1 e. c. N/10 AgNOs is equivalent to 0.00585 gram Na CI. 

Black alkali maps. — In areas where the amount and distribution of 
sodium carbonate warrant the construction of a black-alkali map, it 
is made in the field from the volume of N/20 acid potassium sulphate 
solution used in titration for carbonates in the surface foot of soil. 
The concentration limits are 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 per cent of 
sodium carbonate in the dry soil. The limiting values for each vessel 
are found in the following way: Multiply the volume of saturated soil, 
represented by the solution taken for titration, equal to one-fifth the 
total amount, by the numbers in the following table: 



NasCOa in 
soil. 


Sand and 
sandy 
loam. 


Loam. 


Clay 
loam. 


Clay. 


Per cent. 

0.30 

.20 

.10 

.05 


0.832 
.554 
.277 
.138 


0.752 
.502 
.251 
.125 


0.720 
.480 
.240 
.120 


0.«89 
.459 
.230 
.115 



The results thus obtained are the number of cubic centimeters of N/20 
acid potassium sulphate solution used in titrating the carbonates, cor- 
responding to the concentration limits to be inserted in the following 
table: 



NazCOsin 
soil. 


Sand and 
sandy 
loam. 


Loam. 


Clay 
loam. 


Clay. 


Per cent. 

0. 30 

.20 

.10 

.05 


c. c. 


c. c. 


c. c. 


c. c. 



































Determination of total salts in water. 



37 



If it is desired to reduce the volume of N/10 AgNOg to per cent of 
NaCl in dry soil, the following formula may be used: 

V0.00585 
V'K 
Substituting 0.004203 for 0.00585, the same formula may be used to 
reduce the volume of N/20 HKSO4 to per cent of NallCOg. V=cubic 
centimeters N/10 AgNOg or N/20 HKSO4 solution used; V'= volume 
saturated soil represented in amount of solution titrated; K=constant 
for type of soil as follows: Sand and sandy loam =1.46; loam=1.32; 
clay loam=1.26; clay=1.21. 

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, SALTS IN WATER. 

The total salt content of irrigating, drainage, or other waters, in 
parts per 100,000, may be determined within a reasonable degree of 
accuracy from the following table, the resistance at 60° F. being ascer- 
tained according to the directions given in the preceding pages. The 
curve varies according to the character of the salts present. Where 
no carbonates are present in the water, the figures in the cokmm 
marked "Chlorides" should be used. When preliminary examina- 
tion by titration indicates that more than 50 per cent of the total 
salts is carbonates, the figures in the column marked "Carbonates" 
should be used. For intermediate percentages of carbonates, a cor- 
responding intermediate value between those given in the two columns 
should be used. 

Table for determining total salt content of water from resistance at 60° F. 



Resist- 
ance 
60° F. 


Chlo- 
rides. 


Car- 
bon- 
ates. 


Resist- 
ance 
60° F. 


Chlo- 
rides. 


Car- 
bon- 
ates. 


Resist- 
ance 
60° F. 


Chlo- 
rides. 


Car- 
bon- 
ates. 




Pts. 'per 100,000. 




Pts. pel 


r 100,000. 




Pts. pet 


- 100,000. 


30 


750 


140 


141 


200 


340 


50 


71 


35 


670 


150 


132 


187 


360 


47 


65 


40 


595 


160 


124 


176 


380 


44 


60 


45 


525 


170 


116 


165 


400 


41 


55 


50 


460 


460 


180 


109 


154 


450 


35 


46 


55 


400 


425 


190 


102 


144 


500 


31 


38 


60 


355 


395 


200 


96 


138 


550 


28 


32 


65 


305 


375 


210 


91 


130 


600 


25 


27 


70 


265 


355 


220 


87 


122 


700 


22 


* 23 


75 


230 


335 


230 


83 


116 


800 







80 


213 


320 


240 


79 


110 


1 900 




9 


85 


203 


306 


250 


75 


105 


' 1,000 




8 


90 


195 


294 


260 


71 


100 


1 1,200 




7 


95 


188 


284 


270 


68 


95 


1 1,400 




6 


100 


181 


262 


280 


65 


90 


1,600 




6 


110 


170 


250 


290 


62 


86 


1,800 




5 


120 


160 


231 


300 


59 


83 


2,000 




5 


130 


150 


213 


320 


54 


77 









38 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

The electrolytic cells are made as nearly of the same dimensions as 
possible, but if there is much variation in either volume or shape this 
table must not be used without a correction for the cell. 

If greater accuracy is desired than can be expected by the use of the 
above table, proceed in the following way: 

Collect 6 or 8 samples of water from different parts of the area, 
determine the electrical resistance of each, and take an amount of each 
proportional to the resistance, mixing them in a clean vessel. There 
should be at least 2 quarts, and preferably 1 gallon, of this mixture. 
Evaporate slowly on a stove until the mixture is about as strong as the 
strongest water likely to be encountered. If there is any possibility of 
encountering water as strong as a 1 per cent solution — that is, 1,000 
parts of salts in 100,000 parts of water — the mixture should be evapo- 
rated until it gives a resistance in the cell of about 23 ohms. The 
amount of this evaporation can be determined by the original resistance 
of the mixture. If the resistance of the mixture is 100 ohms, it should 
be evaporated to one-fourth its volume to make approximately a 1 per 
cent solution. If the resistance is 400 ohms, the solution should be 
evaporated to one twenty-third of its original volume. Water having 
a resistance of 400 ohms would have a salt content, according to the 
above table, of about 44 in 100,000, and would be considered an excel- 
lent water for irrigation purposes. It would require 3 gallons of such 
water evaporated to 1 pint to make a 1 per cent solution. 

Determine the percentage of salts in this solution by evaporation to 
dryness. If necessary, the weights may be determined by weighing on 
druggist's scales. 

Take the concentrated solution and dilute with successive quantities 
of distilled water, so as to change the concentration of the solution and 
get the corresponding resistances in the cell. Use, for example, 9 parts 
of the solution and 1 part distilled water, then 8 parts of the solution 
and 2 parts of distilled water, and so on down to any dilution likely to be 
encountered. This will give the resistance corresponding very exactly 
with known amounts of salt, and will furnish a table for the estimation 
of the salt content from the resistance of any water in the area. 

The table constracted from this data can be used directly by inter- 
polation, or preferably a curve should be constructed and any inter- 
mediate points picked out from this. 



Qualitative determination of alhali salts. 



39 



Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides in water. — 
When water is examined by chemical methods, as described in tlie pre- 
ceding pages, 50 c. c. of water should be used in making the titration. 
Calculation of results may readily be made from the following table: 



C. c. N/20 KHSO4 
or N/20 AgNOs. 


Parts per 100,000 of water. 


NazCOs. 


NaHCOs. 


NaCI. 


1 


10.53 
21.06 
31.60 
42.13 
52. 66 
63. 19 
73.72 
84.26 
94.79 


8.34 
16. 69 
25. 03 
33.38 
41.72 
50.06 
58.41 
66.75 
75.10 


11.61 
23.22 
34.84 
46.45 
58.06 
69.67 
81.28 
92.89 
104. 51 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7. 


8. 


9 





INSTRUCTIONS FOR QUALITATIVE DETERMINA- 
TION OF ALKALI SALTS. 

Should a further field examination of crusts, minerals, concretions, or 
other substances appear desirable as supplementary to the ordinary 
field tests, or as preliminary to laboratory analysis, the following simple 
methods may be used: 

Calcium. — To about 25 c. c. of the filtered soil solution add a little 
concentrated hydrochloric acid, and then enough ammonia water to 
impart a perceptible ammoniacal odor. Should a precipitate be formed 
redissolve in hydrochloric acid and again make alkaline with ammonia 
water. Repeat the alternate addition of hydrochloric acid and 
ammonia water until no white precipitate is formed when the solution 
is alkaline with ammonia. Then add a few crystals of ammonium 
oxalate and heat to boiling. Allow to stand a few minutes. A white 
precipitate shows the presence of calcium. A slight turbidity indi- 
cates small amounts of calcium. 

Magnesium. — Filter off the calcium precipitate on a small filter, cool 
the filtrate, and add a few crystals of sodium phosphate. Shake to 
dissolve the phosphate, then add ammonia water equal in amount to 
about one-third of the volume of the liquid, and let stand for at least 
one hour. A white crystalline precipitate shows the presence of 
magnesium. The precipitate is rather slow in appearing when the 
magnesium is present in small quantities, and nvAj be hastened in 



40 /Soil Survey Field Book. 

forming by scratching the sides of the vessel with a glass rod, in which 
case the precipitate will appear first on the scratched places. 

Sodium and potassium. — Quite small quantities of these metals mav 
be detected by the flame test. Clean the platinum wire by dipping 
in hydrochloric acid and heating in the colorless flame of the alcohol 
lamp until i( no longer colors the flame. An ordinary candle or 
lamp flame can not be used. Then dip the looped end of the wire 
in the r.oil* solution or solid salt to be treated and put into the flame. 
A strong yellow color shows the presence of sodium. The violet 
color of the potassium is masked by the intense yellow of the sodium, 
and this color must, therefore, be screened out by looking at the 
flame through blue cobalt glass. The potassium, if present, is then 
recognized by the violet color of the flame. 

Chlorides. — Add sufficient acid (preferably HKSO4) other than 
hydrochloric acid to decompose the carbonates. Add silver nitrate, 
which gives a white insoluble precipitate of silver chloride which 
is soluble on the further addition of ammonia water. The addition of 
the acid is necessary, since silver carbonate is also a white insoluble 
precipitate. 

Sulphates. — Add sufficient hydrochloric or nitric acid to decompose 
carbonates. Unless a decided excess of acid is added it will be neces- 
sary to boil the solution. The addition of barium chloride will then 
precipitate insoluble white barium sulphate. 

Carbonates. — Dissolved carbonates are recognized by the red color 
imparted to the solution by phenolphthalein indicator. 

Bicarbonates. — Dissolved bicarbonates are distinguished from car- 
bonates in that they produce no reaction with phenolphthalein indi- 
cator, but show a yellow color with methyl orange indicator, which 
must not change to a red on the addition of one or two drops of the 
N/20 KHSO4 solution. The volume of the N/20 KHSO4 solution 
used is a measure of the amount of bicarbonate as explained under 
the quantitative method for bicarbonates. 

Nitrates. — ^Add some crystals of ferrous sulphate to the solution. 
Hold the test tube at a slanting angle and pour, very carefully, con- 
centrated sulphuric acid against the lower sides of the tube so that 
it will run to the bottom and form with the original solution two 
liquid layers. The formation of a brown ring indicates the presence 
of nitrates. Care should be taken not to .siiake the tube or add the 
concentrated sulphuric acid in such a way as to allow it to mix c{uickly 



Meports. 41 

with the solution, for it develops great heat and may scatter the 
contents of the tube with explosive violence. 

Apparatus and reagents required. 

1 dozen large test tubes. 

1 2-inch glass funn(>l. 

1 package filter paper, Schleicher & SchiiU's No. rMt, 7 cm. 

1 alcohol lamp. 

4 inches platinum wire. 

1 square inch of lilue cohalt glass. 

1 bottle concentrated hydrochloric acid. 

1 bottle concentrated ammonia. 

1 bottle concentrated sulphuric acid. 

Crystals of ammonium oxalate. 

Crystals of sodium phosphate. 

Crystals of ferrous sulphate. 

Crystals of T)arium chloride. 

Solution of silver nitrate. 

N/20 KIISOj solution. 

Phenolphthalein indicator. 

Methyl orange indicator. 

Red and blue litmus paper. 

COLLECTION OF LABORATORY SAMPLES. 

Samples of water, crusts, etc., sent to the Bureau laboratories for 
chemical examination, or for the purpose of checking the accuracy 
of the bridge, should be fully noted and described in the field note 
book and accompanied by a description on Form 48. 

In collecting water for analysis three or four of the sample bottles 
protected by mailing cases should be thoroughly rinsed out and 
then filled. In collecting alkali crusts, only clean, firm sacks should 
be used, and in the case of highly concentrated sodium carbonate 
crusts two or three sacks, one within the other, should be used to 
inclose the material, because of its corrosive properties. 

REPORTS. 

Correspondence and weekly report. — All correspondence with the 
Bureau should be addressed to the Chief of the Bureau. At least 
once each week the head of the party should report to the Chief by 
letter, informing him of the progress of the work and the results 
accomplished, describing the new types of soil, and giving a state- 
ment of the health of the members of the party. In addition, the 



42 Soil Siircey Fldd Booli. 

weekly report card (Foiin 49) sliould be filled out and returned to 
this office. The cards will he filed in the Bureau for ready reference, 
but are not to be considered as taking the place of the weekly letters. 
The provisional names of all soil typi^s should be given on these cards 
as soon as described. 

Correspondence is liled in I lie o{lic(> by areas. Separate letters 
should, therefore, be written in legaixl to matters pertaining to dif- 
ferent areas. Often letters are written that do not have a bearing 
upon any particular ai'ca, and such letters should also be written 
separately froni letters relating to an area. 

The Bureau should be kept informed of the address of all of the 
field men at all times, whether they are in the aiea to which they 
have been assigned, temporarily absent, or on leave of absence. 
Ordinarily this may be accomplished thiough the use of Form 49, 
but when absolutely necessaiy the telegraph may be used. 

Form of a soil survey report. — A revised outline to be followed in 
the preparation of soil-survey reports is given below. The change 
in outline is one of form rather than of matter, and is made to elimi- 
nate the duplication heretofore invited in the chapters on agricultural 
development and agricultural conditions to emphasize the central 
subject of the reports, viz, the soil, and to subordinate the discus- 
sion of geology. The chapter on physiography and geology has been 
omitted, the subject being divided between Chapters I and IV. The 
latter (soils), which has heretofore been very brief, may now be 
greatly amplified. What is wanted in this chapter is a broad, general 
discussion of the soils as related to geology and to each other, leaving 
the details to be brought out in the next chapter, which is much the 
same as in the old outline. The chapter on agricultural methods has 
also been eliminated, the subject being transferred to Chapter V, 
where differences of methods on tlie several types should be clearly 
brought out. 

This outline is given as a guide in the arrangement of the report, 
and should be followed as closely as circumstances will permit. It is 
understood of course that the headings will necessarily have to be 
changed somewhat in different districts, and that the relative impor- 
tance of the different chapters will vary with the locality. The matter 
should be presented in a terse style, and no more words used than 
arc absolutely necessary to convey the meaning, l)eing carefid, how- 
ever, to treat each subject so that all important phases may be brought 



Reports. 43 

out and clearly stated. In order to attain this, the different chapters 
should be revised several times if necessary, so that all important 
matters may be considered and all unnecessary words eliminated. 
A careful consideration of this matter of style in writing is enjoined 
upon all members of the Bureau charged with the preparation of 
reports. The material for the report should be collected, and the 
writing of the report should be done, as far as practicable, before 
the party leaves the area. It is desirable that the manuscripts should 
be legible and written upon sheets of uniform size. In the future 
pads for this express use will be furnished. Those charged with the 
preparation of reports are particularly cautioned against crowding 
the lines. Ample space, at least half an inch, should be allowed 
between the lines to facilitate interlineations in correction. 

Outline of soil survey report. — The outline of chapters is as follows: 

I. Description of the area. 

Give the location and boundaries of the area, and describe the general 
topographic features and regional drainage, character and source of popu- 
lation, present condition as to settlement, chief towns, transportation 
facilities, markets, etc 

II. Climate. 

III. Agriculture. 

Give an account of the early agriculture, noting changes in crops grown 
and in agricultural practices, leading up to a discussion of the general type 
of agriculture at the present time; character and value of the principal 
products, recognition of adaptation of soils to crops, rotation of crops, 
agricultural methods as adapted to present conditions, character and cost 
of lal)or, tenure and size of farms, value of farm lands, and, finally, sugges- 
tions for improvement in the agriculture of the area. 

IV. Soils. 

Enter into a general discussion of the soils of the area, showing broadly 
their relation to the geological formations and to each other, to drainage, 
erosion, and other formative or modifying agencies, their classification and 
distri])ution, and their correlation with the soils of other areas. 

V. Description of individual soil types. 

Give a detailed and full description of the soil and subsoil, noting texture, 
structure, color, depth, and ease of cultivation. Follow this with a state- 
ment as to the location of soil in the area, topographic and drainage fea- 
tures, origin and process of formation, peculiar mineral or chemical fea- 
tures — as alkali; native vegetation, unusual or characteristic crops to 
which adapted, crops grown and minimum, maxinnmi, and average yields, 



44 Soil Survey Field Book, 

cultural methods peculiar to the type and suggestions for new methods, 
fertilizer practice, and agricultural condition and value of lands as influenced 
by the individual soil type. 

VI. Irrigation. 

Discuss the sources of water supply, character of the water, means of 
distribution, approximate area under irrigation, opportunity for extension, 
and methods and cost of irrigation. 

VII. Drainage." 

Describe position of water table, injury froia seepage, character of under- 
ground wiit(M-, iind reclamation of damaged areas or of swamp or marsh 
lands. 

VIII. Alkali. 

Give the location of alkali areas, origin of alkali in the area, its chemical 
composition and vertical distribution, approximate area abandoned on 
account of the accumulation of alkali, and methods suggested for reclama- 
tion. 

IX. Summary. 

Write a brief paragraphical resume of salient points brought out in the 
report, including soil adaptations, deductions from the study of conditions, 
and suggestions for improvement or changes in the agricultural methods 
and in the crops grown. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF ESTABLISHED SOIL TYPES. 

[The average mechanical analysis of each type of soil is given immediately 
after the description. The numljer in parenthesis immediately following •' soil " 
and "subsoil" indicates the number of samples used in obtaining the average. 
The numbers aliove the columns refer to the grades into which the soil is sepa- 
rated, as giv(Mi in the scheme of soil classification.] 

SOILS OF THE ATLAKTIC AA'D GULF COASTAL PLAINS. 

The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains together constitute one of the 
most important physiographic divisions of the United States. The 
Atlantic Coastal Plain extends from the New England States south- 
ward to the Florida Peninsula, where the Gulf Coastal Plain begins and 
extends thence westward to the Mexican boundary line. It is, however, 

a. A separate chapter should be given to this sul)ject only in art^as where an 
underground water map is made or wh(>re the seepage or drainage conditions 
are of such general importance that the question can not ])e treated in connec- 
tion with the description of individual soil types. 



Soils of the Atlcuitlc and Gulf Coastal Plains. 45 

discontinuous, being interrupted by the alluvial bottoms of the Missis- 
sippi River. From the coast the Atlantic Plain extends inland to the 
margin of the Piedmont Plateau — that is, to a line passing through 
Trenton, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Raleigh, Columbia, 
Augusta, and Macon. In its northern extension it is represented by 
a narrow belt, but widens in New Jersey and attains its maximum 
breadth of about 200 miles in North Carolina. The Gulf Plain extends 
up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio, its inner boundary line 
passing through or near Montgomery, luka, Cairo, I^ittle Rock, 
Texarkana, Austin, and San Antonio. 

The surface is that of a more or less dissected plain marked by few 
hills, and slightly terraced with bluffs along streams. The inner mar- 
gin of the Coastal Plain is usually from 200 to 300 feet above tide- 
water, but sometimes ri.ses to 500 feet. The drainage here is usually 
well established, and the surface is rolling to hilly, and consequently 
carved and eroded. There is a wide belt bordering the coast where the 
elevations are mostly under 100 feet. In the northern part, where the 
Coastal Plain is narrow and deeply indented with tidal estuaries, drain- 
age is usually well established and the surface is rolling, but in the 
broad southern extension, where the seaward slope is hardly more than 
1 foot to the mile, drainage is apt to be deficient. Here rain water often 
remains upon the surface for a considerable time, although the condi- 
tions are not comparable with those of a true swamp. The soils in this 
level section, while composed largely of sand, are compact, usually 
deficient in organic matter, and not very productive. Many of the 
flat interstream areas possess such poor drainage that true swamps, 
such as the Dismal and Okefenokee, have been formed. Near the coast 
and along the tidal estuaries extensive marshes, separated from the 
ocean by sand barriers, are found. 

The Coastal Plain is made up of unconsolidated gravels, sands, and 
sandy clays, with less frequent beds of silts and heavy clays. These 
deposits have been derived mainly from the erosion of the Piedmont 
Plateau and other inland areas. The materials have been transported 
and deposited beneath the sea and subsequently exposed by the uplift 
of the ocean floor. In the more northern parts of the Coastal Plain 
and even as far south as Virginia, the character of the deposits has 
been modified i)y glacial action and the flooded condition of the 
streams resulting from the melting of the ice. 



46 Soil Smwpy Field Book. 

The Coastal Plain materials range in age from Cretaceous to Recent 
Although extensive areas of the older sediment are exposed at the sur- 
face to form soils, still by far the greater part of the materials is Quater- 
nary or Recent in age. 

The soils are for the most part composed of sands and light sandy 
loams, with occasional deposits of silts and heavy clays. The heavy 
clays are found principally near the inner margin of the Coastal Plain. 
The silts, silty clays, and black calcareous soils upon which the rice and 
sugar-cane industries of southern Louisiana and Texas are being so 
extensively developed have no equivalents in the Atlantic division. 
As a result of dilTerences in the method of deposition, subsequent ero- 
sion, and drainage conditions, the Coastal Plain frequently presents a 
great diversity of soil types and soil series with complicated relation- 
ships between them. The following series have so far been recognized: 
Galveston, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Orangeburg, Susquehanna, Lufkin, 
Houston, and Gadsden. In addition there are a number of miscella- 
neous types which have not as yet been brought into series. 

NORFOLK SERIES. 

The Norfolk series consists of light-colored sandy soils underlain by 
yellow or orange sand or sandy clay subsoils. Where the drainage is 
insufficient, the subsoil is often mottled. The members of this series 
are distinguished from those of the Portsmouth series by the lighter 
color of the surface material and from those of the Orangeburg series 
by the yellow color of the subsoils. The members of the Norfolk 
series, with few exceptions, are special purpose rather than general 
farming soils. This series comprises the most important truck soils 
of the Coastal Plain. 

Norfolk gravel. « — The soil occurs as hills, narrow bands, or outcrops 
of gravel consisting of 30 to 60 per cent of rounded waterworn gravel 
with interstitial material varying from sand to sandy loam or loam. 
The subsoil is usually a gravelly sand or sandy loam, but locally con- 
sists of stiffer and more clayey material. The type is formed through 
denudation of gravel layers deposited as shallow-water sediment or 
as river wash or delta. It is a poor, unproductive soil, generally 
occupying slopes, and should remain in forest. 



a Mapped as Susquehanna gravel. This name will be used only in Marjiand 
in the future- 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 47 



Acres. 

Prince George County, Md 41, 470 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 11, 410 

St. Mary County, Md 7,350 

Trenton, N.J 192 



Acres. 

Calvert County, Md 3, 900 

Cecil County, Md 45, 600 

Harford County, Md 12, 930 

Kent County, Md 12, 490 

Long Island, N. Y 3,328 

Norfolk gravelly loam. — The soil is a gray sandy loam from 6 to 30 
inches deep, containing relatively large proportions of coars? to medium 
sand and from 15 to 50 per cent of gravel and iron concretions. The 
subsoil varies from a sticky sandy loam to a light sandy clay with an 
admixture of varying quantities of gravel. The gravel generally is 
mixed evenly throughout soil and subsoil, but occasionally covers the 
surface. This type occupies terraces and gently to steeply rolling 
plains marked with occasional ridges and hills. The surface con- 
figuration, combined with open texture, gives the type excellent 
drainage. It supports a scattered growth of oak and pine. Corn, 
cotton, rye, buckwheat, truck crops, peaches, and wrapper tobacco 
are grown, according to the locality, but the yields are very low. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

13 12 17 18 25 9 
9 11 14 18 27 17 

Acres. 

Lancaster County, Pa b 4, 000 

Lebanon, Pa b 13, 350 

Macon County, Ala 56, 960 

Montgomery County, Ala .... 1, 536 



Soil (11) 5 

Subsoil (11) 3 

Acres. 
Connecticut Valley, Conn, and 

Mass a 59, 284 

Crystalsprings, Miss 48,768 

Hanover County, Va 1, 344 



Norfolk coarse sand. — The soil is a loose, incoherent, gray coarse 
sand 8 inches deep, containing 10 per cent or more of gravel, underlain 
by a subsoil of the same material frequently conta;ining iron crusts. 
The type occurs as level plains or broken slopes, and is not very 
productive, though used to some extent for tobacco, peaches, and 
truck. 



Soil (18) 9 

Subsoil (14) 10 

Acres. 

Calvert County, Md c 24, 500 

Connecticut Valley, Conn, and 

Mass c 72, 008 

Dodge County, Ga 12, 416 

Long Island, N. Y 1,856 

Macon County, Ala 42, 752 



2 


3 


4 


6 


6 


7 


20 


20 


23 


8 


8 


4 


26 


19 


21 


6 


10 


6 



Acres. 

Prince George County, Md c 37, 420 

Rhode Island 26, 304 

St. Mary County, Md c 3, 450 

Salem, N.J c I8, 280 

Trenton, N. J c 512 



a Mapped as Chicopee gravel loam. h Mapped as Donegal gravelly loam, 

c Mapped as Windsor sand, which name will not again be used except in 
Maryland. 



i8 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of 8 inches consists 
of a brown to yellowish coarse sandy loam. The subsoil is a yellov/ 
sandy loam extending to a depth of about 24 inches, where it rests 
upon coarse sand and gravel. Both soil and subsoil contain about 25 
per cent of small waterworn gravel, chieflly quartz. The surface is 
level or gently sloping. The areas of this type represent outwash 
plains of sand and gravel mixed with finer material. Fair crops of 
corn, grain, grasses, and especially of small fruits are produced, but 
failures occur in years of drought. 

12 3 4 5 (5 7 

Soil (6) ,9 24 14 10 10 22 9 

Subsoil (4) 11 38 20 11 4 9 5 

Acres. 
Connecticut Vallej', Co;in. and 

Mass 27,904 

Long Island, N. Y 64,896 

Rhode Island a82,816 

Yorktown, Va 4,288 

Norfolk sand. ^ — The soil is a coarse to medium incoherent gray or 
yellowish sand, resting on a yellow sand subsoil of about the same 
texture, and extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. This is a common 
type on the low, flat river necks and forelands of the Atlantic and 
Gulf Coastal Plains, along the valley slopes of the streams, and cover- 
ing extensive level areas in the uplands. These different positions 
have a marked influence upon its productiveness, the upland areas 
giving the lowest yields. It is well drained, matures crops very 
early, and has such a poor water-retaining power that general farm 
crops can not be grown with any great success, except upon the low- 
lying areas where the water table comes within a few feet of the 
surface. Corn yields but 5 to 10 bushels per acre and wheat not to 
exceed 5 to G bushels. It is a good early truck soil, especially adapted 
to light truck crops. It is also used for small fruits and peaclus, 
although not so well adapted to these latter as some of the other soils 
of the series. Many watermelons are grown upon this soil in the 
Southern States. In the Connecticut Valley and in Florida a very 
fine grade of cigar-wrapper tobacco is produced upon this soil. In 
Maryland it produces a fine grade of the Maryland export tobacco. 
In North and South Cart)lina it produces a very fine grade of cigarette 
tobacco, but is not as well adapted to this as is the JSorfolk sandy loam. 

o Mapped as Warwick sandy loam. 
& See also Norfolk fine sand. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 49 



Soil (57) 

Subsoil (46) 



Anderson County, Tex 

Bainbridge, Ga 

Biloxi, Miss 

Calvert County, Md 

Cecil County, Md 

Charleston, S. C 

Connecticut Valley, Conn, and 

Mass 

Dallas County, Ala 

Darlington, S. C 

Dodge County, Ga 

Dover Del 

Fort Valley, Ga 

Gadsden County. Fla 

Gainesville, Fla 

Harford County Md 

Houston County, Tex 

Kent County, Md 



1 

.... 3 
.... 3 

Acres. 

55,808 

29, G9G 
76,032 
58, 000 
46,600 

1,088 

n 95, 304 

7, 168 

71,104 

175,296 

5, 632 

33, 792 

93, 120 

139, 328 

2,470 

4,544 

30, 760 



•2 ■& 

15 22 

16 21 



4 

38 
37 



10 
9 



Lancaster Countj% S. C ... 

Leon County, Fla 

Long Island, N. Y 

Macon County, Ala 

Mobile, Ala 

Montgomery County, Ala . 

Orangeburg, S. C 

Prince George County, Md 
Raleigh to Newliern, N. C . . 

St. Mary County, Md 

Salem, N. J 

San Antonio, Tex 

Sumter County, Ala 

Tangipahoa Parish, La ... 

Trenton, N. J 

Vv' illis, Tex 

Worcester County, Md . . . 



Acres. 
38, 528 
106, 688 
77, 120 
22.016 
134, 592 

4,288 
86, 080 
23, 630 
53,310 
27, 5C0 
78, 410 

3,904 

15,290 

896 

.50, 880 

8,560 
45,312 



Norfolk fine sand. — The soil is a li;2;ht-bro\vn or gra\' fine sand about 
8 inches deep, loose and incoherent when dry, but packing slightly when 
wet. The subsoil is of much the same texture, slightly heavier, lighter 
in color, and somewhat more adhesive. The type occurs as low, rolling 
hills and level areas, and is generally well drained. The soil is adapted 
to about the same class of crops as the Norfolk sand, but is generally 
somewhat more productive. It is the best early truck soil of the 
Coastal Plain, but produces only fair crops of corn and cotton. In 
Florida a fine grade of wrapper tobacco is grown on this soil. 



a Mapped as Hartford sandy loam, which name will not be used outside of the 
Connecticut Valley. 



32075—06- 



50 



Soil Survey Field Book 



•> 


4 


') 


(( 


7 


JO 


")() 


14 


11 


5 


9 


53 


1() 


14 


5 



1 

Soil (35) : 

Sul)soil (28) 

Acres. 

Anderson County, Tex 138, 880 

Biloxi, Miss 5(i, 8% 

Connecticut Valley, Conn, and 

Mass « 17, 284 

Charleston, S. C f.l, 504 

Craven, N. C b 88, 192 

Dallas County, Ala 23, 872 

Duplin County, N. C 117, 440 

Houston County, Tex 79, 872 

Jackson, Miss 320 

Jacksonville, Tex 38, 528 

Lee County, Tex 41, 85G 

Norfolic sandy loam. — This type consists of a coarse to medium yel- 
low or gru}' sand or light sandy loam soil 12 to 20 inches deep, resting 
on a yellow light sandy clay subsoil. It occupies level or gently rolling 
land. The soil is too light for general farm crops, and corn yields on 
the average not over 10 bushels per acre. It is adapted to sweet and 
Irish potatoes, peanuts, and truck crops. In the Connecticut Valley 
and in Florida it produces a fine cigai-wrapper tobacco and in North 
Carohna bright vellow tobacco and cotton. 



Acres. 

Leon County, Fla 28, 608 

Montgomery County, Ala 9,850 

Norfolk, Va h 20, 8()4 

Ouachita Parish, La 192 

Perquimans and Pasquotank 

Counties, N. C G,976 

Perry County, Ala : .' b 4, 160 

Prince George County, Md c 36, 190 

Salem, N.J rf 15, 710 

Trenton, N.J d 27, 584 

Worcester County, Md 22, 400 



1 

Soil (28) 4 

Subsoil (23) 4 

Acres. 

Bainhridge, Ga 24, 576 

Connecticut Valley, Conn. 

and Mass '" 4(), 462 

Craven, N. C 27, 288 

Darlington, S. C / 65, 024 

Dodge County, Ga 105, 792 

Gadsden County, Fla 50, 816 

Gainesville, Fla 86,784 

Hanover County, Va 88,256 



12 



14 
10 



4 

31 



26 



Acres. 
1,984 
9,408 

32, 896 



Henderson County, Tenn .. 

Macon County, Ala 

Montgomery County, Ala .. 

OrangelMirg, S. C 126, 592 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C g 216, 580 

Salem, N.J 'i 16, 790 

Trenton, N.J 'i 8, 640 

Woodville, Tex 52, 864 

Yorktovvn, Va 94,010 



o Mapped as Podunk fine sandy loam, 
b Mapped as Norfolk sand. * 
c Mapped as Westphalia sand. 

d Mapped in part as P^lsinboro fine sand and in part as Westphalia sand. 
« Mapped as Enfield sandy loam, which name will not l)e used outside of the 
Connecticut Valley. 

/Mapped as Norfolk sandy soil. 

.<7 Mapped in i)art as Norfolk sandy soil and in part as Selma silt loam. 

/i Mapped as Qulnton sandy loam. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plaiiis. 51 



Norfolk fine sandy loam. — The soil consists of a pale-yellow or gray 
fine sandy loam 6 to 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellow fine sandy 
loam subsoil, grading into a light sand}^ clay at an average depth of 
about 18 inches. It occurs in level plains and rolling uplands and gen- 
erally has good drainage. It gives a moderate yield of corn, and is very 
well adapted generally to late truck crops and in parts of the South to 
cotton and to bright 3^ellow tobacco. This soil is not as valuable for 
early truck as the Norfolk fine sand, but is an excellent medium to 
late truck soil. In North Carolina it is esteemed a better tobacco soil 
than the Norfolk sdndy loam and fully equal, if not somewhat superior, 
to the Norfolk fine sand. 



Soil (73) 

Sul)Soil (74) 



4 


5 


38 


24 


29 


17 



21 



24 



Acres. 

Anderson County, Tex 224, 640 

Bainb ridge, Ga 93,248 

Biloxi, Miss 171, 908 

Boonville, Ind « 22, 848 

Calvert County. Md «> 5, 220 

Charleston, S. C 47, G80 

Craven, N. C 155, 13G 

Dallas County, Ala 1G3, 392 

Darlington, S. C c 25, 600 

De Soto Parish. La 244, 992 

Duplin County, N. C 180,032 

Fort Valley, Ga d 23, 488 

Gadsden, Fla 28, 096 

Hanover County, Va .39, 232 

Houston County, Tex 145, 408 

Leon County, Fla 07, 328 

Lufkin, Tex 0,016 



Acres. 

Macon County, Ala 21, 952 

McNeill, Miss 81, 472 

Mason County, Ky 832 

Montgomery County, Ala 39, 552 

Mobile, Ala 7, 168 

Nacogdoches, Tex 19, 008 

Norfolk, Va : 38, 144 

Orangeburg, S. C 4, 480 

Perquimans and Pasquotank 

counties, N. C 43,908 

Prince George County, Md ... 6 9,000 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C . . . 36, 100 

St. Mary County, Md & 8, 500 

Sumter County, Ala 48, 128 

Union County, Ky e 2, 176 

Willis, Tex / 107, 180 

Yorktown, Va 144,064 



« Mapped as Miami fine sandy loam. 

6 Mapped as Norfolk loam, but now lirought into the proper place in the 
Norfolk series. 

c Mapped as Ayden fine sandy loam. 

d Mapped as Norfolk sandy loam. 

« Mapped as Sturgis fine sandy loam. 

/Part of this occurring on the uplands was mapped as Willis sand, the re- 
mainder occupying a low position along the river was mapped as Norfolk 
fine sandy loam. It is recognized now that these two areas should have been 
combined. 



52 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Norfolk loam.o — The soil is a brown loam or fine sandy loam, usuall}^ 
containing a very small amount of fine gravel. The subsoil is a yellow 
loam containing considerable sand, which is frequently underlain by a 
medium grade of yellow sand or by gravel. The type occupies level 
areas, usually terraces along rivers and tidal estuaries. The soil is easily 
tilled, well drained, and produces fair yields of general farm crops. It 
is especially well adapted to sugar corn, peas, and tomatoes for camiing 
purposes, and also to peaches. It is too heavy a soil for early truck, 
and not sufficiently heavy to be classed as a general farming soil. 

1 

Roil (2(;) 1 

Subsoil CJti) 1 

Acres. 

Biloxi, Miss 68, 41() 

Calvert County, Md ^ 10, 900 

Dover, Del (Ki, 752 

Lockhaven, Pa 3, 648 

Long Island, N. Y <• 100, 096 

Mason County, Ky 896 



.( 


:{ 


4 


r> 


<> 


7 


6 


9 


24 


17 


:«) 


11 


6 


9 


20 


15 


29 


19 



Acres. 

Mobile, Ala 47, 104 

Norfolk, Va 23,872 

Perry County, Ala ^ H, 720 

l^rince C.eorge County, Md ... 6 4, 830 

St. Mary County, Md «» 17, 500 

Worcester County, Md *> 54, 848 



Norfolk silt loam. — This soil type consists of a brown loam 10 inches 
deep, underlain by a heavy yellow loam subsoil, both containing a 
rather high percentage of silt. It occurs as level or gently rolling 
uplands or terraces. It is one of the most valuable soils of the Atlantic 
Coastal Plain for general farm crops, and is best adapted to wheat, 
corn, and grass. In New Jersey this soil produces as high as 25 or 35 
bushels of wheat, 1 to 2 tons of hay, and from 50 to 70 bushels of corn 
per acre. It is esteemed an excellent soil for dairy farming. On the 
Eastern Shore of Maryland the yields are almost as high as in New 
Jersey. In southern Maryland the yields are much less, wheat pro- 
ducing from 12 to 18 bushels and corn 25 to 40 bushels per acre, 
while the yield of hay is proportionally small. It is believed that 
this difference in productiveness is due almost entirely to the methods 
of cultivation. 

a Sec also Norfolk fine sandy loam, page 51. 
b Mapped as Sassafras sandy loam. 

c Mapped in part as Sassafras sandy loam and in part as Sassafras gravelly 
loam, which names will hereafter only be used in Maryland and New Jersey. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf CoaMal Plains. 53 

f 

12 3 4 5 (> 7 

Soil (29) 1 3 4 10 14 54 12 

Subsoil 3 4 9 13 51 19 



Acres. 

Calvert County, Md a 8, 850 

Cecil Countj% Md a 50, 500 

Chester County, Pa (> 

Darlington, S. C a 26,880 

Dover, Del 32, 960 

Harford County, Md o 29, 810 

Kent County, Md b 67,200 

Lockhaven, Pa 5, 824 



Acres. 
Perquimans and Pasquotank 

counties, N. C 9,344 

Prince George County, Md ... a 9, 090 

Salem, N.J b 108, 140 

San Antonio, Tex 24, 128 

St. Mary County, Md a 16, 200 

Trenton, N.J b 88, 384 

Worcester County, Md a 14, 400 



6 


7 


34 


23 


32 


33 



Norfolk clay loam. — The soil con.sists of about 6 inches of dark- 
brown clay loam, underlain b}^ a very dense waxy clay of a dark 
reddish-brown color. At about 24 inches thin lenses of very fine sand 
occur and the color changes to a mottled grayish blue. The surface 
is flat and the elevation is only about 10 feet above sea level. Much 
of the type is imperfectly drained. The type is best adapted to grass 
and small grains, and formerly produced large yields of wheat. At 
present the yield rarely exceeds 10 bushels per acre. 

12 3 4 

Soil (1) 1 3 8 23 

Subsoil (1) 4 6 18 : 

Acres. 
Yorktown, Va 1,856 

Norfolk clay. — The soil consists of from 3 to 6 inches of heavy, very 
fine sandy loam or loam, and the subsoil of a stiff, mottled yellow 
clay. The surface is generally level and the drainage is poor, and 
artificial drainage is often necessary before crops can be grown. The 
soil almost invariably clods unless plowed in just the proper condition 
of moisture, although when properly drained and carefully cultivated 
it is quite productive, yielding from 1 to 2 tons of hay, 20 to 40 bushels 
of corn, and 1 bale of cotton per acre. 

o Mapped as Sassafras loam. It is recognized clearly now that this lielongs 
to the Norfolk series. The name Sassafras loam will be used hereafter only in 
Maryland and New Jersey. 

b Mapped in part as Sassafras loam and Sassafras gravelly loam. The latter 
name will not again be used, and similar soils will in the future be mapped as 
Norfolk silt loam with a gravel sym])ol and the gravelly phase described in 
the report, except in Maryland and New Jersey, where it will be mapped as 
Sassafras loam with a gravel symbol. 



'J ;{ 


4 ,) 


<> 


7 




3 3 


IS Ki 


3(i 


23 




1 2 


1.") <) 


•1- 


43 


Acres. 


Fort Vail 


ey. (Ja 






« ()4(l 



54 Soil Survey Field Bool'. 

% 

1 

Soil (5) 1 

Subsoil (7) 

Acres. 

Craven, N. C a 9, COO 

Dallas County, Ala 61,312 i Montgomery County, Ala 33,85(5 

P(JRTSMOUTH SEUIE8. 

The Portsmouth series is characterized by dark-gray to black 
surface soils, underlain by yellow, gray, or mottled yellow and gray 
subsoils. The dark color of the soils is due to an accumulation of 
oi'ganic matter during an earlier or existing swampy condition. This 
.series may be considered as intermediate between the light-colored 
Norfolk soils on the one hand and the Peat and Swamp areas on the 
other. The members of the series occupy depressed areas, or ai'eas so 
flat that the water table is at or near the surface, except where artifi- 
cial drainage has been resorted to. When drained the Portsmouth 
soils are well adapted to corn and to certain truck crops, particularly 
strawberries, cabbages, and onions. 

Portsmouth sand. — The soil is a black, brown, or dark-gray loamy 
sand, about 12 inches deep, usually containing a large amount of 
organic matter. The subsoil is a gray or mottled drab, white, and 
yellow sticky sand, underlain at from 24 to 48 inches by a compact 
and impervious stratum of sand having the properties of a hardpan. 
Occasionally the subsoil is so saturated with water as to resemble 
quicksand. This type occurs in nearly level upland areas with poor 
drainage and represents formei- lake or swampy areas. Corn is the 
principal crop. It is adapted to berries, particularly to strawbei-ries, 
and to cabbage, onions, and other heavy or late truck crops. 

1 

Soil (11) 1 

Subsoil (9) 1 

Acres. 

Bainbridge, Ga 3, 4")f) 

Craven, N. C 11,072 

Dover, Del (540 

Duplin County, N. C 38,016 

Portsmouth fine sand.— The soil consists of 16 inches of fine sand of 
a dark-gray or black color. The dark color is the result of decayed 
organic matter. Where the usual drainage conditions prevail, the 



2 


:{ 


4 


5 





K) 


2.5 


4r. 


7 


6 


10 


26 


49 


5 


4 



Acres. 

Ciadsden, Fla 8,640 

Norfolk, Va 2,048 

Worcester County, Md 41 ,024 



o Mapped as Seinia clay. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 55 

subsoil is a chocolate-brown fine sand, similar in texture to the soil 
and occasionally cemented by iron. Below 3 feet a pure white sand, 
locally known as quicksand, is usually found. This type is of sedimen- 
tary origin and occupies level uplands. The natural surface drainage 
is but imperfectly established, and water stands at an average depth of 
2 feet below the surface at all times, while after heavy rains the surface 
is flooded for days at a time. The natural vegetation is longleaf pine, 
with an undergrowth of palmetto and gallberry bushes. In some 
places scrub oak is a prominent tree growth. But little of the type is 
under cultivation. 

1 i 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (2) 3 9 M 9 ti 9 

Subsoil (2) 3 9 H5 9 5 .8 

Acres. 
Gainesville, Fla 35,840 

Portsmouth sandy loam. — This type consists of a black, brown, or 
dark-gray sandy loam soil, about 12 inches deep, frequently containing 
a very large quantity of organic matter, underlain by a gray or mottled 
sandy clay subsoil, which in turn is underlain usually by a compact 
sand sometimes having the properties of a hardpan. The type occu- 
pies level or slightly depressed areas in the uplands and the drainage 
is usually poor. When drained this type of soil is adapted to corn, 
potatoes, and truck crops, particularly strawberries. 

1 

Soil (21) 5 

Subsoil (18) 2 

Acres. 

Craven, N. C 4ti,20S 

Darlington, S. C a 133, 696 

Dover, Del 50,304 

Gainesville, Fla 40, 384 

Norfolk, Va 30,016 

Portsmouth fine sandy loam. — The soil is a black or rusty Ijrown, 
mucky, fine sandy loam, compact, wet, and heavy, with an average 
depth of about 12 inches. Large quantities of organic matter are 
usually present, in all stages of decomposition. Under continued 

o Mapped as Goldsboro compact sandy loam. This also includes the Selma 
heavy silt loam, which should not have been separated from the Goldsboro 
compact sandy loam. 

t> Mapped as Goldsboro compact sandy loam. 



i 3 4 h 


G 


7 


11 12 29 13 


18 


12 


8 10 25 12 


21 


22 

Acres. 


Orangeburg, S. C . . . 




131,904 


Raleigh to Ncwbern, 


N. C . 


. 6 37,860 


San Antonio, Tex . . 




15,488 


Worcester County, Md . . . 


9,856 


Yorktown, Va 




20,032 



56 



Sofl Survey Field Booh. 



cultivation the soil becomes lighter in both color and texture and the 
sand content more pronounced. The subsoil is usually a mottled drab 
and yellow sandy clay, massive and sticky, with a dej)th of more than 
36 inches, and is undei'lain occasionally by a layer ol" very fine white 
or gray sand. Where the type occurs within sand areas, the subsoil 
often consists entirely of sand. It is characterized by level or slightly 
depressed surface features. Lack of drainage is responsible for the 
existence and peculiar characteristics of the type. In most cases 
artificial drainage is impracticable, owing to the lack of fall. The 
type supports a heavy growth of cypress, gum, magnolia, and other 
water-loving trees and undergrowth. When cleared and properly 
drained, Irish potatoes and cabbages are successfully grown, espe- 
cially the latter. Cotton and corn give fair yields in favorable situa- 
tions. The type is well adapted to onions and some of the berry 
fruits. 

1 

Soil (6) 

Subsoil (tl) 

Acres. 

Charleston, S. C 32,0(i4 

Duplin County, N. C 66, 112 

Perquimans and Pasquotank 
counties, N. C 25, 472 

Portsmouth loam. — This type consists of a dark-gray to black fine- 
textured loam soil, about 12 inches deep, underlain by a gray or 
somewhat mottled heavy loam subsoil, grading sometimes into a 
mottled gray or yellow silty clay. It occupies flat, upland areas, with 
naturally very poor drainage, but when drained and properly culti- 
vated is well suited, according to locality, to corn, cotton, sugar cane, 
and forage plants. 

1 

Soil (7) 

Sui/soil (7) 

Acres. 

Craven, N. C ''45, 504 

Duplin County, N. C 8, 448 

McNeill, Miss 3,328 



3 3 4 5 


(> 


7 


2 4 53 12 


17 


12 


2 4 48 9 


13 


24 

Acres. 


Raleigh to Newl^ern, 


N. C . 


...a 18,980 


Yorktown, Va 




... 29,760 



2 3 4 5 6 7 

2 3 19 17 42 17 

1 2 17 Jl) 39 24 

Acres. 
Pcr(iuinians and Pasquotank 
counties, N. C 41,536 



a Mapped as Selma heavy silt loam. 

b Mapped as Portsmouth clay, but the soil is too light in texture to be classed 
as a clay. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 57 

Portsmouth silt loam. — The soil consists of a gray to dark brown 
friable silt loam about 9 inches deep It is frequently compact and 
inclined to puddle, and if plowed when too wet it forms clods, though 
these break down quite readily in subsequent cultivation. The sab- 
soil is a gra}^ or mottled gray and yellow heavy silt loam, which in the 
lower depths sometimes becomes heavier and more greasy and waxy 
in character. The type occurs as flat, slightly depiessed or low lying 
areas, which generally require drainage for successful cultivation and 
was formed by deposition of fine materials in comparatively quiet 
water during the more or less complete submergence of the Atlantic 
Coastal Plain. When well drained it is adapted to corn, hay, and small 
grain and in the South to such vegetables as cabbage, kale collards, 
etc. It also gives moderate yields of cotton. 

1 2 ;J 4 5 6 7 

Soil (18) I ;} 5 9 n3 17 



Subsoil (18) 1 2 4 9 59 24 



2 


;{ 


4 


5 


6 


1 


;} 


5 


9 


n3 


1 


2 


4 


9 


59 



Acres 

Cecil County. Md « 7 000 

Chester County. Pa 512 

Dover, Del a 6. 016 

Harford County, Md a 1 1 , 370 

Kent County, Md a 27, 840 

Mason County. Ky a 890 



Acres. 

Norfolk Va b 55,488 

Perquimans and Pasquotank 

Counties. N. C 110,016 

Prince George County, Md ... 11,450 

Salem, N J . « 11 , 240 

Worcester County, Md a 50, 432 



Portsmouth clay loam. — The soil is a clay loam of ashy gray to dark 
brownish color and about 6 inches deep. It grades abruptly into a 
dense waxy clay which extends to a depth of 24 inches. Below 2\ 
inches the subsoil contains pockets of fine sand. The type occupies 
flat or troughlike depressions along tide water, and the drainage >s 
inadequate. It is derived from maiine deposits. The soil is used for 
the production of corn, wheat, and grass, of which moderate yields 
are secured. 

1 2 3 4 o 7 

Soil (2) 4 27 8 38 21 

Subsoil (2) 3 ;j 29 4 38 21 

Acres 
Yorktown Va z,176 

"Mapped as Elkton clay 

^ Mapped in part as Leonardtown loam and 111 part as Leonardtown gravelly 
loam. 



58 Soil Survej/ Field Book. 

ORANGEBURG SERIES. 

Tho Orangeburg series is derived largely, but not entirely, from the 
Lafayette mantle of gravels, sands, and sandy elays. The surface 
soils are usually gray to brown in color and are invariably underlain 
at a depth of 3 feet or less by a red or yellowish-red sandy clay. The 
prevailing red color of the subsoil is the characteristic feature dis- 
tinguishing the Orangeburg series from the Norfolk series. The red 
soils appear to possess a higher producing power and are genei'ally 
stronger than the corresponding soils of the Norfolk series. The 
Orangeburg soils may be considered as the Coastal Plain equivalent of 
the Cecil series of the Piedmont Plateau. 

Orangeburg sand. — The soil is a gray or reddish sand, of medium 
texture, fiom G to 8 inches deep, testing upon a reddish-yellow sandy 
subsoil, which in turn is underlain at a depth of from 15 to36« inches 
by a red sandy clay. The soil usually contains some iron concretions. 
This type usually occupies gently rolling areas and has good natmal 
drainage. It gives fair yields of corn and cotton, but is best adapted 
to early tiuck, peaches, and wrapper tobacco. 

1 2 S 4 5 (J 7 

Soil (14) 2 13 1") 3S 1") 7 i\ 

Subsoil (14) .2 14 2r) 27 11 

Acres 

Bainbridgo. Ga 22. 592 

Darlington. S. C ''9,984 

Gadsden Fla 31.552 

Loon County: Fla 6,912 



•^2 



Acre . 

Montgomery County, Ala 17, 9-0 

Orangeburg, S. C 45, 312 

Sumtor County. Ala 44, (f8 



Orangeburg fine sand. — The soil is a brownish-red to grayish -red fine 
sand to line sandy loam with an average depth of 2 feet. The subsoil 
is a red sand}' clay extending to a depth of 40 inches or more. The 
type occurs on the undulating and flat tops of hills and ridges, and owing 
to its location the drainage is good. The type is derived from the 
weathering of unconsolidated material of late Cretaceous and early 
Teitiary time. The soil is easily worked under a wide range of mois- 
ture conditions and is largely under cultivation. In favorable seasons 
an average yield of one-half bale of cotton is secured, while the yield 

o Where the sand is more than 30 inelies deep this material should be called 
Norfolk sand 
''Mapped as Orangeburg sandy loam. 



Soils of the Atlcmtic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 59 



of corn is about 35 bushels per acre. The soil is also well adapted to 
peaches and plums and is used to some extent for the production of 
melons. 



Soil (4) 

Subsoil (4) 

Acres. 

Dallas County, Ala 1.3, 312 

1 1 ouston County, Tox 704 



2 3 4 5 7 

2 10 48 IS 11 11 
1 G 40 22 11 20 

Acres. 

Lee County, Tex (i9, 696 

San Antonio, Tex .36,736 



Orangeburg sandy loam. — This tN'pe consists of a coarse to medium 
red or dark-brown sand or light sandy loam, from 4 to 15 inches in 
depth,a resting on a red sandy clay subsoil usually containing small 
gravel and iron concretions. The type occupies rolling to level upland 
ridges and slopes. It is adapted to general farming, giving good 
yields of cotton and corn, and rather small yields of wheat and oats. In 
South Carolina it is used for bright yellow tobacco, and in Florida, 
Alabama, and Texas for cigar wrapper and filler leaf. 

1 

Soil (14) 3 

Subsoil (16) 2 

Acres: 

Darlington, S. C b 6, 592 

De Soto Parish, La 192 

Macon County, Ala 110, 144 

McNeill, Miss 7, 296 



2 


3 


4 


5 


<; 


7 


3 


21 


25 


14 


14 


8 


8 


14 


17 


11 


13 


33 



Acres. 

Montgomery County, Ala 22,912 

Orangeburg, S. C 16, 064 

Paris, Tex 12, 224 

Woodvllle, Tex 1,152 



Orangeburg fine sandy loam. — Tliis type consists of a gray or brown 
fine sand or light fine .sandy loam soil from 4 to 15 inches deep,« 
underlain by a red sandy clay subsoil. This type occupies level and 
rolling to hilly areas in uplands and has good drainage. The soil is 
well adapted to cotton, gives fair yields of corn, and is particularly 
well adapted to truck crops, peaches, and in Texas to Cuban filler 
tobacco. It is the principal peach soil of the Fort Valley area. 
Georgia. 

o Where the sandy layer is less than 4 inches deep the soil sliould be called 
Orangeburg clay. 

f* Mapped as Orangeburg loam, but the surface soil is too coarse, loose, and 
incoherent for the true Orangeburg loam. 



60 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



Soil (42) . . . . 
Subsoil (44) , 



I 

... 1 
... 1 
Acres. 
102.080 
36, 480 
3,008 
17, 280 
6,976 



8 4 

6 39 
4 27 



5 6 

23 18 
17 15 



31 



Anderson County, Tex . . . 

Bainl)ridgo, Ga 

Biloxi, Miss 

Crystalsprings, Miss 

De Soto Parish, La 

Dallas County, Ala 159, 040 

Duplin County, N. C 7,616 

Fort Valley, Ga a 24, 896 

Gadsden, Fla o 37, 248 

Houston County, Tex 57,088 

Jacksonville, Tex 18, 752 

Lee County, Tex 57, 920 



Acres. 

Leon County, Fla 73, 920 

Lufkin, Tex 6,400 

Miller County, Ark 224, 640 

Mobile, Ala 26, 880 

Montgomery County, Ala .. 6,208 

Nacogdoches, Tex Ki. 320 

Ouachita Parish, La 172, 800 

Paris, Tex ." 09, 184 

Perry County, Ala « 196, 288 

Sumter County, Ala 107, 264 

Tangipahoa Parish, La 84, 672 



Orangeburg clay. — This type is a red loam or elay loam soil, with an 
average depth of 8 inehes, resting on a still', tenaeious reddisli-brown 
or red elay subsoil. In small local areas a sandy covering is sometimes 
found, but the red clay must be within 4 inches of the surface. Gener- 
ally the surface is rolling or hilly and the drainage is excellent. The 
native growth is hardwood. Cotton and corn are the principal crops, 
the former yielding from one-third to 1 bale and the latter from 15 to 
45 bushels per ac.3. The better areas of this type are believed to be 
adapted to the production of a fine grade of domestic Cuban filler 
tobacco. 



Soil (18) 2 

Sulisoil (21) 1 

Acres. 

Anderson County, Tex 35,904 

Dallas County, Ala 9,024 

Fort Valley, Ga 31, 168 

Houston County, Tex 7, 488 

Jacksonville, Tex 4,096 

Lee County, Tex 10,688 



»> 


3 


4 


6 


6 


7 


4 


4 


22 


22 


23 


23 


2 


3 


17 


18 


23 


35 



Acres. 

Macon County, .Via 69, 504 

Nacogdoches, Tex Ki, 704 

Paris, Tex .59, 136 

Perry County, Ala 82, 752 

San Antonio, Tex 27,.')20 

Sumter County, Ala 12,800 



GALVESTON SERIES. 



The Galveston series includes the barrier islands or bars, shore-line 
deposits, and low-lying marshes of the immediate coast line. The bar- 
rier bars consist of white sand thrown beyond the reach of normal tides 
by wave action and further modified by winds. The soils of the 



a Mapped as Orangeburg sandy loam. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 61 

marshes, consisting of sandy loams, loams, and clays, have been built 
up by the deposition of silt and cla}^ carried in by streams,' by wind- 
blown sand from the adjoining sand areas, and by the decay of coarse 
salt grasses and other vegetation. On account of the extreme diffi- 
culty of access and the present low value of these lands, the soil survey 
is not carried on in great detail. Where the areas are large and have 
not been subjected to local stream depositions the character of the 
material is not subject to very much local change. The agricultural 
value of these lands is very low, depending mainly upon the pasturage 
afforded and the coarse hay that can with difficulty be harvested; and, 
on the other hand, they are a distinct menace to health, as they form 
the breeding-places of disease-carr3ang insects. Efforts to drain and 
reclaim these marshes have been attended wnth some success. The 
possibilities of successful reclamation depend upon the engineering 
problems connected with the keeping out of the tides and the subse- 
quent efficient drainage of the land. A vast amount of such reclama- 
tion work has been done in Holland and some important, though 
relativeh' small, areas have been reclaimed in the United States. 

Galveston coarse sand. — This type consists of medium to coarse 
sand 3 feet in depth, with an admixture of fine and coarse gravel and 
shell fragments. It occurs as a fringe along the coast and is of no 

agricultural value. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (1) 3 53 41 3 

Acres. 
Everett, Wash 256 

Island Countj', Wash 1,536 

Galveston sand. — This is a light-gray to white sand 3 feet or more in 
depth, often containing a large percentage of fine particles of shell. It 
occurs as narrow ridges or islands along coasts. The surface varies 
from smooth beaches to dunes. It is generally unproductive and non- 
agricultural. 
^ 1 2 

Soil(l) 2 17 36 43 1 



3 


4 


5 


6 


36 


43 


1 





37 


37 


. 2 






Subsoil (1) 7 37 37 . 2 

Acres. I Acres. 

Dover, Del 64 Worcester County, Md 8,0<i4 



Long Island, N. Y 12,224 

Norfolk, Va alO, 752 



Yorktown, Va 1,984 



a This includes some Dunesand, but the whole area is of so little agricultural 
importance that the two types were not separated. 



62 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Galveston fine sand. — This is a light-gray to white loose, incoherent, 
siliceous fine sand 3 feet or more in depth, containing varying amounts 
of shell fragments. The type owes its formation to the action of waves 
and tides, and is modified by wind action at the higher elevations. It 
occurs as narrow strips and beaches along the seacoast. Where washed 
by the waves it presents a smooth, hard surface, but farther inland it 
rises in rather loose, irregular hillocks. It is not adapted to agricul- 
tural purposes. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 2 8 86 4 

Subsoil (2) 2 6 86 5 

Acres. 

Brazoria, Tex ol,152 

Charleston, S. C 5,696 

Rhode Island 2,048 

Galveston sandy loam. — This consists of a surface mass of sandy 
loam and eel-grass turf about 12 inch(>s deep, underlain by a gravelly 
sandy loam subsoil. It occupies shore lines and barrier beaches, and 
owes its origin to wind-blown sand, mixed with the finer materials of 
the coastal flats. Where diked and drained, it makes a productive 
.soil much lighter and easier to cultivate than the Galveston clay. It is 
adapted to the same crops as the latter soil, and on account of the easier 
cultivation and the less compact nature of the material is rather more 
d sirable as an agricultural soil. Very small areas have been reclaimed. 

1 2 3 4 r> G 7 

Soil (2) 2 11 10 17 14 31 14 

Subsoil (1) 3 11 7 19 20 33 8 

Acres. 

Long Island, N. Y 16,448 

Rhode Island 4,224 

Galveston clay. — The soil varies from a drab or yellow to black clay 
and rests on a subsoil of still heavier clay. Both soil and subsoil usu- 
ally contain calcareous nodules. The type occurs as k vcl, flat areas with 
p )or drainage, representing the type of salt maish extensively developed 
along the sea coasts. The native vegetation is almost entirely salt grass, 
aflorduig a rather poor pasturage. The type needs to be diked and 
drained before reclamation is possible, but when so reclaimed and 

o Mapped as Galveston sand. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 63 



the excess of salt removed it makes an exceedingly productive soil, 
especiall}^ for corn, cabbage, onions, rice, potatoes, and hay- 



Soil (13) 

Subsoil (10), 



1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


4 


3 


10 


1 


3 


3 


8 



Acres. 

Brazoria, Tex 31, 168 

Charleston, S. C 77,312 

Dover, Del 30, 784 

Long Island, N. Y 36,352 

Los Angeles, Cal 4,800 



5 6 7 

7 35 39 

8 37 38 

Acres. 

New Orleans, La 5,504 

San Jose, Cal 26,048 

Worcester County, Md 23,936 

Yorktown, Va 21,568 



HOUSTON SERIES. 

The Houston series occurs principally in the black, calcareous 
prairie regions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas. The soils are 
characterized by a large percentage of lime, cspcciall}^ in the subsoil, 
which in some of the types consists of white, chalky limestone. The 
series has been derived from the weathering of calcareous clays, chalk 
beds, and "rotten" limestones, all of late Cretaceous age. In some 
localities remnants of later sandy and gravelly deposits have been 
mingled with the calcareous material, giving rise to the gravelly and 
loam members of the series. The soils of the Houston scries are very 
productive. They are at present devoted chiefly to the growing of 
cotton and corn, but some of them will produce excellent and more 
profitable crops of alfalfa. 

Houston gravelly clay. — The soil is a heavy, dark-brown to black 
clay loam or clay 12 inches deep, containing a large amount of gravel 
and rounded, waterworn pebbles, varying in size from one-eighth of 
an inch to 3 inches in diameter. The subsoil is a stiff clay of a light- 
brown color, becoming stiffer as the depth increas:s, and usually con- 
taining a small percentage of rourided gravel and pebbles, although 
there are small areas where it is a bed of porous gravel. The type 
occupies the higher ridges of the rolling prairie, and is easily eroded. 
The gravel is derived from the remains of an old formation, which has 
been almost entirely worn away, leaving only a thin layer capping the 
higher ridges.. Owing to its topography and gravelly character the 
type has good cfrainage. The crops grown are cotton, corn, sorghum, 
oats, and some Kafir corn, and good yields are usually obtained. 



64 Soil Survey Field Bool\ 

1 2 :j 4 5 G 7 

Soil (5) 1 2 3 7 ]1 40 36 

Subsoil (.')) 1 2 3 fi 9 37 42 

Acres. 

Austin, Tex 3f),()72 

Sun Antonio, Tox .; 53,()9fi 

Waco, Tex 1,984 

Houston loam. — The soil is a gray to liglit-brown loam, with an aver- 
age depth of 10 inches, containing a considerable amount of silt. It is 
friable and when well cultivated has a desirable tilth. The subsoil is a 
drab to slate-colored silty clay, containing noticeable amounts of fine 
sand. It becomes heavier with depth, and at 36 inches is a stiff, 
plastic, silty clay, often slightl}^ mottled and containing a small per- 
centage of fine sand. Small rounded pebbles are sometimes encoun- 
tered in both soil and subsoil. The type occupies slightly rolling upland 
prairies, and except in some depressed areas the drainage is good. The 
Houston loam occurs between the heavy black clay lands of the prairie 
and the sandy timber lands, and has been formed by the intermingling 
of the materials. from thcso two classes of soils. It is best adapted to 
early maturing crops, as droughts of the late summer months seriously 
adect the yields. Good crops of cotton, corn, oats, and sorghum are 

produced. 

1 i» 3 4 5 (5 7 

Soil (5) 1 2 14 12 49 21 

Subsoil (5) 1 2 7 9 44 36 

Acres. i 

Paris, Tex «62,144 

Waco, Tex 8,640 

Houston black clay loam. — The soil is a heavy grayish-brown loam 
or clay loam from 8 to 15 inches deep. The subsoil has the same tex- 
ture, l)ut the coloi- changes gradually from brownish-gray to 3'ellowish 
at a depth of 4 or .5 feet. Often a few small rock fragments occur in 
both soil and subsoil, but where the development is typical the under- 
lying rock is found at a great depth and fragments are absent. It is a 
residual type derived from the weathering of white limestone. The 
soil is friable and easily worked, and retains moisture well. The type 
occurs on the gently rolling prairies and has excellent drainage. This 
soil type is closely associated with the Houston black clay, but is not so 
stifl' and waxy and is sometimes found in higher locations. It is a good 

oMapped as Houston silt loam and Houston clay. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 65 

soil for cotton, corn, and sorghum, and when irrigated is well adapted 
to truck farming and to such fruits as arc suited to the climate, 

1 2 ;} 4 5 <> 7 

Soil (2) ] 1 8 15 47 28 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 11 16 38 32 

Acres. 
San Antonio, Tex 54,272 

Houston black clay. — The soil is a black or sometimes drab clay 
about 10 inches d;>ep, friable \vhc>n well cultivated, but becoming waxy 
and sticky when wet, and if not continually cultivated caking into a 
very hard and compact mass that cracks into irregular blocks on drying. 
The subsoil is a waxy, very stiff and tenacious clay of lighter color than 
the soil. Both soil and subsoil contain varying quantities of lime con- 
cretions. The type is derived from the weathering of soft limestone or 
calcareous clays, principally of Cretaceous age. The soil is very pro- 
ductive and is used commonly for corn, cotton, and rice, according to 
locality, elevation, and drainage, and is adapted also to grass. 

1 

Soil (17) 

Subsoil (17) 1 

Acres. 

Anderson County, Tex a 3, 264 

Austin, Tex 190,400 

Brazoria, Tex 272, 576 

Houston County, Tex 3, 200 

Lavaca County, Tex 215, 232 

Lee County, Tex 38,208 

Houston clay. — The soil is a gray to brown or black loamy clay 4 to 
10 inches deep, resting on a stiff, lighter colored clay subsoil passing at 
about 20 inches into a light-gray or white rotten limestone or chalk. 
The color of the soil varies somewhat according to topographic position, 
the darker colored areas occupying the depressions and more level 
situations, while the white subsoil is often exposed along slopes, giving 
rise to irregular spots rcsc-mbling ''galls." The soil is friable and 
easily cultivated under proper moisture conditions, but is extren>ely 
plastic and sticky when wet. Areas not under cultivation bake and 
suncrack upon drying. The type occupies level to gently rolling 
country, usually prairie, and is derived from rotten limestone or chalks 

a Mapped as Houston clay. b Mapped as San Jacinto clay. 

32075—01) 5 



2 3 4 


5 


G 


7 




1 1 7 


8 


43 


40 




1 1 6 


8 


43 


40 


Acres 


Paris, Tex 








35,008 


San Antonio, Te 


X . . . 







22,976 


Sumter County, 
Waco, Tex 


Ala. 






26,648 






57,280 


Willis, Tex . .. 






.... 


b 20, 480 



66 Soil Survey Field Book. 

of Cretaceous age. Cotton is the principal product, but the soil pro- 
duces good yields of corn, oats, grass, and legumes. 

1 'J 3 4 6 7 

Soil (17) 1 2 2 9 11 41 32 

Subsoil (15) 1 1 1 6 9 40 41 



Acres. 

Austin, Tex mil, 440 

Dallas County, Ala 149,184 

Macon County, Ala 6 8,57(1 



Acres. 

Russell, Kans c 35^456 

San Antonio, Tex « 4, 480 

Sumter County, Ala 59,048 



Montgomery County. Ala 8(1, 400 Waco, Tex 12,8(i4 

Perry County, Ala 13H, 128 | 

LUFKIN SERIES. 

The Lufkin series is characterized by gray surface soils and heavy, 
very impervious, plastic gray and mottled subsoils. The diflerence 
between the texture of the surface soil and that of the subsoil is very 
marked, especially in the sandy loam members. The tree growth is 
principally scrub oak. These soils are generally lower in agricultural 
value than those of the Norfolk and Orangeburg series. 

Lufkin gravelly loam. — The soil is a gray fine sand. In depressed 
areas it is sometimes considerably heavier. The subsoil is a heavy 
sandy clay varying much in color. Both the soil and subsoil contain 
large quantities of gravel. The surface is generally rough and hilly and 
the drainage thorough. The type is largely in pasture. Yields of about 
one-third bale of cotton and 15 bushels of corn per acre are secured on 
some of the less gravelly areas. 





1 2 


:{ 4 


5 


6 


7 


Soil (1) 





1 37 


41 


12 


9 


Subsoil (1) . . 


1 


2 17 


l(i 


20 


44 






Acres. 










Lee County, Tex 


... 47,3(i0 









Lufkin sand. — This type consists of a loose, incoherent gray to 
brown medium sand 12 inches in depth, underlain by a gray or yellow 
sand of the same texture. Beneath the sand at a depth of 2\ to 5 feet 
is found the same diab and yellow mottled sandy clay that forms the 
subsoil of the Lufkin sandy loam, the only distinction between the 
two types being the difl'erence in the depth of sand overlying the clay 

"Mapped as Austin clay. c Mapped as Benton loam. 

6 Mapped as Houston black clay. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 67 

and the consequent difference in agricultural value. The soil readily 
absorbs water, and its location on ridges or in proximity to streams 
insures adequate drainage. The type is of sedimentary origin, and is 
derived from a Coastal Plain formation consisting of loose, incoherent 
sands. The soil is rather poor and crops grown upon it usually suffer 
from lack of moisture. It is well suited to sweet potatoes, and some 
early truck crops might also do well. It supports a forest growth of 
post oak, black-jack oak, and some live oak. 





1 


2 


3 4 


5 


(> 


7 


Soil (2) 





10 


19 55 


9 


4 


3 


Subsoil (2) . . 




Lavaca County, 


9 
Tex . 


20 54 

Acres. 
63,936 


9 


5 


3 



3 


4 


5 


C 


7 


1 


25 


47 


22 


3 


1 


27 


40 


26 


5 



Lufkin fine sand. — The soil is a gray fine loamy sand about 10 iiK-hes 
deep, resting on a subsoil of much the same character but occasionally 
more loamy. At a depth of from 3 to 5 feet occurs a gray or mottled 
stratified clay. The type is generally well drained, but occasionally 
small areas occur as depressions, Avhere the drainage is deficient. 
* Such areas are locally referred to as "crawfish land." The natural 
growth is scrub pine and oak. The soil produces fair yields of corn and 
cotton, but is rather l)etter adapted to early truck crops and peaches. 
The soil needs green manuring for the incorporation of more organic 
matter. 

1 1 

Soil (2) '. 1 1 

Subsoil (3) 1 

Acre;^. 
Houston County, Tex... 184,384 
Lufkin, Tex 39,680 

Lufkin sandy loam. — The soil is a gray to brown medium loamy sand 
or light sandy loam varying in depth from 8 to 20 inches. The subsoil 
consists of a drab and yellow mottled, tenacious, impervious, sandy 
clay, often streaked with iron stains. Iron and sometimes lime con- 
cretions in small quantities occur in both soil and subsoil, and thin 
beds of gravel are sometimes seen. The type is derived from the 
weathering of Gulf Coastal Plain deposits consisting of unconsolidated 
sands and clays. The topography is fiat to rolling. The major part 
of the type has good drainage. Cotton and corn are th( principal 
crops. Sorghum and Irish potatoes succeed well and truck crops are 



68 Soil Surret/ Field Book, 

grown with siiccoss. The (imhcf growth consists largely of post oak, 
with sonu' hlack-jaek oak, and along the streams live oak. 

1 2 ;{ 4 5 (i 7 

Soil (2) T) II :>() Hi 12 () 

Sulisoil (2) 3 S 32 10 12 35 

Acres. 

Liivaca Coiiiity, Tox .... 357, (i32 

Lufkin fine sandy loam." This soil t_vj)e eoiusists of a gray or hrown 
line loamy sand oi- light sandy loam ahout 12 inches in depth, resting 
on a plastic, impervious mottled gray and yellow sandy clay subsoil. 
The surface is level to rolling, and drainage is generally v/ 11 established. 
The type is derived from Coastal Plain deposits. The timber growth 
is chiefly sci-ub oak. (\)tt()n and corn are the i)rincipal crops. 

1 •-' :{ 4 5 « 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 35 29 20 (> 

Sul)soil (2) 1 1 23 2f) 24 25 

Acres. 
Lee County, Tex 113,152 

Lufkin loam. — The soil to a depth of from 3 to 10 inches consists of 
a loam, containing considerable organic mattei- and having a dark-gray 
color. The subsoil is a stifl", compact, dark-colored sandy clay. The 
surface of this tyj)e is flat, with a few areas gently rolling, and in general 
is poorly drained. The type is derived from the weathering of Lafay- 
ette deposits. Corn and cotton are the princi])al crops, of which the 
yields are good, from 25 to 35 bush(>ls of coi'n and from one-fourth to 
three-fourths of a bale of cotton per acre being secured. The type 
is also adapted to truck and strawberries. 





1 2 


» 4 


5 


6 


7 


Soil (U 


1 


3 31 


26 


22 


14 


Subsoil (1) . . . 




l.ce County, Tex 


2 2C. 
.\cres. 
... 5,376 


lt> 


17 


38 



Lufkin clay. — The soil is a loam oi- silty loam from 3 to 8 inches 
deep, containing occasionally a few ii'on concretions. The subsoil is a 
stiff, impervious drab or mottled gray and yellow elay. At a depth 
of 3 to 5 feet the clay is often distinctly stratified. The surface is 
generally level and the drainage is poor. The natural growth is scrub 



«See also Susquehanna fine sandy loam, i)age 71. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 69 

pine and small oaks. The soil is not well adapted to ordinary farm 
crops, and small yields of corn and cotton are obtained. 

12 3 

Soil (11) 1 2 1 

Subsoil (17) 1 1 2 

Acres. 

Anderson County, Tex 17, 216 

Crystalsprings, Miss 448 

Houston County, Tex .59, 200 

Lufkin, Tex fi,976 

Nacogdoches, Tex .5, 120 



5 


6 


7 


13 


50 


2.5 


10 


34 


4tt 

Acres. 


, La. 




64 



Ouachita Parish, La. 

Paris, Tex 61,()96 

Sumter County, Ala a 102, 016 

Woodville, Tex 4, 416 



GADSEN SERIES. 

The Gadsen series includes dark-gray soils found upon gentle slopes 
or undulations adjacent to streams and upon level or depressed areas 
in the uplands. Their formation is due largely to the peculiar topo- 
graphic conditions resulting from the sinking of the limestones which 
underlie, in some of the areas, the materials from which the Norfolk 
and Orangeburg soils have been derived. They may be considered as 
colluvial soils formed ■ by the creeping or washing of material from 
higher !}■ ing areas. The series is very incomplete, only the sand, sandy 
loam, and loam members having been encountered. They constitute 
valuable farming soils, so far as mapped. 

Gadsden sand. — This type consists of a dark-gray sand 10 inches 
deep, underlain by a gray or brownish sand subsoil appearing lighter in 
texture and extending to a depth of more than 36 inches. The soil is 
of medium to fine texture, and there is usually a considerable admix- 
ture of organic matter. The type lies on gentle slopes or undulations 
adjacent to streams, and is mainly hammock lands supporting a growth 
of hardwood forest. It is very productive, and is one of the best soils 
for the Florida wrapper tobacco, but rec|uires careful treatment to 
maintain the yields. 

1 

Soil (6) 2 

SubsoU (6) 2 

Acres. 

Bainbridge, Ga 7, 488 

Gadsden, Fla 45, 248 

Leon County, Fla 2, 112 

a Mapped in part as Lufkia clay loam. 



2 


;) 


4 


o 


(} 


7 


10 


11 


45 


21 


5 


6 


9 


11 


45 


20 


5 


6 



70 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Gadsden sandy loam. — The soil is a brown sandy loam from 8 to 14 
inches deep, underli^.in by a grayish-yellow oi- 3'ellow sand or light sand\' 
loam subsoil with a depth of 3 feet or more. The sand present is 
usually of medium grade, but occasionally the coarse sand content is 
considerable. The type occurs on slopes and in depressions, where it 
represents wash or creep from higher lying areas. The soil produces 
good crops of cotton and corn, and in the low-lying areas sugar cane 
does well. In favorable locations it is adapted to growing Sumatra 
wrappers under shade. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 15 15 .38 9 6 16 

Subsoil (3) 1 14 17 39 8 5 IG 

Acres. 
Leon County, Fla 5. 952 

Gadsden loam. — This type consists of a dark yellowish-gray loam, 
rather light in character, from 8 to 18 inches deep, underlain by a 
yellowish-gray loam or clay loam subsoil of a somewhat heavier tex- 
ture. The type occurs as moderately high bottoms and bluffs. It is 
locally known as hammock land, and supports a growth of hardwood 
timber. The soil is well drained and c^uite productive, and is adapted 
to cotton, corn, and fruit. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 8 16 20 6 27 21 

Subsoil (1) 1 6 13 15 5 28 32 

Acres. 
McNeill, Miss 14, 592 

SUSQITETIANNA SERIES. 

The Suscjuehanna series consists of gray and brown surface soils 
underlain by heavy, plastic, red mottled subsoils. Where the basal 
clays are exposed by erosion they show brilliant colorings, often ar- 
ranged in large patches of alternating liver-color, red, and white. 
These clays constitute the oldest shore-line and marine deposits along 
the inland margin of the Coastal Plain. The soils are usually of low 
crop-producing capacity. The areas occupied by this series are chiefly 
covered with pitch pine, scrub oak, and other trees of little commercial 
importance. The clay is remarkably plastic, and is peculiarly well 
adapted to brick and tile making. 



2 


3 


4 


5 





7 


6 


5 


26 


20 


21 


19 


4 


3 


14 


9 


19 


45 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 71 

Susquehanna gravelly loam, — The soil is a g'-a^Msh-brovvn sandy 
loam, medium to fine in texture, containing 40 to 60 per cent of rock 
fragments and gravel, mainly iron sandstone. At a depth of 6 to 15 
inches it overiies a red, occi^sionally mottled, tenacious clay subsoil, 
which also contains sand, gravel, and stones. It is found as broken 
areas along streams and as hills. Tillage is difficult, but fair crops of 
cotton and corn can be grown with careful fertilization. 

1 

Soil (3) 3 

Subsoil (3) 3 

Acres. 

Montgomery County, Ala 7, 424 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C a 14, 330 

Susquehanna fine sandy loam. — The soil is a gray to brown fine sand 
or light fine sandy loam about 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a red or 
yellowish-red clay, usually stiffs and plastic, and mottled, especially in 
the lower depths. Iron concretions are usually present in both soil 
and subsoil. The type has been derived principally from the under- 
lying clays. The surface is characterized generally by a rolling or hilly 
topography, and erosion is sometimes quite pronounced. This soil is 
adapted to fruits and vegetables, potatoes and peaches doing excep- 
tionally well. Cotton and corn give medium yields. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (8) 2 2 28 40 19 8 

Subsoil (7) 1 11 23 20 44 



Acres. 

.\ustin, Tex ft 24, 640 

De Soto Parish, La 110, 336 



Acres. 

Houston County, Tex 32, 128 

Waco, Tex 24, 512 



Susquehanna clay loam. — The soil is a yellow or brown loam about 

10 inches deep, underlain by a heavy mottled red clay subsoil identical 

with Susquehanna clay. The type occupies hills, slopes, and valleys, 

and is adapted to grain and grass crops. Considerable areas are yet in 

oak and pine forest. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 2 2 2 8 28 45 13 

Subsoil (2) 3 16 25 55 

Acres. 

De Soto Parish, La 14, 080 

Prince George County, Md 16, 850 

a Mapped as Garner stony loam. & Mapped as Lufkin fine sandy loam. 



2 :j 4 5 


a 


7 


3 2 5 11 


33 


39 


114 8 


30 


Acres. 


Macon County, Ala . . 




... 032,000 


Montgomery County, 


Ala . 


... 129,344 


Prince George County 


, Md 


... 22,3(0 



T2 jSoil Survey Field Book, 

Susquehanna clay. — The soil is a clay loam 6 inches deep, sometimes 
containing gravel, overlying a stiff, tenacious, red and mottled pipe- 
clay subsoil. The type occupies hills and rolling land on the inner bor- 
der of the Coastal Plain region. The soil is very refractory and hard to 
cultivate, and at present has little agricultural value. 

1 

Soil (8) 2 

Subsoil (8) 

Acres. 

Cecil County, Md 11,000 

Harford County, Md 4, 890 

Houston County, Tex 50, 81 (> 

WICKHAM SERIES. 

The soils of this series occur as river terraces in the higher part of 
the Coastal Plain, near its contact with the Piedmont Plateau. They 
are characterized by reddish or reddish-brown surface soils contain- 
ing a higher percentage of organic matter than the Norfolk series, and 
usually overlie reddish, micaceous heavy sandy loam or loam subsoils 
which become coarser, looser, and more incoherent at about 30 inches. 
The soils generally have a level or gently undulating surface, are fairly 
well drained, possess a retentive subsoil, and have a relatively high 
agricultural value. 

"Wickham sand. — The soil is a dark-brown to yellowish-brown coarse 

sand from 16 to 26 inches deep, generally coarser in texture and lighter 

in color below 14 inches. The subsoil is a reddish-brown or yellowish 

incoherent sandy loam, which grades at from 28 to 40 inches into a 

coarse, gravelly material. The type occurs along the rivers, occupying 

level or slightly sloping terraces. The drainage is good and in some of 

the coarser phases it is excessive. The type is derived from Pleistocene 

deposits. General farm crops are the principal products grown, and 

fair vields are secured. 

1 2 S 4 5 

Soil (4) 7 30 13 17 13 

Subsoil (4) () 28 13 19 13 

Acres. 
Hanover County, Va 4,41(') 

Wickham sandy loam. — The soil is a reddish-brown or brown loamy 
sand to light friable sandy loam ranging in depth from 10 to 26 inches. 

a Mapped as Lufkin clay. 






7 


11 


9 


10 


11 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 73 

The subsoil is a reddish sandy loam or loam, sometimes containing mica 
and grading into a heavy sandy loam or sandy clay also containing 
mica. The type occupies terraces a part of which are overflowed. The 
surface is level or nearly so, but the drainage is fairly good. It is 
derived from Pleistocene deposits. This is a very desirable soil for 
general farm crops. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 2 16 15 24 14 17 12 

Subsoil (4) 2 13 14 21 11 16 23 

Acres. 
Hanover Count j^ Va 5, 120 

Wickham clay loam. — The soil consists of about 6 inches of pale- 
yellow or gray loam or very fine sandy loam, passing into a yellow 
clay loam which extends to a depth of 12 inches. The subsoil varies 
from a slightly friable to a stiff yellow, olive, or mottled clay, containing 
considerable fine sand and fine flakes of mica in its lower depths. The 
type occupies level or slightly rolling terraces and is generally well 
drained. It is derived from sediments of Pleistocene age. The soil is 
very productive, yielding in good seasons from 40 to 60 bushels of corn, 
from 15 to 30 bushels of wheat, 50 or more bushels of oats, and from 1 
to 2 tons of hay per acre. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 5 27 25 22 16 

Subsoil (2) 1 3 16 22 24 34 

Acres. 
Hanover County, Va 2, 176 

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE ATLANTIC AND GULP COASTAL PLAINS. 

Travis gravelly loam. — The soil is a coarse sandy loam containing a 
large quantity of rounded gravel both on the surface and in the soil. 
This grades at a depth of 10 to 12 inches into a mass of coarse sand and 
rounded gravel cemented together by a stiff, sticky red clay. The soil 
is derived from material brought down by the river at an earlier period 
and deposited along its course. This material at the present time 
forms a series of terraces on each side of the stream. Many of the 
rounded pebbles are of quartz and granite. The location of the type, 
together with the open texture, allows water to seep rapidly through it, 
so that crops suffer severely from drought. On a few of the more 



74 Soil Survey Field Bool'. 

level areas cotton, corn, and oats are grown, but the yields are small. 
The soil seems best adapted to melons and tree fruits. This type is 
valuable mainly for the heavy growth of post oak and black-jack oak 

covering a large part of it. 

1 2 :j 1 5 (> 7 

Soil (5) 22 21 9 15 12 14 7 

Subsoil (5) 14 10 <» 11 10 34 

Acres. 

Austin, Tex 13,312 

Waco, Tex 12,410 

Gainesville sand. — The Gainesville sand is a gray loamy sand 8 
inches deep, containing much organic matter, and underlain by a brown 
loamy sand of looser structure. The subsoil varies in depth, but is 
usually underlain at less than 3 feet by a calcareous clay or by partly 
weathered limestone. Both soil and subsoil contain limestone frag- 
ments. This soil occupies high, rolling upland, and the drainage is 
good. The soil and subsoil retain moisture fairly well, but the type 
suffers seriously from di'ought. The characteristic vegetation is mixed 
forest of pine and hardwoods. The principal crop is Sea-Island cotton, 
for which the soil seems especially well adapted. Corn, oats, and pea- 
nuts are also crops successfully grown. Some areas arc used for general 
farming and the raising of cattle and hogs. 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (3) 1 12 25 45 12 3 1 

Subsoil (3) 1 11 25 44 12 2 4 

Acres. 
Gainesville, Fla 7,744 

Leon sand. — ^From 6 to 10 inches the soil is a light-gray or white 
medium sand, occasionally containing sufficient organic matter to give 
it a dark-gray color. The subsoil is a compact medium white sand, 
usually saturated with water. The type has an almost level surface 
and is deficient in natural drainage. It is probably derived from 
marine deposits of sand. It supports a timber growth of longleaf pine, 
and an undergrowth of wire grass and dwarf palmetto. No areas under 
cultivation have been encountered. 

1 2 3 4 5 (5 7 

Soil (1) 1 18 18 37 20 5 2 

Subsoil (1) 1 15 10 38 21 G 3 

Acres. 
Leon County, Fla 01,376 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 75 

Calcasieu fine sand. — This type consists of a fine sand or fine sandy 
loam 18 inches in depth, underlain by 10 inches of loam bearing some 
silt and sand, grading into mottled clays. The subsoil often carries 
iron concretions. The fine sand phase is a loose, incoherent gray or 
dark sand derived from the deposition of the coastal terrace. The 
fine sandy loam phase is a yellow sand or sandy loam occupying 
districts near rivers. The type is found in low ridges and pine regions 
and is adapted to truck and orchard crops. 

1-234567 

Soil (4) 20 3G 32 9 

Subsoil (3) IG 22 , 34 2G 

Acres. 
Lake Charles, La 13,970 

Leon fine sand. — The soil is a light gray to white fine sand, underlain 
at about 12 inches by a white sand subsoil extending to a depth of 
3 feet. The type has a nearh^ level surface, and owing to its wet 
and in some places swampy condition, is unfit for agricultural pur- 
poses. Longleaf pine is the principal growth on this soil. In origin, 
topography, and drainage conditions it is similar to the Leon sand, 
but the sand is much finer than in the latter type. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 3 59 34 2 1 

Subsoil (1) 2 3 58 44 2 7 

\ Acres. 
Leon County, Fla 8,192 

Amite sandy loam. — The soil to an average depth of about 10 inches 
varies from a brown or reddish-brown sandy loam to a loamy sand 
of the same color. The subsoil varies fron^, a lieavy red sandy loam to 
a sandy clay. The surface is gently rolling and the type is some- 
times spoken of as "second bottom" or "hammock lands." It is 
sedimentary in origin. The soil is adapted to corn, cotton, oats, 
sweet and Irish potatoes, and sugar cane, and is also desirable for 
tj'uck crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 4 12 34 11 30 9 

V Subsoil (2) 2 9 25 8 35 21 

Acres. 
Tangipahoa Parish, La 7, 232 



7Q Soil Survey Field Book, 

Collington sa^dy loam. — Tlic soil is a loose, loamy brown sand from 
9 to 20 inches deep, usually containing considerable coarse sand, 
and is underlain ])y a yellow or greenish-yellow sticky sandy loam 
or sandy clay subsoil. The type is derivinl from the weathering of 
green glauconite sand, and at 30 to 40 inches pure greensand occurs. 
The soil is very productive and is used for general farming, small 
fruits, nursery stock, truck, and tobacco. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (9) 1 9 18 38 11 13 10 

Subsoil (9) 1 7 14 32 10 12 22 

, Acres. 

Prince George County, Md 23,260 

Salem, N. J 4,170 

Trenton, N. J 83, 45G 

Warsaw sandy loam. — This soil consists of from 8 to 15 inches of 
fine sandy loam, and is underlain to a depth of 36 inches or more with 
a fine sandy clay subsoil brown to yellow in color The soil is usually 
brown or light brown, tending toward a dark gray in the lower depres- 
sions, where the texture becoities rather more silty. The type occurs 
mainly as second bottom terraces, varying in width from one-fourth 
to 1 mile. The surface is usually flat, but the drainage is generally 
adequate. It is sufficiently elevated above the streams to be over- 
flowed only in seasons of unusually high water. It is derived from 
Pleistocene deposits. The soil is naturally quite productive and 
well adapted to the staple crops and to many of the truck crops. 
On the more elevated areas small fruits and peaches do well. Cotton 
yields from one-half to three-fourths bale per acre and corn from 
10 to 20 bushels. 





1 2 


3 


4 5 


(J 


7 


Soil (3) . . . . 


2 


3 


38 21 


25 


11 


Subsoil (3) . 


1. 

Sumter County, Ala 


2 


22 19 
Acres. 
.. 33,408 


26 


30 



Calcasieu fine sandy loam. — This type consists of a compact gray 
fine sandy loam from 6 to 18 inches in depth, resting on a clay loam 
subsoil that grades into a black or yellow clay containing lime nodules 
and iron concretions. It occurs along streams in very gently rolling 
areas. It is a good truck soil and is also adapted to pears and berries. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 77 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 1 14 39 36 10 

Subsoil (G) 12 27 37 22 

Acres. 

Brazoria, Tex 23,040 

Lake Charles, La 5,500 

Lake Charles fine sandy loam. — The soil is a dark-brown or black, 
changing sometimes to light-gray, heavy very fine sandy loam, 14 
inches in depth. The subsoil is a loam which grades at 10 inches 
into a clay loam carrying some silt, which in turn is underlain by a 
mottled cla}^, often carrying iron or lime concretions. The type is 
found on the higher elevations and is marked by sand hummocks. 
It owes its texture to local erosion and admixture of sand from 
hummock areas, and was originally a coastal deposit. It is adapted 
to farm crops requiring hght soils and medium drainage. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (12) 1 1 7 28 50 13 

Subsoil (12) 1 G 21 40 24 

Acres, i Acres. 

Acadia Parish, La 28, 032 De Soto Parish, La 02, 592 

Brazoria, Tex .38, 784 \ Lake Charles, La 53, 300 

Myatt fine sandy loam. — The soil is a gray sticky fine sandy loam to 
a depth of 10 inches. The subsoil is a drab or gray silty clay of a 
tough consistency, usually containing a large percentage of iron con- 
cretions. The drab clay is mottled with iron stains. The type occurs 
on lower hillsides and low-lying bottoms. The latter areas are subject 
to frequent overflow and drainage is poor. Very little of this soil 
has been encountered under cultivation. The natural growth is 
gum, cypress, and oak, the latter making some very fine timber. 
The crop yields are only moderate, although with proper drainage 
and good treatment it is believed this soil could be brought to a 
good state of productiveness. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 7 33 12 37 7 

Subsoil (2) 1 2 G 23 8 40 21 

Acres. 
Ouachita Parish, La 8, 0G4 

Amite loam. — The soil is a brown or light-chocolate colored loam 
about 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish or reddish clay loam 
subsoil of uniform texture to a depth of 36 inches. The type is of 



78 Soil Survey Field Book. 

alluvial origin and occupies the higher flood plains. It is a good corn 
soil, producing from 30 to 40 bushels per acre, and is also adapted 
to cotton, sugar cane and souic truck crops. 

1 

Soil (2) 

Subsoil (2) 

Tangipahoa Parish, La. 

Calcasieu loam. — This type consists of a dark-brown, brownish-gray 
or gray, silty loam, 6 to 16 inolios in depth, grading into a clay loam 
subsoil 8 inches deep, beneath which are mottled cla3^s. The type 
owes its origin to coastal deposits and is found in poorly drained areas 
or depressions containing scattered sand mounds. It is an excellent 
rice soil. 

1 

Soil (3) 

Sul)soil (4) 



2 


3 


4 o 


6 


7 


1 


2 


IC) 8 


50 


23 


1 


2 


10 5 
Acres. 


50 


32 


1 .'1 




.. 1G.320 







2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 








3 19 


60 


14 


1 





3 19 
Acres. 
.. 51,280 


55 


20 



Hempstead loam. — The soil is a friable brown or black loam 8 inches 
deep, containing a small amount of white (juartz gravel and locally 
becoming somewhat sandy. The subsoil, to a depth of 24 inches, 
consists of a heavy yellow or reddish loam, slightly gravelly, underlain 
by a bed of rounded quartz gravel embedded in a sandy loam matrix, 
all considerably stained with iron. The type generally occupies level 
areas and was originally prairie. The soil produces good crops of 
corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage," rye, and grass. It is also a fair 

soil for late truck crops. 

1 t 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 3 7 4 5 11 48 21 

Subsoil (5) 3 8 5 5 13 46 20 

Acres. 
Long Lsland, N. Y a 53,824 

Lake Charles loam. — The soil is a dark-brown, black, or bluish-black 
loam, carrying a high percentage of organic material. At 14 inches a 
subsoil of clay Joam appears, underlain by mottled clay. The type 
owes its origin to local swamp areas, into which fine loam has drifted. 

« Part of this was mapped as Hempstead gravelly loam. It should have 
been mapped as Hempstead loam with gravel symbol, and the gravelly phase 
described as such in the report. 



3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


4 


8 


62 


22 


1 


3 


9 


57 


27 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 79 

It is a heavy soil, difficult to till, but when properly cultivated it 
makes an excellent rice land. 

1 

Soil^(5) 

Subsoil (5) 1 

Acres. 

Acadia Parish, La 4,608 

Lake Charles, La 1 , 770 

Leonardtown loam.o — The soil is a yellow silty loam b closely resem- 
bling loess, 9 inches deep, and is underlain by a red and mottled clay 
loam subsoil, with peculiar interlocking clay lenses and pockets of 
sand. The type occupies slightly rolling upland and is a good soil for 
general farming, wheat, and grass. Much of the area of this type is 
waste land or grown up in white oak and pine forests, and some of the 
more level areas need underdrainage. The soil is deficient in organic 

matter and lime. 

1 2 3 

Soil (16) 12 3 

Subsoil (15) 2 3 3 

Acres. 

Calvert County, Md 7,950 

Hanover County, Va 6, 784 

Mason County, Ky 320 



5 





7 


12 


58 


15 


10 


50 


23 

Acres. 


unt 


y, Md 


. .. c 49, 480 



St. Mary County, Md 95, 500 

Yorktown. Va 36, 800 



Acadia silt loam. — The soil is a white or light ash-gray loose silt loam 
from 16 to 30 inches deep, underlain by a silty clay subsoil of a mottled 
brown and yellow color. The type occurs in rolling areas, and very 
little of it is cultivated. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 1 2 6 69 21 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 2 3 63 31 

Acres. 
Acadia Parish, La 89,280 

Crowley silt loam. — The soil is a silt loam having an average depth 
of 10 inches. When wet the color is brown, but upon drying becomes 
an ash gray. This is usually underlain by a gray or mottled gra}^ and 
yellow silt loam to a depth of from 16 to 30 inches. Below this depth 

a See also Portsmouth silt loam p. 57. 

6 This soil is a true silt loam and should have been grouped with that class. 

c Part of this was mapped as Leonardtown gravelly loam. It should have 
been mapped as Leonardtown loam with gravelly symbol and the gravelly phase 
described as such in the report. 



80 Soil Survey Field Book. 

is a mottled gray, yellow, and red heavy impervious silt clay. Both 
soil and subsoil contain iron and lime concretions. The type occurs 
as level or slightly rolling prairies and is one of the finest rice soils of 
southern Louisiana. During wet seasons water often stands over the 
surface, but when well drained the type is well adapted to cotton and 

oats. 

1 2 S 4 5 7 

Soil (9) 1 10 18 71 17 

&ul)Soil (()) 1 1 1 f) 71 18 

LowiH- subsoil (3) 1 2 .") CO 31 

Acres. 

Acadia Parish, La 244, 160 

Stuttgart, Ark n 132, 800 

Hammond silt loam. — The soil is a silty or very fine sandy loam with 
an average depth of 15 inches. The surface has an ashy-gray color, 
which changes to a dark-gray or brown when wet. The gray coloi 
may continue the entire depth of the soil, but frequently changes to a 
yellowish color at 4 or 5 inches from the surface. The subsoil is a 
heavy silty clay of a yellowish color, with drab, brown, or red mot- 
tling. A few iron concretions are found. The type usually occupies 
level areas, and the drainage is generally poor. It is derived from the 
Port Hudson clays, is deficient in organic matter, and is not naturally 
a productive soil. It is fairly well suited to oats, crab-grass hay, 
sugar cane, and small truck. With heavy fertilization large yields of 
strawberries are secured. The principal forest growth is longleaf pine. 

1 "J 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 2 9 23 51 12 

Sul)soil (2) 1 1 9 18 43 28 

Acres. 
Tangipahoa Parish, La 70,970 

Landry silt loam. — The soil is a dark-brown silt loam 10 inches deep, 
underlain l)y a heavy brown clay sub.soil grading into greenish-yellow 
or drab clays. The subsoil contains numerous lime and iron concre- 
tions and differs from that of the Crowley silt loam in being more 
friable, less plastic, and having a more noticeable silty texture. The 
soil is productive, but the surface is so rolling that irrigation is imprac- 

a Mapped in part as Almyra silt loam and in part as Miami clay loam. The 
timbered part of the latter type should have been separated and correlated 
with the Acadia silt loam. 



o 


8 


4 


•) 


(> 


< 


1 


1 


11 


13 


59 


14 


1 


1 


11 


13 


51 


23 



Soils of the AtlmiUc and Gulf Coastal Plains. 81 

ticable, and rice culture is therefore impossible. It is fairly well 

adapted to cotton. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (3) 1 1 1 2 7 70 IS 

Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 4 71 22 

Acres. 
Acadia Parish, La 37, 696 

Monroe silt loam. — The soil is a fine sandy or silty loam 10 inches in 
depth, underlain by a yellow or red silty clay subsoil, usually mottled 
with white or brown below 2 feet. The type occurs as low terraces 
or in hills of little elevation. The forest growth is oak and pine. 
Very little of the type has been cultivated, and that with very poor 
success. Cotton can hardly be made to yield one-half bale per acre, 
and corn proportionally less. 

1 

Soil (4) ' 1 

Subsoil (4) 

Acres. 

Ouachita Parish, La 39,232 

Tangipahoa Parish, La 196,864 

Crockett clay loam. — This is a dark-brown or black clay loam from 
12 to IS inches deep, underlain by a mottled drab and red, and some- 
times yellow, clay loam. Both soil and subsoil contain a small pro- 
portion of fine smooth gravel or iron concretions and, at a depth of 
several feet, occurs a brittle gray material having much the same 
texture as soft soapstone rock and being sometimes stratified. The 
surface of the type is gently rolling to level and fairly well drained. 
This soil was probably formed by the weathering of some calca- 
reous material, perhaps an impure limestone. It is best suited to 
cotton, corn, grain, and grasses. Alfalfa also should do well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 2 1 12 20 37 26 

Subsoil (1) 1 2 1 11 15 39 30 

Acres. 
Houston County, Tex. .-. 5,312 

Lacasine clay loam. — The soil is a heavy brown or black clay loam 
20 inches deep, grading into mottled clay subsoil. The subsoil con- 
tains some silt, iron nodules, and sometimes lime concretions. The 
type is found in depressions in large swamp areas free from hummocks. 

32075—06 6 



82 Soil Sui'vey Field Bool:. 

The soil is heavy, difficult to till, and poorly drained, but with lasting 
properties. This type has no agricultural importance. 

1 '_» 3 4 r> 7 

Soil (3) 1 7 Iti 54 18 

Subsoil (3) 3 13 ofi 24 

Acres. 
Lake Charles, La 3, 470 

San Antonio clay loam. — The soil is a brownish or chocolate-colored 
loam or clay loam, from 8 to 12 implies deep. As a rule, there is no 
definite line of demarcation between soil and subsoil, either as to tex- 
ture or color. Below 12 inches and extending to about 24 inches the 
subsoil becomes lighter in color and usually somewhat heavier in tex- 
ture; thence to a depth of 36 inches the color changes to reddish and 
the texture becomes lighter, the material usuall}^ grading into coarse 
limestone gravel. This soil is derived directly from a limestone 
belonging to the Upper Cretaceous, or from limestone material 
reworked by ancient floods. The greater part of this type is under 
cultivation. It is very productive. Where irrigated, it is excellent 
for such fruit as is suited to the climate. The soil is adapted to cotton, 
corn, and hay, while sorghum and alfalfa are grown with a fair degree 

of success. 

1 "2 3 4 5 (> 7 

Soil (3) 1 1 9 17 45 27 

Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 8 15 45 29 

Acres. 

San Antonio area, Tex 28,608 

Alloway clay."^ — The soil is a red or gray clay loam 6 inches deep, 
containing some gravel, underlain by a mottled yellow and gray sticky 
clay subsoil to a depth of 3 feet or more. The type occupies rolling 
upland or bottoms, and is derived from recent sediments of Miocene 
or Glacial material. It is a good grass and wheat soil and produces 
fine apples. The soil is difficult to till and is generally in need of under- 

drainage. 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (3) 2 7 6 8 5 48 21 

Subsoil (3) 1 5 5 7 8 40 32 

Acres 

Salem, N.J 10,580 

Trenton.N.J 11,904 

a See also Dunkirk clay, p. 154. 



Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 83 

Mobile clay. — The soil consists of a yellow loam, with an average 
depth of 8 inches, resting pn a stiff, plastic yellow clay or sandy clay 
subsoil extending to a depth of 3 or more feet. The soil is character- 
ized by the presence of many iron concretions, and is usually found 
overlying the materials forming the Orangeburg sandy loam. The 
surface is flat and marked by many swampy, pondlike depressions 
covered by a scrubby growth of gum. The drainage is generally poor. 
The soil is best adapted to grain and grass. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 7 20 28 23 18 

Subsoil (2) 3 fi 17 23 27 26 

Acres. 
Mobile, Ala 896 

Morse clay. — This type consists of a heavy silt or clay loam 6 to 8 
inches deep, underlain by a heavy mottled clay subsoil, both soil and 
subsoil being quite calcareous. The type occurs along stream courses 
and generally has good drainage. It is a very unimportant soil, dif- 
ficult to till, and little of it is under cultivation. It is adapted to rice 
where irrigation is possible, and in the well-drained areas is fairly well 
adapted to corn and cotton. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil(l).... 1 1 1 2 3 53 41 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 1 3 41 54 

Acres. 
Acadia Parish, La 1,664 

Suffield clay. — The soil is a clay loam 12 inches deep, underlain by a 
close-textured, laminated clay subsoil The type owes its origin to 
lacustrine deposits. It occupies very poorly drained, level areas in 
the Connecticut Valley. On account of its poorly drained condition 
and close structure the soil is not adapted at present to any agricul- 
tural purposes, although used to some extent for pasturage. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 3 3 21 18 30 24 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 9 8 35 45 

Acres. 
Connecticut Valley, Conn, and Mass. 23,610 



84 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

SOILS OF THK FLOOD PLAIiNS OF THE MISSISSIPPI AM) OTHKU RIVKKS. 

An extensive and characteristic group of soils, usually known as 
"bottom lands," is found in the flood plains of numerous streams in 
the Mississippi Valley and Coastal I^lain. The largest devc^lopment of 
this group occurs along the Mississippi River, where the bottoms are 
often man}^ miles in width. 

The soils have been formed by deposition from stream waters during 
periods of overflow. The texture of the material depends upon the 
velocity of the current at the time of deposition. Where the cur- 
rent is very rapid, large stones and bowlders are borne along and beds 
of gravel and sand are formed. Along the swift-flowing streams the 
texture of the soil changes often within short distances, but in the wide 
bottoms large areas of very uniform soils are often foi'med. The soil 
material has usually been derived from various kinds of rocks, but in 
some instances is closely related to the surrounding geological forma- 
tion. The red soils along the Red and other rivers in the Southwest 
have been formed by the reworking of the Permian Red Beds. In 
general, the soils along the streams which flow through the prairie 
region have a darker color than those along the streams which run 
only through the timbered sections of the country. 

The difference in the origin, drainage, color, and organic matter con- 
tent has given rise to three series of alluvial soils in the humid portion 
of the United States, which have been named the Wabash, Waverly, 
and Miller series. 

WABASH SERIES. 

The Wabash series comprises the most important of the alluvial 
types of soil. It embraces those soils having a dark-brown to black 
color and a large percentage of organic matter. Thes(» soils are typical 
of the Mississippi River, but there is no sharp distinction between 
them and other bottom soils found rJong the rivers of the Middle West. 
They are among the strongest and most productive soils in the country. 

Wabash sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of from 12 to 24 inches 
consists of a dark-brown to reddish-brown sandy loam of rather coarse 
texture, becoming lighter in color with depth. This is underlain by a 
yellowish coarse sandy loam, coarse sand, or stratified gravel. Gener- 
ally considerable gravel is distributed throughout the soil pi'ofile. The 
type occupies strips along river and stream bottoms and is generally 



Soils of the Flood Plains. 85 

subject to overflow. It is usually well drained. The principal crop is 
corn. The soil is also well suited to melons, sweet potatoes, cabbage, 
and other truck crops. 

1 -J 3 4 o G 7 

Soil (3) 2 13 21 27 17 12 7 

Subsoil (2) 2 13 17 32 15 13 8 

Acres. 

Montgomery County, Ohio o 4, 000 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 2, (124 

Wabash fine sandy loam. — The soil consists of a light-brown to black 
fine sandy loam about 12 inches deep. The subsoil varies from a fine 
sandy loam to a fine sand, which is generally dark colored, though 
sometimes passing into a yellow material at about 24 inches. Fre- 
quently considerable fine rounded gravel is distributed throughout the 
subsoil. The type is alluvial, and occupies flat bottom lands. Some 
areas produce heavy yields of wheat, oats, and corn, while others are 
better suited to melons, sugar beets, Irish potatoes, and alfalfa. 

1-234 .') 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 8 38 22 21 10 

SubsoiI(2).._ 1 8 37 24 20 10 

Acres. 

Posey County, Ind . . o 3, 584 

Stanton, Nebr. & 22, 144 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 11,712 

Wabash loam. — Owing to its wide distribution and its alluvial origin 
from the wash of soils of different texture, the local characteristics of 
this type show considerable variation. It is gencrall}' a brown loam 
about 10 inches deep, often containing a small proportion of sand, and 
in local areas some gravel. The subsoil is usually a heavy brownish- 
yellow loam 20 to 40 inches deep, overlying a gravelly loam. It occurs 
as first bottoms along rivers and small streams, and much of it is sub- 
ject to periodical overflow. It is a first-class corn soil, producing from 
35 to 60 bushels per acre. More extensive use should be made of this 
type for canning crops, such as sugar corn, green peas, tomatoes, etc. 

a Mapped as Miami sandy loam. 

& Mapped as Arkansas fine sandy loam. 



86 



Soil Survey Field Booh. 



Soil (21) 

Subsoil (30) , 



1 


kj 


;{ 


4 


.') 


6 


7 


1 


3 


3 


12 


20 


44 


17 


1 


3 


3 


11 


17 


42 


22 



Acres. 

Auburn, N. Y 05, (i96 

Bigflats, N. Y ?> 5, G32 

Binghamton, N. Y 9. 280 

Carrington, N. Dak 1, 530 

Cleveland, Ohio 14,080 

Columbus, Ohio a 20, 880 

Coshocton, Ohio o 17, 000 

Fargo, N. Dak a 11, 908 

Grand Forks, N. Dak a 17, 728 

Lyons, N. Y a 5, 184 



Acres. 

Marshall, Minn « 3, 908 

Montgomery County, Ohio. . . « 14,000 

Pontiac, Mich « 1 , 1 52 

Portage County, Wis 2, 944 

Syracuse, N. Y o 9, 728 

Tazewell County, 111 c 29,050 

Toledo, Ohio a f), 504 

Tompkins County, N. Y 4,352 

Viroqua, Wis a 23, 552 

Westerville, Ohio a 17,850 






3 


4 


5 


(i 


7 


1 


1 


5 


7 


05 


21 


1 


1 


4 





04 


24 



Wabash silt loam. — The soil consists of a dark-brown to black silt 
loam about 12 inches deep, underlain by a heavy silt loam of lighter 
color. Sometimes, however, the dark color extends. to a depth of 3 
feet or more. The type is of alluvial origin, occupying stream bottoms 
subject to overflow, and is often poorly drained. When well drained 
it is a good soil, producing heavy crops of corn and grass and fair 
yields of small grain. 

Soil (41) 

Subsoil (40) 

Acres. 

Brown County, Kans d 29, 952 

Clarksville, Tenn « 17, 090 

Clinton County, 111 /" 24, 570 

Crawford County, Mo 42, 112 

Davidson County, Tenn e 12, 804 

Dubuque, Iowa g 22,212 

Fort Payne, Ala « 4. 992 

Howell County, Mo « 48, 512 

Knox County, 111 / 29. 148 

Lauderdale County, Ala « 44,800 

Lawrence County, Tenn « 7, 010 

Madison County, Ky 12, 072 

McLean County, 111 / 20, 352 

Montgomery County, Tenn ... « 17,090 
Newton County, Ind / 832 

a Mapped as Miami loam. 

h Mapped as Elmirafine sandy loam. 

c Mapped as Lintonia loam. Part of 
this should have been mapped as Wa- 
bash silt loam. 

d Mapped as Yazoo silt loam. 



Acres. 

Pikeville, Tenn « 1, 280 

Posey County, Ind ^ 10, 384 

Russell, Kans n2, 804 

Saline County, Mo e 5, 440 

Sangamon County, 111 / 40, 192 

Sarpy County, Mo 18, 490 

Scotland County, Mo 40, 016 

Stanton, Nebr » 25, 152 

St. Clair County, 111 / 9, 004 

Tama County, Iowa / 70, 592 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 9, 408 

Union County, Ky 'i 25, 210 

Warren County, Ky « 7, 552 

Webster County, Mo « 17, 000 

< Mapped as Clarksville loam. 
/ Mapped as Kaskaskia loam. 
g Mapped as Lintonia loam. 
h Mapped as Waverly silt loam. 
i Mapped as Elkhorn silt loam. 
;■ Mapped as Waldo loam. 



Soils of the Flood Plains. 87 

Wabash clay. — The soil is a drab to black heavy clay loam 6 inches 
deep, containing considerable organic matter. The soil suncracks 
badl}^, frequently forming small aggregates which cause a close resem- 
blance to '^ buckshot land." The subsoil is a drab or gray clay, some- 
times resting upon fine sand at a depth of about 5 feet. The t3^pe 
occupies low areas to the rear of front lands and higher ridges in open 
forest lands in river deltas. It would usually be improved by drainage. 
In the northern areas the soil is adapted to corn ; in the southern areas 
it is the finest cotton soil, yielding about 1\ bales per acre. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

SoU (41) 1 1 3 7 49 37 



Subsoil (41) 1 3 18 48 40 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


1 


1 


3 


7 


49 





1 


3 


18 


,48 



Acres. 

Allen County, Kans a 5, 299 

Anderson County, Tex ^ 47, 872 

Austin, Tex 6 11, 840 

Brazoria, Tex b 9, 152 

Carrington, N. Dak 3,328 

Clinton County, 111 f* 5, 376 

East Baton Rouge Parish, La b 13, 824 

Houston County, Tex 48, 768 

Johnson County, 111 & 1, 664 

Montgomery County, Ala ^ 50, 624 

New Orleans, La ^ 18, 368 

O'Fallon, Mo 6 31,936 



Acres. 

Parsons, Kans c 31^ 808 

Saline County, Mo & 28, 544 

Sarpy County, Nebr 3, 648 

Scotland County, Mo 4, 672 

St. Clair County, 111 b 26, 994 

Sniedes, Miss 6 37, 760 

Tangipahoa Parish, La & 8, 896 

Tazewell County, 111 b 13, 696 

Waco, Tex b 7, 488 

Wooster, Ohio b 1, 2I6 

Yazoo, Miss & 45, 080 



Wabash heavy clay. — The soil is a dark-drab to black heav\^ clay, 
underlain at about 10 inches by a slightly lighter colored but stifl"er 
and more tenacious clay, which generally becomes heavier with depth. 
If cultivated too wet the soil clods so as to interfere seriously with cul- 
tivation. Areas not under cultivation often bake and suncrack. The 
surface is level, with occasional swales and slight depressions. The 
type is alluvial in origin. The soil is very productive, giving large 
yields of cotton, corn, oats, and forage crops. Spring overflows make 
wheat rather an uncertain crop. 

1 2 3 4 o 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 1 5 6 34 52 

Subsoil (2) 1 4 9 39 47 

Acres. 
Waco, Tex d 13,248 

a Mapped in part as Yazoo clay and in part as Sharkey clay. 

b Mapped as Yazoo clay. 

c Mapped as Sharkey clay. 

d Mapped as Yazoo heavy clay. \ 



88 Soil Sicrvey Field Book. 

WAVERLY SERIES. 

The Waverly series is characterized by hglit-colored surface soils 
with drab, gray, and mottled yellow or white subsoils. The soils of 
this series occur almost entirely along the streams east of the Mississippi 
River. They are not as productive as the soils of the Wabash series. 

Waverly fine sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of 15 inches is a 
light-brown to gray fine sandy loam, the sand content being usually 
large and of the finer grades. The soil becomes heavier as the depth 
increases, and at from 15 to 20 inches grades into a brown fine sandy 
loam with a larger percentage of silt and clay. The sand content, 
depth of soil, and size of the sand particles often vary according to loca- 
tion. The type generally occurs as a sandy ridge along streams. Its 
elevation above the stream assures good drainage. The soil is alluvial 
in origin, is productive and easily cultivated, and in seasons of average 
rainfall the crop yields are large. The type is best adapted to corn, 
melons, early vegetables, and alfalfa. The other crops successfully 
grown are wheat, oats, potatoes, and tobacco. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (fi) 2 28 31 27 11 

Subsoil (6) 3 31 28 25 12 



Acres. 
Boonville, Ind 3. 904 

Clay County. Ill 6 1,344 

Crystalsprings. Miss 3,840 



Acres. 

Posey County, Ind a 3, 456 

Union County, Ky 03, 072 



Waverly loam. — The soil is a brown loam about 10 inches deep, 
underlain by a brown to yellowish clay loam or a clay. The type occurs 
as first-bottom land along rivers and creeks. The surface as a rule is 
flat, though occasionally it may be slightly rolling. Open ditches are 
frequently necessary to provide adequate drainage. The tj^pc is allu- 
vial in origin. The original timber growth consists mainly of gum, 
sycamore, water oak, beech, and willow. The soil is adapted to corn, 
wheat, and cotton, as well, as to forage crops, according to location, 
and large yields are secured when no injury is sustained by overflows. 

1 

Soil (5) 

Subsoil (.')) 

Acres. 

Henderson County Tenn 47, 300 

Posey County Ind c8,320 

SunUer County, Ala 100,288 

o Mapped as Miami fine sandy loam. cMapped as Yazoo loam, 

'* Mapped as Yazoo sandy loam. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


(J 


7 


2 


3 


13 


IG 


48 


17 


3 


4 


12 


14 


39 


27 



2 3 4 5 (} 


7 




1 1 3 S 71 


IG 




1 1 3 6 70 


19 


Acres. 


McCracken County, Ky . . . 




5,824 


O'Fallon. Mo 




57, 088 


St. Clair County, 111 




25. 152 


Scott County,. Ind 




20. 160 



Soils of the Flood Plains. 89 

Waverly silt loam. a — The soil is a light-brown to white silty loam 
about 10 inches in depth and is underlain by a gravLsh or yellowish 
silty loam of closer structure. The type occupies bottom lands and 
marshy depressions, and owes its origin to sediments washed from 
adjoining silty uplands. Corn is the principal crop grown on this soil. 

I 

Soil (23) 

Subsoil (23) 

Acres. 

Boonville, Ind 17, 280 

Clay County, 111 30, 976 

Clinton County, 111 42, 112 

Crystalsprings, Miss 25, 088 

Johnson County, 111 31. 936 

Waverly clay loam. — The soil to a depth of about 6 inches is a heav}' 
light-brown to grayish silt loam, often containing small iron concre- 
tions scattered over the surface and through the soil. The soil becomes 
heavier with depth and grades into a very heavy silt loam containing a 
large percentage of clay. At a depth of from 12 to 20 inches the sub- 
soil is a sticky, mottled cla}^, usually containing small iron concretions, 
becoming stiffer and more tenacious as the depth increases. There is 
apparently little organic matter in the soil except in swampy areas. 
The compact nature of the soil, together with its level topography and 
low-lying position, often makes drainage very difficult. This tj^pe is 
alluvial in origin, having been formed largely by the reworking by 
stream action of the loessial material from the uplands. The soil seems 
best adapted to clover, timothy, and redtop. The other crops grown 
are tobacco, wheat, and corn, the yields depending on thoroughness of 
drainage and cultivation. Where no drainage is practiced the land is 
either covered with a growth of scrub oak or used exclusively for 
for pasture. 

1 

Soil (5) 1 

Subsoil (5) 1 

Acres 

Boonville Ind 30,208 

O Fallon. Mo 23, 424 

Posey County, Ind 6 14,592 

a See also Wabash silt loam, p. 86. 
b Mapped as Guthrie clay. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


2 


1 


3 


6 


56 


■60 


1 


1 


3 • 


4 


50 


40 



90 Soil Survey Field Book, 

Waverly clay. — -The soil consists of a light-brown clay loam about 
10 inches deep. The percentage of clay and silt is high, and the soil 
rapidly becomes stifi'er and more tenacious with depth, grading into 
a heavy, tenacious clay subsoil of a brown or drab color which is often 
mottled in the lower depressions. A few small iron concretions are 
frequently seen, both in the soil and the subsoil, especially in the more 
swampy areas. The type occupies low bottom lands, is alluvial in 
origin, and subject to overflow. The occasional addition of new mate- 
rial to the soil tends to maintain its productiveness. This soil is best 
adapted to corn, and when well drained and cultivated it yields as 
much as 60 bushels per acre. Wheat, when not damaged or destroyed 
by floods, does well, and also oats and tobacco. Clover, timothy, and 

other grasses give large yields. 

12 8 4 5 6 7 

Soil (9) I 1 5 58 35 

Subsoil (9) 1 1 7 54 36 



Acres. 

Boonville, Ind 8, 320 

McCracken County, Ky 9, 536 

Posey County, Ind a 30, 720 



Acres. 

Union County, Ky b 28, 480 

Wooster, Ohio 25, 408 

Huntsville, Ala c 11, 840 



MILLER SERIES. 

The soils of the Miller series are distinguished from those of the 
Wabash and Waverly series by their reddish color. They occur 
along the Red and other rivers that flow through the Permian Red 
Beds and represent this material reworked by streams. As these 
streams flow away from the areas covered by the red beds, material 
from the surrounding country is added, so the soils gradually lose 
their red color and change to the Wabash or Waverly series. These 
are productive soils, but are not so desirable as those of the Wabash 
series. ,^ 

Miller fine sand. — The soil consists of a loose, loamy gray to reddish- 
gray fine sand, resting on a loose fine sand extending to a depth of 
several feet. It is a river valley soil, alluvial in origin and usually 
well drained. It is used principally for corn and cotton, and fair 
yields are received. The higher lying areas are well adapted to fruit, 
especially peaches. Vegetables also do well, but are grown only for 
home consumption. 

a Mapped as Yazoo clay. 

^ Mapped in part as Yazoo clay and in part as Sharkey clay. 

c Mapped as Clarksville clay. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


6 


45 


35 


9 


3 


1 


3 


28 


53 


11 


4 



Soils of the Flood Plains, 91 

1 

Soil (4) 

Subsoil (4) 

Acres. 

Miller County, Ark 34,688 

Paris, Tex «13,312 

Waco, Tex 1,408 

Miller fine sandy loam. — The soil consists of a brown or grayish- 
brown fine to very fine sandy loam from 12 to 24 inches deep, under- 
lain by a heavy fine red sandy loam or sandy clay. In local areas the 
soil may extend to a depth of 3 feet. This is an alluvial type formed 
by the reworking of the Permian Red Beds and occurs as terraces along 
streams. The higher areas are seldom if ever overflowed. The type 
is well drained, except in small local areas. It is a good soil for corn 
and cotton and is also well adapted to truck and fruits. 

1 -J 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 1 1 2 15 40 23 9 

Subsoil (4) 1 1 3 15 30 24 25 

Acres. 

Miller County, Ark 28, 544 

Ouachita Parish, La & 86,272 

Waco, Tex 22,208 

Miller silt loam. — The surface soil consists of a brown, red, or light- 
chocolate colored silty loam, varying in depth from 6 to 20 inches. 
The subsoil is a heavy red silt loam, often grading into a lighter- 
colored fine sandy loam at about 2 to 3 feet. This is an alluvial soil 
occupying level or slightly rolling areas and is frequently subject to 
overflow. It is a friable, productive, and easily cultivated soil, and is 
usually naturally well drained. It is adapted to cotton, corn, alfalfa, 
and sugar cane, and also to late vegetable and truck crops. The tim- 
ber growth is Cottonwood, ash, hickory, red oak, and sweet gum. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 1 1 2 11 71 15 

Subsoil (8) 1 3 13 64 19 



Acres. 

De Soto Parish, La 5, 248 

Paris, Tex c 8,512 



Acres. 

Vernon, Tex d 2,880 

Waco, Tex 960 



a Mapped as Vernon fine sand but now recognized as belonging in the Miller 
series. 

b Mapped as Monroe fine sandy loam. 

c Mapped as Orangeburg silt loam, but now recognized as belonging in the 
Miller series. 

d Mapped as Vernon silt loam, but now recognized as belonging in the Miller 
series. 



4 5 


(} 


7 


1 1 


33 


G2 


1 1 


33 


63 


Acres. 






9,152 






« 4,608 







92 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

Miller clay. — The soil to a depth of 10 inches is a brownish-red or 

chocolate-colored clay, underlain by a stiff, tenacious brown or red clay 

subsoil. In some cases a yellow fine sandy loam is found at a depth of 

3 feet, while in depressed areas subject to frequent and long-continued 

overflows a drab or blue clay may form the deeper subsoil. This soil 

represents the finest materials brought down by streams from the 

Permian Red Beds and deposited during overflows. It is a strong soil 

for corn, cotton, and sugar cane, and where well drained large yields 

are secured. The timl>ered areas support a heavy growth of oak, 

gum, whitewood, and cypress, with a dense undergrowth of shrubs, 

vines, and briers. 

1 2 

Soil (4) 1 

Subsoil (4) 1 

De Soto Parish, La 

Waco, Tex 

Miller County, Ark '» 110,656 

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE FLOOD FLALNS OF THE MISSISSIPPI 

AND OTHER RIVERS. 

Yazoo sandy loam, c — The soil is a gray to brown fine sandy loam 6 
to 12 inches deep, underlain by a lighter colored fine sandy loam. It 
has been deposited by streams, usually upon a clay foundation, which 
in some cases comes to within 12 inches of the surface. The type 
occupies low flat ridges, forming front lands near stream courses in 
river bottoms. The chief product is cotton, but the soil is suited" to 
truck and market garden crops. Corn and truck do well in the north- 
ern areas. 

1 2 .S 

Soil (24) 2 2 

Subsoil (25) 1 1 

Acres, 

Anderson County, Tex 1,600 

Allen County, Kans 909 

Austin, Tex : 30,336 

Brazoria, Tex .31,872 



4 


6 


(i 


1 


10 


27 


49 


9 


7 


23 


56 


12 



Clinton County, 111 2, 176 

East Baton Rouge Parish, La . . 1,,5.36 
Houston County. Tex 2,688 

a Mapped as Miller heavy clay. c-See also Waverly fine sandy loam, p. 88 
i> Mapped as Sharkey clay. 



Acres. 

New Orleans, La 41,600 

Posey County, Ind 2,752 

St. Clair County, 111 12,800 

Smedes, Miss 8,512 

Tazewell County, 111 128 

Yazoo, Miss 26,670 



Soils of the Flood Plains. 93 

Austin fine sandy loam. — The soil is a brownish-yellow or reddish- 
gray fine sandy loam. There is no marked difference between the 
soil and subsoil, and the latter often extends to a depth of about 40 
feet without change. From the surface to a depth of about 3 feet the 
color gradually becomes lighter. This soil is of sedimentary origin, 
having been formed by the overflow of the streams when their chan- 
nels stood at a higher level. It occurs in very level areas, with an 
elevation of from 40 to 60 feet above the present level of the streams, 
is well drained, and is inclined to be somewhat droughty. It is adapted 
to corn, cotton, fruit, and some vegetables. Considerable sorghum 
fodder is grown upon the first-bottom areas, and alfalfa would also do 
well here. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 2 33 24 20 14 

Subsoil (1) 1 2 29 23 31 15 

Acres. 
San Antonio area, Tex 21, 440 

Chattooga loam. — The soil consists of a 3^ellowish-brown to gray 
sandy loam grading into a loam at about 10 inches. A heavier phase 
of the type occurs in the low-l3ing areas. The sand varies in texture 
from medium to fine. The subsoil contains sufficient clay to make 
it a heavy coherent loam. The type occurs as a bottom or river 
terrace soil, and is subject to occasional overflow. The soil is derived 
in part from the weathering of shale and in part as alluvial material 
from the same source. It is fairly productive for corn. 

1-234567 

Soil (2) 2 3 27 19 35 14 

Subsoil (2) 1 3 18 11 39 28 

Acres. 
Fort Payne, Ala 5, 69G 

Congaree loam. — The soil is a brownish fine sandy loam to medium 
heavy loam from 4 to 8 inches deep. The subsoil is a gray or brown 
mottled plastic clay, carrying considerable fine sand. Occasionally 
the soil in small areas is deeper and lighter in texture. This is an 
alluvial soil occupying flood plains of creeks and smaller streams, 
generally containing considerable organic matter, and is subject to 
overflow. It is a good cotton and corn soil and when properly 
drained is adapted to a wide variety of crops. 



94 Soil Survey Field Book. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) G 8 54 13 12 7 

Subsoil (2) 2 38 17 21 22 

Acres. 
Montgomery County, Ala 33, 856 

Jackson loam. — The soil is a light-brown loam with an average depth 
of 14 inches, and grades into a mottled sandy clay or clay subsoil. The 
type occurs as second bottom, with a gently rolling surface, and is 
alluvial in origin. The soil produces about 15 bushels of wheat and 
from 25 to 40 bushels of corn per acre. Onions give large yields. 
The soil is well adapted to light farm crops and to truck, wrapper 
tobacco, and peaches. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 12 26 49 12 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 17 24 44 13 

Acres. 
Shelby County, Mo 2,304 

Lintonia loam." — The soil consists of a brown silty loam b 10 inches 
deep. The subsoil is a yellow silt, quite uniform in color and texture, 
sometimes underlain by clay at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet. The 
soil lacks plasticity, and has rather a mealy character. The type 
is found along the foot of bluffs and as narrow strips in stream valleys, 
generally adjacent to the higher lying Memphis silt loam. The soil is 
mainly colluvial in origin, representing reworked material of the 
Memphis silt loam. It is rarely inundated, but is subject to addition 
of material from uplands during winter rains. This is a good cotton 
soil and is also well adapted to market gardening and fruit culture. 
In the northern areas it produces corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 " 

Soil (6) 1 2 8 81 7 

Subsoil (G) 1 3 10 77 9 



Acres. 

Posey County, Ind c 9, 408 

Smedes, Miss 10,368 

St. Clair County, 111 5,G96 



Acres 

Union County, Ky c 17,984 

Yazoo, Miss 3,060 



Sanders loam. — The soil is a dark-brown, reddish-brown, or gray 
loam. The subsoil is lighter in color and apparently heavier in tex- 

aSee also Wabash loam, p. 85, and Wabash silt loam, p. 86. 

b This soil is a true silt loam and should have been grouped with that class. 

c Mapped as Memphis silt loam. 



Soils of the Flood Plains. 95 

ture. The type occurs as narrow strips along the creeks, extending 
up the edge of the valleys, and frequently has Sharkey clay on the 
stream side, which interferes with proper drainage. It is considered 
a very good corn soil, producing as much as 4.5 bushels per acre where 
well drained. It is not considered so good for cotton, producing 
about one-half bale per acre. The soil generally is in need of drainage. 

1 2 3 4 5 fi 7 

Soil (3) 1 1 14 20 44 19 

Subsoil (3) 1 2 22 35 33 18 

Acres. 
Paris Tex . 10,112 

Yazoo loam. a — The soil consists of a yellow or brown loam or silt 

loam from to 6 inches deep. The subsoil is usually a silt loam, 

but in local areas may be a silty clay or fine sandy loam. The type 

occupies low ridges in river bottoms, and represents the higher-lying 

areas of fine sediment deposited by inundations. It is a strong 

cotton soil, producing 1 bale per acre. In northern areas the soil is 

adapted to corn and wheat. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (16) 1 2 17 65 15 



Subsoil (15) 2 12 02 23 



2 


3 


4 


5 


(i 





1 


2 


17 


65 








2 


12 


02 



Acres 

Allen County, Kans 20, 531 

Clay County, 111 1, 472 

East Baton Rouge Parish, La. - 1, 472 

Houston County, Tex 25,280 

New Orleans, La 18,112 

O'Fallon, Mo 16,640 



Acres. 

Parsons, Kans ' 28,352 

Saline County, Mo 15, 680 

St. Clair County, III 4,100 

Smedes, Miss 20, 288 

Yazoo, Miss 16, 080 



Neosho silt loam, — The soil to a depth of 8 inches is a light-colored, 
somewhat ashy silt loam containing small and var^nng amounts of 
fine and very fine sand. The subsoil from 8 to 25 inches is a drab 
very compact and impervious silty clay locally known as "hardpan." 
The type occurs principally upon terraces lying from 5 fo 15 feet 
above the level of the river bottom. Its elevation is sufficient to 
insure it against overflows and to afford fair surface drainage. Deep 
plowing or subsoiling and the addition of organic matter would 
greatly improve its moisture-holding capacity. The soil is largely 
an old alluvial deposit, greatly influenced b}^ wash from the adjoining 

a See also Waveriy loam, p 88 



96 Soil Su7'vey Field Book. 

uplands. Tt is prol)nl)ly best adapted to wheat and ojrass, but corn 
and oats do well when the season is not extremely wet or dry. 

V 1 '2 3 4 .') (> 7 

Soil (5) 1 1 3 11 09 15 

Subsoil (5) 12 4 8 03 22 

Acres. 

Allen County, Kans 9,171 

Parsons, Kans a 21, 508 

Carrington clay loam. The soil to a depth ol" 10 inches consists of a 
brownish-yellow silty clay, and is underlain by a subsoil ranging from 
material of the same texture and color as the soil to a stiff tenacious 
dark-gray clay. At a depth of from 3 to 5 feet a stratum of reddish- 
yellow sand containing varying quantities of calcium carbonate, gypsum, 
and iron sulphate is frequently encountered. Where the areas occur 
along streams, the soil is a dark-brown to black clay loam, and the sub- 
soil to 40 inches is a yellowish-brown silty or sandy clay. Beneath this 
is a brownish-yellow clay with occasional thin layers of sand. The soil 
when wet is sticky and plastic and presents all the objectionable features 
of "gumbo," making it a difficult soil to till. The upland phase occurs 
on an undulating prairie. The type is glacial in origin, except along 
streams and sloughs, where it is sedimentary. It is more or less all'ected 
by alkali salts, though not suthciently so to interfere seriously with the 
growth of native grasses. Only in local spots does a white crust form on 
the surface. Artificial drainage is essential to the successful cropping of 
this soil, and applications of barnyard manure prove beneficial. Only a 
small proportion of this type is under cultivation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 3 4 14 15 31 31 

Subsoil (3) 1 3 4 10 19 31 27 

Acres. 
Carrington, N. Dak 6,272 

Sarpy clay loam. — The soil is a stiff waxy gray to ])lack clay from 12 
to 24 inches deep, with an average depth of about 20 inches. The sub- 
soil consists of gray or yellow fine silty sand. This is a bottom land type 
occupying depressed areas and generally requiring artificial drainage. It 
is of recent alluvial formation and is undergoing some change at the 
present time. When drained it makes excellent corn soil, the average 

o Mapped as Oswego silt loam. 



Soils of the Flood Plains. . 97 

yield per acre being about 50 bushels. It is used to some extent for 
alfalfa where not overflowed, and excellent yields are secured. 

1 2 3 4 5 « 7 

Soil (2) 3 9 51 37 

Subsoil (2) 9 A\ A2 7 

Acres. 
Sarpy County, Nobr 2,81(i 

Congaree clay. — The type consists of 3 feet or more of light-brown or 
chocolate-colored clay, containing a large percentage of silt. The mate- 
rial from 8 to 36 inch( s is a little lighter in color and a little heavier in 
texture than the top soil, and occasionally a thin seam of very fine sand 
is found. The terraces contain a little more sand than the low-lying 
areas, and often small particles of mica Iirought down from the Piedmont 
are scattered through the. soil. This soil type commonly occurs in strips 
or terraces near rivers or streams, and frequent over-flows make it an 
uncertain soil for crops. It is adapted to Bermuda grass, and good yields 
of corn and oats are secured in favorable seasons. The original timber 
growth is gum, hickory, cottonwood, and sycamore, with some pine and 

C3rpress. 

1 

Soil (6) 

Subsoil (()) 

Acres. 

Macon County, Ala a 4,800 

Montgomery County, Ala 11,712 

Orangeburg. S. C 2,944 

Griffin clay. — This is a very compact soil, composed of medium to 
fine gravel, coar-se sand rounded by water action, and clay. The clay is 
dar-k brown or mottled in color, very stiff and waxy, and difficult to work. 
There is an average gravel content of about 10 per cent. The type occu- 
pies the broad, level floor of Black River Valley. It is alluvial in origin, 
and the presence of so much gravel may be due to the reworking of glacial 
material. A large proportion of the type is covered by forest. Corn is 
the chief product, but considerable areas are devoted to wheat and oats. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 12 19 13 4 2n 25 

Subsoil (1) 1 15 21 13 3 20 27 

Acres. 
Posey County, Ind 1 1,600 

a Mapped as Ocklocknee clay. 

32075—06 7 



2 


3 


4 


5 


(> 


7 





2 


5 


9 


48 


3G 








5 


9 


45 


40 



o 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


2 


3 


13 


15 


37 


23 


1 





5 


30 


39 


24 



98 A^t'?*^ Survey Field Booh. 

Neuse clay. — This is a dark, tenacious, mottled gray clay, 3 feet or 
more in depth. It is a stream deposit, often subject to overflow, and 
occurring along stream bottoms in the Coastal Plain region of North 
Carolina. The soil is poorly adapted to agricultural purposes on account 
of its close, sticky nature and poor drainage, but when well drained it is 

a good cotton soil. 

1 

Soil (4) 

Subsoil (1) 

Acres. 

Craven, N. C 1,792 

McNeil], Miss 13, 120 

Raleigh to Newborn, N. C 3,040 

Ocklocknee clay.o — This soil consists of from 8 to 15 inches of loam 
of variable texture, resting on a stiff, tenacious clay of dark-yellow, 
mottled-red, or black color. The subsoil contains a noticeable quantity 
of finely divided quartz rock. The type lies along the river, is subject 
to overflow, and very little of it is under cultivation. 



Soil (3) . . . . 
Subsoil (3) 



1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


G 


7 


1 


2 


4 


20 


13 


29 


30 


1 


2 


3 


19 


10 


27 


38 



Acres. 

Bainbridge, Ga 832 

Dallas County, Ala 29,056 

Gadsden, Fla 2,712 

Sharkey clay.?* — The soil is a stiff, waxy, yellow clay 8 inches deep, 
containing lime and iron concretions. The subsoil is a stiff, impervious 
clay similar to the soil. The surface suncracks readily. The type is 
locally known as '' buckshot land." It is a poorly drained soil occupying 
the lowest portions of river bottoms and is subject to overflow annually. 
When diked and well drained it is a strong soil, suited to corn, sugar cane, 

and cotton. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (21) 1 1 4 4 40 50 

Subsoil (22) 1 2 3 38 50 

Acres. 
Brazoria, Tex 133,056 



East Baton Rouge Parish, La . 18, 432 

Houston County, Tex 3,008 

Lee County, Tex 28,096 

New Orleans, La 157,952 

a See als© Congaree clay, p. 97. 

6 See also Miller clay, p. 92; Wabash clay, p. 87, and Waverly clay, p. 90. 



Acres. 

Ouachita Parish, La 67,264 

Paris, Tex 19, 136 

Smedes, Miss 149, 440 

Yazoo, Miss 184,380 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 99 

SOILS OF THE PIEDMOM PLATEAU. 

Lying between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Appalachian 
Mountains and extending from the Hudson River to East Central 
Alabama is an area of gently rolling to hilly country known as the 
Piedmont Plateau. On the Atlantic side it is closely defined by the 
"fall line" which separates it from the Coastal Plain, but on the north- 
western side the boundary is not sharp, although in the main distinct. 
In its northern extension the Piedmont Plateau is quite narrow, but 
broadens toward the south, attaining its greatest width in North 
Carolina. 

The surface features are those of a broad, rolling plain that has 
been deeply cut by an intricate system of small streams, whose valley 
walls are rounded and covered with soil, although many small gorges 
and rocky areas occur. The altitude varies from about 300 feet to 
more than 1,000 feet above sea level. 

The extreme northern part of this Piedmont region, in New Jersey, 
has been glaciated, but elsewhere the soils are purely residual in origin, 
and have been derived almost exclusively from the weathering of igneous 
and metamorphic rocks. The chief exception is the detached areas of 
sandstones and shales of Triassic age. Marked differences in the 
character of the rock and in the method of formation have given rise 
to a number of soil types, those derived from crystalline rocks being the 
most numerous and widely distributed. Among these the soils of the 
Cecil and Chester series predominate. The principal types formed 
from the sandstones and shales are included in the Penn series. 

CECIL SERIES. 

The Cecil series, which is incomplete, includes the most important and 
widely distributed soils of the Piedmont Plateau. The heavier members 
are known as the " red-clay lands," and are characterized by red-clay sub- 
soils, with gray to red soils ranging in texture from sand to clay, the lighter 
colors prevailing with the sandy members. A characteristic of the sub- 
soil is the sharp quartz sand, which is always scattered through it, and 
occasional veins of quartz or flint rock. Particles and flakes of mica 
are usually present in the subsoil. The types are of residual origin, 
derived from the degradation of igneous and metamorphic rocks which 
have been weathered generally to great depths, so that outcrops are 
rare. Fragments and bowlders of the parent rocks are, however, found 



100 Soil 8'urvey Field Book. 

on the surface in varjnng quantities. The topography is rolHng to hilly, 

with level areas existing where stream erosion has not been too great. 

The soils of the Cecil series produce general farm crops throughout their 

extent, and in the south cotton is also an important crop. Both 

heavy export and bright tobacco are generally grown, the character of 

the leaf produced depending on the depth and texture of the soil. 

Cecil stony loam. — The soil varies from brown sandy loam to brown 

or red loam with an average depth of 8 inches, beneath which is a red 

clay loam or clay. From 30 to 60 per cent of the soil and subsoil is 

composed of stones and bowlders. This is a residual type derived 

principally through the weathering of intrusive dikes of trap rock, 

but in part from other igneous or metamorphic rocks. The surface is 

usually hilly and broken. The soil is adapted to general farm crops 

and apples. 

12 3 4 6 6 7 

Soil (7) 4 8 f) 13 9 38 21 

Subsoil (7) 3 8 f) 11 7 32 31 



Acres. 

Lebanon, Pa ''22, 5(0 

Montgomery County, Pa 7, 808 

Trenton, N. J ^13,95^ 



Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 8, 640 

Campobello, S. C 1, 805 

Cherokee County, S. C 8,32 

Lancaster County, Pa «1, 400 

Cecil stony clay. — The soil consists of a heavy red loam or clay 8 
inches deep, underlain l)y a stiff red clay. Upon the surface and scat- 
tered through the soil and subsoil are 30 to 60 per cent of rock frag- 
ments and bowlders. The type occurs on small mountains and hills 
in the Piedmont Plateau. It is of residual origin, being derived from 
igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is generally too steep and stony 
for cultivation and best suited to pasturage and forestry. 





1 


2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


Soil (1) 





o 


'?, 


23 13 


18 


4^ 


Subsoil (1) 


1 

York County, S. C. 


4 


4 


22 14 
Acres. 
... 1,280 


19 


35 



Cecil gravelly loam. — The soil is a brown, sandy loam about 7 inches 
deep, carrying varying quantities of feldspathic or quartz gravel 
ranging in size from very small particles to fragments one-half inch in 

"Mapped as Hempfield stony loam. 
^Mapped as Cecil clny (stony phase). 
cMapped as Cecil loam. 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 101 

diameter. The subsoil is a heavy, micaceous red loam or clay loam 
containing considerable gravel. Outcrops of granite frequently ap- 
pear. The characterizing feature of the type is a lack of tenacity in 
both soil and subsoil, as a result of which the land erodes and gullies in 
a serious manner. It usually occupies high, broken uplands, and the 
drainage is good. This type has been derived from the breaking down 
of granites, chiefly of a coarse-grained variety, but represents a less com- 
plete weathering of the rocks than some of the other types of the Cecil 
series. Cotton, corn, and cowpeas are the principal crops grown. 
Some parts of the type are suited to the Droduction of small fruits. 
The characteristic timber growth is hickory, shortleaf pine, and some 

cedar. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 25 15 7 15 12 13 13 

Subsoil (2) 16 12 6 14 9 16 29 

Acres. 
Lancaster County, S. C 23, 744 

Cecil sand. — The soil is a coarse to medium loamy sand, or light 
sandy loam 6 inches deep, underlain with material of the same kind 
but of lighter color, and this in turn is underlain at from 18 to 22 
inches by a yellow sandy clay. This is a residual type derived from 
granite, gneiss, and mica schist. Usually from 10 to 30 per cent of 
quartz and rock fragments are found in both soil and subsoil. The 
type gives low yields of cotton and corn. It is fairly good for truck, 
especially sweet potatoes and watermelons, and has been used to a 
considerable extent for bright tobacco. 

i 

Soil (22) 8 

Subsoil (19) 5 

Acres. 

Abbeville, S. C a 27, 840 

Alamance County, N. C a84, 900 

Appomattox, Va 960 

Campobello, S. C 2,086 

Cary, N. C a 8, 090 

Cherokee, S. C 12, 736 

Hanover County, Va 29, 696 



'1 3 4 


5 





7 


14 11 28 


14 


16 


7 


9 7 18 


9 


17 


32 

Acres. 


Hickory, N. C . 






... "7,;j(0 


Louisa County, 


Va. 




8, l'J2 


Prince Edward, 


Va . 




. .. a 20, 710 


Raleigh to Newborn, 


N. C. 


... a20,950 


Spalding Countj 


', Ga 




448 


Statesville, N. C 






... a 10, 560 


York County, S. 


C .. 




... 25,216 



Cecil sandy loam. — The soil is a sandy loam of a brownish or yellowish 
color about 10 inches deep. The subsoil is a red clay containing 
coarse sand, both soil and subsoil carrying fragments of quartz. There 

o Mapped as Durham sandy loam. 



102 



Soil Survey Field Bool'. 



2 


:j 


4 


5 


6 


7 


14 


11 


25 


13 


18 


11 


8 





12 


6 


19 


43 



Acres. 

Hanover County, Va 97, 856 

Hickory, N. C 355,968 

Lancaster County, S. C 20, 672 

Louisa County, Va 150, 400 

Prince Edward, Va 91, 710 

Raleigh to Newborn, N. C 15, 560 

Spalding County, Ga 54, 464 

Statesville, N. C 148, 910 

York County, S. C 88, 768 



is usually considorablo quartz on the surface. The type occupies high 
rolling land of the Piedmont Plateau and is derived from granite, 
gneiss, and other metamorphosed rocks. This is thQ best com and 
cotton soil of the southern Piedmont. In Virginia it is used for both 
bright and dark shipping tobacco. This is the lightest desirable soil 
for general farming purposes. 

1 

Soil (34) 6 

Subsoil (35) 4 

Acres. 

Abbeville, S. C 236,288 

Albemarle, Va 47, 808 

Appomattox County, Va 168, 768 

Bedford, Va 33, 740 

Campobello, S. C 85, 888 

Gary, N. C 26, 090 

Cherokee County, S. C 105, 024 

Cobb County, Ga 23, 170 

Covington, Ga 27, 500 

Cecil fine sandy loam. — The soil is a light-gray fine sandy loam, 
grading into a pale yellow fine sandy loam of slightly more compact 
structure. It is underlain at from 10 to 15 inches by a stiff red clay, 
sometimes yellowish in local areas, which is sometimes underlain at a 
depth of more than 3 feet by talc schists or slates, together with a 
small proportion of other altered rocks. Quartz fragments and gravel 
usually characterize the soil, and veins and fragments of the same 
material occur in the subsoil. This type usually occupies undulating 
to rolling uplands, and has good drainage. It has been formed chiefly 
by the weathering of talcose schists and slates, though some other 
altered rocks enter into its formation. Cotton and corn are the main 
crops grown, but the soil is also adapted to stone fruits and small 
grain. It produces a fine-textured tobacco. The timber growth is 
hickory, oak, and pine, with gums in the swales and depressions. 

1 

Soil (7) 1 

Subsoil (7) 1 

Acres. 

Abbeville, S. C a 25, 856 

Cherokee County, S. C 33, 792 

Lancaster County, S. C 28, 096 



1 


;i 


.' 


5 


(> 


7 


3 


3 


21 


39 


22 


10 


1 


2 ■ 


9 


20 


21 


46 



Acres. 

Louisa County, Va 26, 432 

York County, S. C 35, 136 



o Mapped as Davie clay loam. 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 103 

Cecil loam.a — The soil consists of a pale yellow to brownish friable 
loam passing at from 5 to 8 inches into a pale yellow clay loam. This 
is underlain at 12 inches by a stiff red clay which sometimes at about 
24 inches passes into soft, partially decomposed rock. Varying quan- 
tities of quartz fragments occur scattered over the surface and to a less 
extent throughout the soil section. The type is derived from talcose 
schist, occupies level to rolling uplands, and is generally well drained. 
While it produces poor yields of wheat, oats, corn, and tobacco, the 
soil is easily tilled and is susceptible of improvement. 



1 


o 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


3 


3 


11 


15 


4G 


19 


1 


2 


2 


5 


6 


29 


54 



Soil (4) 

Subsoil (3) 

Loui sa County, Va 108, 992 

Statesville, N. C b 3, 370 

Cecil silt loam. — The soil is a light yellowish-gray to white silt loam 
8 inches deep, frequently containing from 10 to 30 per cent of rock 
fragments. The subsoil is a light-yellow to red clay, becoming heavier 
with depth. The tj'pe occupies high, rolling areas, and is derived 
from highly metamorphosed crystalline rocks. Drainage is generally 
good. Areas of this type are frequently considerably eroded. The 
soil is fair to poor for cotton, corn, and wheat. 

1 

Soil (8) 2 

Subsoil (9) 1 

Acres. 

Alamance County, N. C c 7. 860 

Cherokee County, S. C 48, 384 

Lancaster County, S. C 74, 048 



2 


3 


4 


') 


() 


7 


2 


1 


4 


11 


6J 


17 


2 


1 


3 


7 


51 


33 



Acres. 

Leesburg, Va 4, 928 

York County, S. C 37, 376 



Cecil clay loam. — The surface soil is a reddish-yellow or light-brown 
heavy loam .with an average depth of 10 inches. The subsoil consists 
of reddish-yellow or light-brown heavy loam grading into clay loam 
at an average depth of 30 inches, sometimes changing to clay in its 
lower depths. From 10 to 30 per cent of stones and bowlders, princi- 
pally syenite, are commonly present in both soil and subsoil. The 
surface is moderately to steeply rolling, ^vith occasional small level 

a See also Cecil stony loam, p. 100, and Chester loam, p. 109. 
b Mapped as Davie clay loam, 
c Mapped as Alamance silt loam. 



104 



Soil Survey Field Boole. 



>> 


3 


4 


") 


G 


7 


4 


2 


4 


5 


5 J 


34 


6 


;i 


5 


6 


o7 


41 



areas. Surface drainage is rapid, and small gullies are sometimes 
formed. The heavy subsoil is retentive of moisture. This soil has 
been derived chiefly from syenite, but in small local areas other meta- 
morphic rocks have entered into its formation. This is a good corn 
soil, the aveivigo yield being 30 bushels per acre. It also produces 
good crops of wheat, oats, and hay. 

1 

Soil (2) 1 

Subsoil (2) 2 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 40, 9G0 

Montgomery County, Pa 4, 416 

Cecil clay.cf — This is a clay loam to clay soil of reddish color 6 inches 
deep, having a stiff, tenacious clay subsoil of red color. Both soil and sub- 
soil contain quartz and fragments of undecomposed rocks. Occasional 
rock areas and isolated bowlders or " niggerheads " occur. The type 
occupies high, rolling land and is derived from gabbro and other erup- 
tive rocks. This is recognized as the strongest soil of the Piedmont 
Plateau for general farming. It is adapted to grass, wheat, and corn 
in Maryland and Pennsylvania; export tobacco and wheat in Virginia; 
and to corn, wheat, and cotton in the C<arolinas. 



Soil (36) 3 

Subsoil (44) 2 

Acres. 

Abbeville, S. C 332,992 

Albemarle, Va 79, 680 

Alamance County, N. C 101, 370 

Appomattox County, Va 31, 232 

Bedford, Va , 142,730 

Campobello, S. C 187, 443 

Gary, N. C 2, 960 

Cecil C9unty, Md 12, 500 

Cherokee, S. C 22, 592 

Chester County, Pa 1, 088 

Cobb County, Ga 166, 130 

Covington, Ga 99.930 



2 3 4 5 


6 


7 




7 6 18 11 


26 


30 




4 4 10 6 


25 


47 


Acres. 


Hanover County, Va 




. . . . 


7,360 


Harford County, Md 






39, 890 


Hickory, N. C 






120, 704 


Lancaster County, S. 


C ... 




114,752 


Leesburg, Va 






32,000 


Louisa County, Va . . 






7,168 


Prince Edward, Va . 






31.590 


Raleigh to Newbern, 


N. C . 




2,030 


Spalding County, Ga 






66, 560 


Statesville, N. C 






289, 590 


York County, S. C .. 






185, 152 



o See also Cecil stony loam, p. 100. 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 105 

PENN SERIES. 

The Penn series consists of Indian or purplish red soils derived from 
the weathering of red sandstones and shales of Triassic age. Detached 
areas of Triassic rocks occur in shallow basins in the Piedmont from 
New England to South Carolina. In productiveness and crop adap- 
tation the Penn series may be considered as intermediate between the 
Hagerstown and Cecil series. Corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, grass, 
apples, and peaches are produced on different members of the series in 
the more northern States. Tobacco is grown in Virginia and tobacco 
and cotton in the Carolinas. 

Penn stony loam. — This type consists of very stony land, hilly to 
mountainous in character, generally covered with a natural forest of 
chestnut and oak. The soil consists of a rather heavy Indian-red loam, 
8 to 10 inches deep, containing from 30 to 60 per cent of red or brown 
sandstone fragments. The subsoil is of much the same character to a 
great depth . This type is derived from the more siliceous or hardened 
phase of the Triassic sandstone. It is well adapted to forestry and 
orcharding, and the more level areas, when the stones are removed, to 
general farm crops. 

1 

Soil (7) 2 

Subsoil (7) 2 

Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 3, 520 

Connecticut Yalley, Conn. 

and Mass « 109, 116 

Lebanon, Pa 49,160 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


5 


4 


9 


12 


40 


27 


5 


4 


9 


12 


37 


30 



Acres. 

Leesburg, Va 1,280 

Lockhaven, Pa 6, 080 

Trenton, N. J 5,632 



Penn shale loam. — The soil is a dark Indian-red loam about 8 inches 
deep. The subsoil consists of a heavy Indian-red clay loam gi-ading 
into clay, and is of variable depth, alw"a3^s resting upon the shale rock 
from which it is derived. From 10 to 40 per cent of shale fragments 
occur in the surface soil, giving it the local name of "red gravel land," 
and the quantity always increases in the subsoil. The di'ainage fea- 
tures of the type depend upon its topograph}^, because the underlying 
beds of shale prevent the downward percolation of water to any great 
depth. This type is derived from the beds of shale which underlie it, 
excepting only the lower slopes and hollow^s, where the soil has been 

o Mapped as Triassic stony loam, which name will not be used hereafter out- 
t/ido the Connecticut Valley. 






7 


27 


20 


35 


23 



106 Soil Survey Field Book. 

augmented in varying degrees by wash from higher elevations. It 
iisuall}^ occurs as broad, roUing valley land with surface features some- 
times sharply broken. The soil is adapted to wheat, oats, corn, and hay. 

12 3 4 6 6 7 

Soil (3) G 12 3 7 .'^ 30 30 

Subsoil (3) 9 11 4 C. f) 24 41 

Acres. 
Adams County, Pa 100,032 

Penn gravelly loam. — The soil is a dark-red or brown sandy loam 
about 8 inches deep containing from 10 to 60 per cent of small rounded 
sandstone gravel. The subsoil is a dark Indian-red loam or clay loam. 
The type occurs as high rolling upland and is derived generally from 
the Triassic red sandstone. The drainage is good, but the soil is in- 
clined to wash badly. It produces fair yields of corn, wheat, vegeta- 
bles and small fruit. 

12 3 4 5 

Soil (2) 2 7 7 19 18 

Sul)Soil (2) 5 7 4 9 17 

Acres. 
Leesburg, Va 704 

Penn sandy loam.a — The soil is a sandy loam from 6 to 15 inches deep, 
underlain by Indian-red or brown loam or clay loam. Sandstone frag- 
ments to the extent of from 5 to 20 per cent are generally present. 
The type is derived from the Triassic red sandstone. The surface 
varies from rolling to moderately hilly. The soil is easily tilled and 
produces crops of good quality but light yield. 

1 

Soil (9) 2 

Subsoil (8) 3 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 3,392 

Albemarle, Va 5, 568 

Penn loam. — The soil is a dark Indian-red loam from 8 to 12 inches 
deep, underlain by an Indian-red clay loam. Both soil and subsoil 
occasionally contain from 5 to 20 per cent of sandstone fragments. 
The surface is gently rolling. The type is derived from fine-grained 
brown or red Triassic sandstone. The drainage is fair, but plowing in 
beds is generally practiced to assist the natural drainage. The soil is 
considered almost equal to associated limestone soils in fertility. 

o See also Upshur sandy loam. 



2 3 4 


5 


(J 


7 


12 9 21 


9 


28 


17 


11 7 17 


8 


28 


2G 

Acres. 


Lebanon, Pa... 






40,590 


Trenton, N. J.. 






10,816 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 107 

1 i! 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (11) 3 5 4 8 12 47 22 

Subsoil (11) 3 G 3 8 11 43 26 

Acres, i Acres. 

Adams Countj\ Ta 54,592 Leesburg, Va .' 18,880 

Chester County. Pa 28,072 j Trenton, N. J 171,712 

Lebanon, Pa 26,890 | 

Penn silt loam. — The soil consists of reddish or reddish-brown silt 
loam from 8 to 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a red or light-brown 
silt loam somewhat heavier than the soil and grading usually into a 
red silty clay loam in its lower depths. Both the soil and subsoil con- 
tain from 5 to 15 per cent of shale and sandstone fragments. The 
surface ranges from slightly to steeply rolling. The drainage on most of 
the areas is very good, but on slopes where the bed rock lies near the 
surface seepy tracts are often encountered. The type is derived from 
a sandstone of Triassic age. It is best adapted to the general farm 
crops. The average yields are, corn 50 bushels, oats 30 bushels, wheat 
20 bushels, and hay \\ tons per acre. 

1 2 ;J I 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 2 4 2 3 6 62 21 

Subsoil (4) 1 3 2 3 5 60 26 

Acres. 
Montgomerj" County, Pa 61,824 

Penn clay.o — The soil is a dark Indian-red to dark reddish-brown 

clay about 8 inches deep. The subsoil is a dark Indian-red clay grading 

into a stiffer cla3\ The type occurs in gently rolling upland as a series 

of low ridges. The drainage is good. The type is of residual origin 

from Triassic red sandstone and shale. Wheat, corn, and grass are 

the principal crops. 

12 3 4 .-) (J 7 

Soil (5) 5 3 2 7 14 3G 36 

Subscil(4) 2 3 2 4 12 32 45 

Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 10,128 

Leesburg, Va 11,776 

a See also Upshur clay, p. 123. 



108 Soil Survey Field Book. 

CHESTER SERIES 

The Chester series occurs in the northern part of the Piedmont, hav- 
ing been found and mapped only in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- 
ginia. This series differs from the Cecil series in having yellow or only 
slightly reddish subsoils and gray or brown surface soils which are, on 
the whole, lighter and more friable than those of the Cecil series. The 
members of this series are also much more micaceous and even more 
subject to erosion than the soils of the Cecil series. Locally they are 
known as '' gray lands " to distinguish them from the " red lands " of the 
Cecil series. The topography in general is not so rough, being rolling 
to moderately hilly. 

The soils are of residual origin, derived from igneous and metamorphic 
rocks, principally mica schists. The weathering has not gone on so 
deeply as in the case of the Cecil series, and the underlying rock is often 
encountered within 2 feet of the surface on slopes where erosion is pro- 
nounced and rarely lie more than 10 to 15 feet below the surface. The 
soiJs of the Chester series are adapted to general farm crops, especially 
corn, and also to fruit and canning crops. Of the latter tomatoes and 
sugar corn are the most important. The soils are not so strong as those 
of the Cecil series, requiring more careful treatment to keep up the 
yields. 

Chester stony loam. — The surface soil has an average depth of 10 
inches, and consists of a medium to heavy brown loam. The subsoil is 
a yellow or yellowish-red clay loam that usually grades into stiff clay 
at depths ranging from 24 to 36 inches. Stone and bowlders are scat- 
tered over the surface and mixed with both soil and subsoil in quanti- 
ties varying from 30 to 60 per cent. This type occurs in small irregular 
areas associated with the Chester loam. The topography varies from 
moderately rolling to hilly, and the type forms steep slopes and the 
summits of hills and ridges. The drainage is good. The type is derived 
from the weathering of gneisses and schists. A few areas are derived 
from granite. Much of this type is used as permanent pasture, though 
where the slopes are not too steep good crops are secured. In good 
seasons corn yields 50 bushels, oats 35 bushels, wheat 20 bushels, 
potatoes 120 bushels, and hay I5 tons per acre. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 4 7 3 6 5 52 23 

Subsoil (2) 4 (1 3 5 6 45 31 

Acres. 
Chester County, Pa 20,864 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateav. 109 

Chester fine sandy loam. — The soil consists of a brown or 3'ellow fine 
sandy loam 10 inches deep, generally quite sandy on the lower slopes. 
The subsoil is a yellow fine sandy loam to fine sand. It often contains 
considerable rock fragments and occasionally is distinctl}' micaceous. 
The type is derived from a fine-grained sandstone and schist. The type 
occupies moderately to steeply rolling country and generally has good 
surface and underdrainagc. Where the topography is suitable, this 
soil is adapted to the production of earl}" garden crops and potatoes. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 7 24 17 27 15 

Subsoil (2) 2 8 8 20 1.3 29 12 

Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 1,472 

Montgomery County, Pa 4,608 

Chester mica loam. — The soil consists of a loose loam or yellowish 
loam 12 inches deep, underlain by a heavier loam or light clay loam of 
yellowish or reddish-yellow color. Usually at a depth of 30 inches or 
more it grades into the decomposed rock. This soil is closely related 
to the Chest2r loam, its distinguishing feature being the greater quan- 
tity of micaceous particles, giving the soil a loose consistency and a soft, 
rather greasy feel. It is derived from a very micaceous series of meta- 
morphic and igneous rocks. The topography is rolling to hilly. The 
soil is devoted to the same crops as the Chester loam and is its equal in 
productivity. It erodes even more readily than the Chester loam. 

1 !» 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (8) 4 7 G 18 16 30 IS 

Subsoil (8) 5 7 .5 22 14 29 17 



Acres. 

Cecil County, Md a 10,000 

Harford County, Md a 39,930 

Lancaster County, Pa a io,000 



Acres. 

Leesburg, Va a 4, 608 

Montgomery County, Pa 640 

Prince George County, Md a coO 



Chester loam. — The soil consists of a brown or yellowish loam, some- 
times slightly sandy, containing some mica.' This is underlain by a 
heavy yellow loam subsoil grading into clay loam which in lower depths 
becomes somewhat lighter in texture and more micaceous. The color 
is sometimes reddish yellow or red. Fragments of quartz and other 
rocks are usually found on the surface and throughout the soil section. 
It is a residual soil derived largely from gneiss and mica schist, but other 

a Mapped as Cecil mica loam. 



110 Soil Surveij Field Book. 

metaniorphic and igneous rocks may also enter into its composition. 
The surface is rolling to hilly and drainage is good. The soil is good 
for general farming purposes, but requires careful treatment on slopes 
where it washes badly. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (14) 4 G 4 10 10 41 25 

Subsoil (14) 4 4 10 9 37 28 



Acres. 

Adams County, Pa a 8, 448 

Albemarle, Va a 94, 592 

Appomattox County, Va ... a 1,408 
Cecil County, Md « 52,600 



Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 202,368 

Harford County, Md a no, 320 

Leesburg, Va « 89, 600 

Montgomery County, Pa 40,640 



MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 

Manor stony loam.— The soil to a depth of from 8 to 10 inches con- 
sists of a clay loam or heavy loam about 8 inches deep containing large 
quantities of small rock fragments. The subsoil is a light-yellow or 
slightly grayish loam to clay loam. The subsoil always contains a 
high percentage of small schist fragments and sometimes is a mass of 
these with the interstitial spaces filled with soil. The surface is hilly to 
mountainous. The type is derived principally from mica schists. 
Where cultivation is possible, the soil produces fair yields of the staple 
crops. It is largely forested. 

12 3 4 :^ 6 7 

Soil (5) 4 5 2 8 14 



44 



Subsoil (5) 5 7 3 11 17 36 20 

Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 33, 408 

Lancaster County , Pa 3, 500 

Montgomery County, Pa 2, 048 

Conowingo barrens. — This type represents a condition rather than a 
distinct soil. The soil covering is usually very shallow, seldom exceed- 
ing 3 feet, and in many places the surface material consists of broken 
rock fragments, with little or no intrrstitial material. The soil varies 
in texture from a coars^ sandy loam to a loam or silty loam, the 
heavier classes predominating. The material occupies rolling to hilly 
and broken uplands and is derived from the decomposition of serpen- 
tine or rocks of similar nature. It is generally unproductive and 
worthless for agricultural purposes, owing to the slight depth of the 
soil and its stony, leachy character. The types support a stunted 
growth of trees. 

o Mapped as Cecil loam. 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. Ill 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 3 2 6 10 50 23 



Subsoil (2) 1 2 2 5 9 53 23 



2 


3 


4 


5 


3 


2 


6 


10 


2 


2 


5 


9 



Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 6,976 

Cecil County, Md 2,000 



Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 2,944 

Harford County, Md 3, 280 



3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


2 


9 


49 


33 


2 


3 


7 


46 


37 



Cardiff slate loam. — The soil is a heavy yellowish-brown loam having a 
depth of about 8 inches, underlain by heavy yellow silty clay to a 
depth of 3 f^et or more. Both soil and subsoil contain from 15 to 40 
per cent of partially decomposed slate fragments. The type occurs on 
prominent narrow ridges and is derived from the decomposition and 
breaking up of fine-grained slate. The presence of the slate fragments 
in the soil makes quite friable what would otherwise be a refractory 
clay. Much of the type is forested with oak, chestnut, and other 
trees. The soil produces fair crops of corn, wheat, rye, oats, and grass. 

1 2 

Soil (2) 1 2 

Subsoil (2) 2 2 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 768 

Harford County, Md 1,690 

Loudoun sandy loam. — The soil is a heavy brown or gray sandy 

loam about 8 inches deep, underlain by a heavy yellow or red loam or 

clay loam. There is a considerable variation in the subsoil, coarse 

sand often forming so large a proportion as to give it almost the texture 

of the soil. The surface material is not a loose sandy loam, but has 

the properties of a loam, containing, however, considerable quantities 

of coarse quartz fragments. The soil resembles in some respects the 

Cecil sandy loam and Chester loam with which it is associated. The 

type occurs in rolling and somewhat hilly areas, generally well drained, 

and is derived from the weathering of a coarse-textured schist and an 

eruptive crystalline granite, the original rock containing a large 

amount of feldspar. This is a good soil for corn, yielding from 40 to 50 

bushels per acre. It is too little retentive of moisture for wheat, 

which produces only from 10 to 15 bushels, but is a fairly good soil for 

grass and clover. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 6 16 10 15 8 24 20 

Subsoil (3) 5 12 9 10 7 25 29 

Acres. 
Leesburg, Va 27,968 



112 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Worsham sandy loam. — The soil is a gray sandy loam, generally of 

fine texture and of soft whitish appearance, having an average depth 

of 12 inches. The subsoil is a yellowish, sticky sandy loam or loam to 

a stiff plastic yellow clay mottled with white. The type is of residual 

origin, being derived from granites, gneisses, and schists, and was 

originally post-oak land. The soil is adapted to clover, grasses, hay, 

and pasturage. 

1 2 3 4 6 G 7 

Soil (2) 3 S 9 23 20 29 7 

Subsoil (2) 3 G 5 10 11 24 32 

Acres, 
rrinco Edward, Va 8,520 

Brandywine loam. — The soil consists of a brown loam about 8 inches 
deep containing a small quantity of finely divided mica. The subsoil 
is a light-brown to yhowish light loam to heavy fine sandy loam, 
usually with a somewhat greasy feel, on account of the presence of mica 
particles. The mica content is so high in places as to give the subsoil a 
flaky characteristic. The type occupies irregularly rolling and hilly 
country having excellent drainage. It sometimes erodes so badly 
that cultivation other than to grass is unprofitable. The type is resid- 
ual, being derived from mica gneiss, pegmatite, and sometimes mica 
schist. The soil is moderately productive and is adapted to general 
farming. 

12 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (2) 3 6 3 12 13 42 21 

Subsoil (2) 3 9 4 20 13 33 18 

Acres. 
Chester County, Pa 24,000 

Manor loam. — The soil consists of a yellow or yellowish brown heavy 
loam S inches d;M^p. The subsoil consists of a yellow or reddish- 
yellow heavy loam which grades into a clay loam at a lower depth. 
Mica schist fragments sometimes occur throughout the soil profil(», 
while occasionally the lower portion of the subsoil consists largely of 
small mica particles, which render it feathery and fluffy. The topo- 
graphic feature of the type ranges from- gently to moderately rolling, 
with occasional hilly areas. It is well drained and washes in the 
steeply rolling areas. It is derived from hydromica schists. This soil 
produces fair yields of general farm crops. 



3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


] 


G 


11 


54 


22 


2 


G 


10 


49 


25 



Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 113 

1 

Soil (4) 3 

Subsoil (4) 3 

Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 75.840 

Montgomery County, Pa 896 

Lansdale silt loam. — The soil consists of a brown or slate-colored 
medium to heavy silt loam from 10 to 14 inches deep. The subsoil to 
a depth of 36 inches or more consists of a silty clay loam or heavy silty 
loam, grading into silty clay loam at an average depth of 20 inches. 
The subsoil ranges from pale 3a'llow to yellowish gray in color and is 
generally lighter than the surface soil. The surface ranges from 
gently to moderately rolling and thedrainage is adequate. This type 
is derived from fine-grain?d sandstone and shale of Mesozoic ag.\ 
It is adapted to the production of general farm crops. Corn gives an 
average yield of 50 bushels, oats 35 bushels, wheat 20 bushels, rye 25 
bushels, hay 1| tons, and potato s 135 bush-^ls per acre. 

1 

Soil (3) 

Subsoil (3) 

Chester County, Pa 5,248 • 

Montgomery County, Pa 93,888 

Iredell clay loam. — The soil is a dark-brown loam about 8 inches 
d^ep, containing small rounded iron concretions on tho surface. The 
subsoil is a stiff, impervious yellow clay, underlain by soft decom- 
posed rock. The type occupies level or slightly rolling areas and is of 
rosidual origin, being derived from diorite and similar intrusive rocks. 
It is locally known as "black jack" or "beeswax" land, the latter 
t.'rm b^ing suggestive of the character of the subsoil. Level areas are 
inclined to be swampy on account of the impervious nature of the 
clay subsoil. This is considered a fair cotton, corn, and wheat soil. 

1 

Soil (15) 9 

Subsoil (16) 2 

Acres 

Abbeville, S. C 14,848 

Alamance County, N. C 18,760 

Appomattox County, Va 9, 664 

Cherokee County, S. C 1,344 

Lecsburg, Va 18,048 

32075—06 8 





3 


4 5 


G 


7 


1 


1 


5 5 


68 


19 


1 


1 


4 5 
Acres. 


66 


23 



2 


3 


4 


5 


(i 


7 


8 


4 


16 


17 


32 


12 


2 


2 


9 


8 


28 


45 



Acres. 

Louisa County, Va 10, 304 

Prince Edward, Va 103,070 

Stutesvtlle, N. C 22,340 

York County, S. C 40,040 



2 3 4 5 


6 


7 


8 f) 13 12 


35 


21 


7 4 9 7 


30 


36 

Acres. 


Harford County, Md. 




6,510 


Hickory, N. C 




29,952 



114 Soil Survey Field Booh, 

Conowingo clay. — The soil is a yellow to brown or reddish-brown 
loam about 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish-red to red clay or 
clay loam. In the subsoil decomposed fragments of steatite 'give a 
greasy feel. Occasionally rock fragments occur on the surface, but not 
to exceed 25 per cent. The type is derived from the decomposition of 
serpentine, steatite, talc schist, and similar rocks, and occupies rolling 
lands in the Piedmont Plateau. The soil is fairly productive for gen- 
eral agriculture, comparing favorably with the Cecil clay and Cecil 
loam. It is known in Maryland as productive "serpentine land." 

1 

Soil (7) 5 

Subsoil (6) 5 

Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 6,272 

Cecil County, Md 3,000 

Chester County, Pa 4, ICO 

SOILS OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND ALLEGHENY PLATEAUS. 

The Appalachian Mountains are made up of a number of parallel 
ranges and intervening valleys which extend in a general northeast and 
southwest direction from southern New York to northern Alabama. 
The elevation ranges from about 1,500 to nearly 7,000 feet above sea 
level, the highest point being attained in western Morth Carolina. 

Immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains and usually sepa- 
rated from them by a valley is a wide stretch of country known as the 
Allegheny Plateaus. In a broad way these plateaus are carved out of 
a great block of sedimentary rocks tilted to the northwest from the 
mountains. The plateaus are crossed by numerous streams. As they 
run in deep channels (all the larger ones being from 200 to 1,000 feet 
in depth) the dissection of the plateau block is often minute, and thus 
many plateaus have been formed. 

The rocks of the eastern ranges of the Appalachian Moifntains are 
igneous or metamorphic in origin, while the western ranges, as well as 
the Allegheny Plateaus, are made up of sedimentary rocks. Different 
series of soils have, therefore, been formed in different parts of these 
mountains and plateaus. The igneous and metamorphic rocks give 
rise to the soils of the Porters series, while the Dekalb and Upshur series 
are formed from the weathering of the sandstones and shales of sedi- 
mentary origin. 



Soils of the AppalacJiian Mountains. 115 

The character of tlie topography in the mountain and much of the 
phiteau region is such that general farming is not practicable. These 
areas are, however, well suited to grazing and fruit growing and these 
are very important industries. 

PORTERS SERIES. 

The Porters series includes the residual soils of the Appalachian 
Mountains derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The soils are 
analogous to those of the Cecil series, l)ut are classed separately on 
account of the difference in topographic position. The mountainous 
character of the country in which the Porters soils are found renders 
them difficult of cultivation. They occur at high elevations and so are 
influenced more or less by different climatic and drainage conditions. 
On the more level and less elevated areas wheat, corn, rye, and barley, 
and some fruit, particularly apples, are produced. At a medium eleva- 
tion and under suitable conditions of slope and exposure fru^t is the 
principal crop. Cattle raising is one of the most important industries. 
The soils seem eminently adapted to fruit culture, and this industry is 
rapidly extending and is destined to take on much larger proportions. 
Porters stony loam. — The soil is a grayish-yellow sandy loam about 
10 inches deep, mixed with fragments of sandstone and other rocks. 
The subsoil grades from a reddish-brown clay loam to a stiff red clay 
in lower depths, and contains some coarse sand and a large percentage 
of sandstone fragments. The type occupies rolling valley lands and 
gentle slopes of mountains. The soil is colluvial, derived from wash 
from the mountains, but the subsoil is derived from the decomposition 
of underlying rocks. The soil produces good crops of wheat, corn, grass, 
tobacco, rye, and apples. 

12 8 4 5 7 

Soil (9) 9 10 6 15 10 32 16 

Subsoil (7) G 7 5 14 9 31 25 

Acres. Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 41,472 | Hickory, N. C 25,152 

Alamance County, N. C « 15,970 Statesville, N. C a 8, 130 

Cobb County, Ga a 2,020 , 

Porters sand. — The soil is a grayish-yellow coarse sand about 10 
inches in depth, overlying coarse sand and masses of broken rock. 
Fragments of rock and huge bowlders are scattered on the surface. The 

a Mapped as Herndon stony loam. 



116 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

type occupies mountain slopes and is derived through weathering 
from granite, gneiss, and similar rocks. Where slopes are not steep the 
soil is used to some extent for general farming. Formerly bright 
tobacco was grown. It is adapted to peach and grape culture. 

1 2 3 4 5 C 7 

Soil (14) 11 18 11 22 11 15 11 

Subsoil (14) 12 20 13 22 10 14 9 

Acres. Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 115,136! Hickory, N. C 11,136 

Asheville, N. C 13,056! Mount Mitchell, N. C 42,816 

Campobello, S. C 15,238 \ 

Porters sandy loam. — The soil consists of a grayish-yellow sandy 
loam from 6 to 15 inches deep. The subsoil is a tenacious red clay. 
Both soil and subsoil contain fragments of quartz and other rocks. 
The type occupies mountain or high rolling lands and is of residual 
origin, being derived from igneous rocks. Wheat, corn, oats, rye, pota- 
toes, and fruit are the principal crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (14) 7 14 10 23 13 19 13 

Subsoil (14) 6 12 7 18 13 20 24 

Acres. Acres. 

Asheville, N. C 41,792 1 Mount Mitchell, N. C 76,480 

Bedford, Va a46,150j Hickory, N. C 49,920 

Campobello, S. C 13,207 I 

Porters black loam. — The soil is a rich, dark loam about 15 inches 
deep, mixed with rounded and angular fragments of rock often several 
feet in diameter. The subsoil is a yellowish-brown or reddish clay loam 
containing a large percentage of rock. The type occupies the steep 
slopes of the higher mountains and is of residual origin, being derived 
from granite, gneiss, and similar rocks. The soil is productive, but 
the slopes are too steep and stony to admit of extensive cultivation for 
general farm crops. It is especially adapted to apples, particularly 
the Albemarle pippin. For this apple the small coves on the east side 
of the mountains are considered most desirable. Where exposed on 
the top of the mountains it has little value for fruit and is used only 
for grazing. 

a It is now recognized that a part of this should have been mapped as Dekalb 
stony loam. 



Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. Ill 



'2 3 


4 


•> 





7 


9 7 


16 


10 


26 


23 


9 G 


15 


9 ■ 


26 


26 


Hickory 


N. C. 









Acres. 
512 
Mount Mitcholl, N. C 87,808 



Soil (15) G 

Subsoil (12) 5 

Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 68,736 

Asheville, N. C 24,064 

Bedford, Va 8,270 

Porters loam. — The soil consists of a dark-red or gray loam from 6 to 
15 inches deep. The subsoil is a tenacious red clay. Both soil and 
subsoil contain fragments of quartz and other rocks. The type occu- 
pies mountain or high, rolling lands, and is derived from igneous rocks. 
Wheat, corn, oats, rye, potatoes, and fruit are the principal crops. 



2 3 4 5 7 

10 8 18 11 24 25 

7 6 13 7 20 44 

Acres. 
Asheville, N. C 180, 416 



Soil (3) 4 

Subsoil (3) 3 



Porters clay. — The soil is a reddish-brown clay loam about 6 inches 
deep, underlain by a stiff, tenacious red clay to a depth of 20 inches or 
more. Both soil and subsoil contain a large percentage of stone. The 
type occupies mountain slopes. This is a residual soil derived from 
granite and other crystalline rocks. When not too stony and rough it 
produces good crops of corn, wheat, and grass. It is one of the important 
apple soils of the mountains, particularly for Winesap and similar va- 
rieties. 



Soil (14) 3 

Subsoil (14) 3 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 27, 264 

Albemarle, Va 32,512 

Asheville, N. C 49,152 

Bedford, Va « 28, 240 



2 


3 


4 


rt 





7 


7 


6 


12 


9 


30 


32 


6 


4 


10 


8 


26 


43 



Acres. 

Campobello, S. C 13, 005 

Hickory, N. C 7, .5.52 

Leeslnirg, Va 2, 752 

Mount Mitchell, N. C 98, 624 



DEKALB SERIES. 



The Dekalb series is derived from the disintegration of sandstones 
and shales, from Silurian to Carboniferous in age. The surface soils are 
gray to brown in color, while the subsoils are commonly some shade of 
yellow. The surface features consist of gently rolling table-lands, hills, 



o Mapped as Porters red clay. 



118 Soil Survey Field Book. 

and mountains. The soils are generally not very productive. The 
ston}^ and sandy members of the series are well adapted to orchard 
fruits, while the heavier soils make good hay and pastures. 

Dekalb stony loam. — The soil is a gray to yellowish sandy loam from 
6 to 10 inciies deep, grading into a subsoil of slightly iieavier texture and 
yellower color. In some places the subsoil approaches more nearly 
a true clay. Both soil and subsoil contain a large quantity of sand- 
stone, conglomerate, and sandy calcareous shale fragments. The soil 
frequently rests directly upon a broken mass of rock. The topography 
is very rough and broken. Owing to the character of the surface and 
its very stony nature, the soil is not very productive, although where 
the clay subsoil prevails and a part of the stones are removed fair crops 
are produced. With proper location and elevation the sandy and sandy 
loam phases are well adapted to peaches. Where wheat is grown the 
soil produces a small yield of bright, heavy grain. The native growth 
consists mainly of chestnut and white oak, with some hickory, black 
gum, and red oak. 

Soil (21) 3 

Subsoil (21) 4 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 4,224 

Albemarle, Va o. 134, 650 

Chester County, Pa 14, 528 

Fort Payne, Ala 37, 120 

Greeneville, Tenn 99,072 

Lancaster County, Pa o 13, OOO 

Dekalb shale loam. — The soil to an average depth of 8 inches con- 
sists of a brown to yellowish loam or clay loam, underlain by yellowish 
or sometimes slightly reddish clay loam increasing in clay con- 
tent with depth, grading into stiff clay resting upon a mass of broken 
shale fragments at depths rarely exceeding 24 inches. On the surface 
and throughout the soil and subsoil are scattered varying quantities of 
weathered shale fragments, the content usually increasing with depth. 
The surface features consist of smooth rounded knobs and ridges, with 
narrow intervening valleys. The type is of residual origin and is 
derived from sandy to argillaceous and more or less calcareous shales. 
The soil is heavy and droughty and is best adapted to grain and grass 
crops. 

a Mapped as Edgemont stony loam. 



4 


5 


6 


7 


19 


14 


33 


18 


IS 


13 


26 


23 



Acres. 

Lebanon, Pa o 20, 300 

Leesburg, Va 19, 072 

Lockhaven, Pa Ill, 872 

Montgomery County, Pa 1,472 

Pikeville, Tenn 32, 128 

Upshur County, W. Va 82,560 



Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. 119 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (15) 8 6 3 6 7 39 30 

Subsoil (9) 5 6 3 7 7 33 38 



Acres. 

Albemarle, Va o 75, 328 

Bedford, Va a25,370 

Chester County, Pa 1, 408 

Greeneville, Tenn 64, 896 

Lancaster County, Pa a 15. 000 



Acres. 

Lebanon, Pa « 142, 210 

Leesburg, Va a8,000 

Lockhaven, Pa o 25, 728 

Madison County. Ky 18, 880 

Montgomery County, I'a 68, 992 



Dekalb gravelly loam. — This type is composed of a surface soil of 
brown loam or heavy sandy loam with a depth of 8 to 12 inches, resting 
upon a subsoil of light-yellow loam. From 5 to 30 per cent of fine 
quartz gravel occurs in the soil and the content of this material increases 
with depth. The type occupies ridges and hills and sometimes the 
intervening depressions. It is derived from the weathering of the 
Potsdam conglomerate. The drainage is well established, and crops 
are liable to suffer in dry seasons from lack of moisture. The type is 
fairly well adapted to general farm crops. 



1 2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


Soil (1) 5 24 


11 


12 11 


27 


10 


Subsoil (1) 5 28 


12 


10 8 
Acres. 


20 


17 


Montgomery County, Pa 




.. 4,800 







Dekalb sandy loam. — The soil consists of a gray to brown sandy 
loam of medium to fine texture from 9 to 12 inches deep, resting on a 
yellowish-brown, slightly sticky sandy loam. The type is residual in 
origin, derived from sandstone rock, and occurs in rather level areas. 
Occasionally broken sandstone lies directly under the surface soil. This 
is an easily cultivated type and responds readily to fertilizers, but is not 
very productive. Some wheat is grown, but the average yield is not 
more than 7 bushels per acre. The yield of corn rarely exceeds 15 to 20 
bushels, while cotton gives from 200 to 350 pounds of lint per acre. 
This soil is adapted to vegetables and very well adapted to apples and 
peaches. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 1 6 18 27 8 25 15 

Subsoil (5) 1 4 12 29 9 24 21 

Acres, l Acres. 

Blount County, Ala 168, 512 Lebanon, Pa & 11, 220 

Fort Payne, Ala 182,656 1 Pikeville, Tenn 163,392 

a Mapped as Hagerstown shale loam. 

& Mapped as Dauphin sandy loam. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


G 


7 


1 


f) 


45 


6 


28 


10 


1 


5 


S6 


6 


34 


17 



120 x96>z7 Survey Fidel Booh. 

Dekalb fine sandy loam. — The soil is a fine compact sandy loam from 
8 to 12 inches deep, resting upon a subsoil of similar material, becoming 
more loamy as the depth increases. The type is derived from sand- 
stone. The soil is naturally not productive, and small crops are 
obtained unless heavily fertilized. With proper cultivation it is fairly 
well adapted to fruit and truck. The principal timber is chestnut and 
oak. 

1 

Soil (2) 1 

Subsoil (2) 1 

Acres. I Acres. 

Blount County, Ala 93, 504 Madison County, Ky 832 

Chester County, Pa 5, G.32 Webster County, Mo 3, 584 

Ilnntsville, Ala 2,240 | 

Dekalb loam. — The soil is a fine-textured loam of light-brown or 
yellowish color and from 10 to 15 inches deep. The texture becomes 
heavier as the depth increases, and the material grades finally into a 
light-yellow silty clay or clay subsoil, often mottled with gray or drab, 
which extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. The subsoil rests upon a 
mass of freshly disintegrated sandstone, beneath which is found bed 
rock. Sandstone fragments are usually scattered over the surface and 
some iron concretions also occur. . The type occupies ridges varying 
from deeply dissected to broad and gently rolling topography. It is 
well drained, and in some situations is subject to erosion. This is a 
residual soil derived from a very fine-grained sandstone. This is an 
excellent type for general farming, potatoes, and other vegetables, 
melons, small fruits, and tobacco. Corn yields from 35 to 60 bushels, 
hay from 1 to \\ tons, oats from 35 to 50 bushels, and wheat about 15 
bushels per acre. 

1 

Soil (5) 3 

Subsoil (5) 2 7 4 7 45 27 

Acres. 

Madison County, Ky 20,800 

Chester County, Pa 11,456 

Upshur County, W. Va 14,912 

Dekalb silt loam. — The soil is a mellow loam or silt loam of a gray, 
brown, or yellow color, from 8 to 20 inches deep, with an average depth 
of 14 inches. The sand constituent is of the finer grades, and this, 
with the large silt content, gives the soil the character of a mellow 



2 


S 


4 


5 


« 


8 


4 


8 


7 


49 


7 


4 


7 


n 


45 



Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. 121 

silty loam. The line between soil and subsoil is nowhere sharply- 
drawn. The subsoil is a silty clay loam,, not plastic nor tenacious. It 
has a characteristic yellow color, but lighter than that of the soil 
because of the lack of organic matter. Unweathered rock is often en- 
countered at a depth of less than 3 feet, and nearly everywhere frag- 
ments of shale or shaly sandstone are scattered through the soil and 
over the surface. The type covers hilly uplands with a more broken 
surface near the streams. Away from the streams the surface is roll- 
ing, and this is the character of the greater part of the type. Its 
topography admits of easy drainage. The soil is not retentive of mois- 
ture, though with the rainfall usual in the regions where it occurs 
crops seldom suffer seriously from drought. The tendency to wash 
and gully is not so great as in many soils of similar topography. The 
steep hillsides, however, should not be planted to cultivated crops. It 
is a residual soil, formed by the decomposition of the shales, sandstones, 
sandy shales, and limestones of the Carboniferous period. The original 
rocks contained some iron, and this is manifested in the soil by occa- 
sional iron concretions. Corn, wheat, and timothy are the most im- 
portant cultivated crops. Much of the hilly and stony land is unfit for 
cultivation, but is well adapted to grasses. In the extremely rough 
portions the land is still in forests of hardwood. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 1 2 3 4 7 61 21 

Subsoil (5) 1 2 3 7 10 46 29 

Acres. [ Acres. 

Coshocton County, Ohio 320,064 \ Scott County, Ind 22,080 

Greeneville, Tenn 10,500 j Warren County, Ky 89,408 

Madison County, Ky 31,424 ! 

Dekalb clay. — The soil consists of about 8 inches of grayish-brown 
loam or clay loam, often containing much silt, underlain to a depth of 
36 inches or more by a yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow clay. Both 
soil and subsoil usually contain from 10 to 40 per cent of small shale 
fragments. The usual topography of the type is hilly, and the natural 
drainage is good. The soil is derived from the weathering of shales 
belonging to the Coal Measures. It supports a timber growth consist- 
ing mostly of oak, hickory, beech, and pine. When cleared and cul- 
tivated fair yields of cotton, corn, vegetables, sorghum, and forage 
crops are secured. The higher ridges are suited to peaches and other 
orchard fruits. 



122 Soil Survey Field Book. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 5 5 2 7 10 35 30 

Subsoil (4) 1 4 1 4 6 31 53 



Acres. 

Blount County, Ala 54, 144 

Cleveland, Ohio 9,728 



Acres. 

Upshur County, W. Va 40,768 

Westfield, N. Y o 21,860 



UPSHUR SERIES. 

The Upshur series is closely associated with the Dekalb series, but 
is much less extensively developed. It is characterized and distin- 
guished from the Dekalb series by the brown and red surface soils and 
the red subsoils. The series has been formed by the weathering of red 
sandstones and shales of Paleozoic age. The surface is rolling to moun- 
tainous, and drainage is well established. The soils of this series are 
generally more productive than the corresponding members of the 
Dekalb series. 

Upshur sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of about 10 inches consists 
of gray to reddish gray medium to fine sandy loam, underlain by a 
deep-brown to red sandy clay subsoil. The surface of the type varies 
from gently rolling t« hilly and rugged, and sometimes on the steeper 
slopes rock fragments occur. The natural drainage is good. The soil 
is derived from the weathering of a brown to red sandstone which 
forms a part of the Coal Measures. The original timber growth is oak, 
hickory, and pine. When well cultivated good crops of cotton, corn, 
and wheat are produced. It is suited also to vegetables, orchard 
fruits, and small fruits. 

1 i 

Soil (2) 1 : 

Subsoil (2) 

Acres. 

Blount County, Ala 8, 320 

Fort Payne, Ala 6 576 

Upshur loam. — The soil consists of about 8 inches of loam, varying 
from brown to dark Indian-red in color. The subsoil is a clay loam 
to a heavy clay, usually of a red-brown to a deep Indian-red color. 
The surface varies from flat to gently rolling or occasionally hilly. 
The type is derived from the weathering of a fine-grained red shaly 

o Mapped as Dunkirk shale loam. 
b Mapped as Penn sandy loam. 



3 


4 


5 


() 


7 


9 


45 


17 


14 


12 


14 


30 


8 


20 


25 



Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 123 

sandstone. and is naturally well drained. The soil is productive and is 

well adapted to cotton, corn, and forage crops. Vegetables, orchard 

fruits, and small fruits do well on the lighter and higher lying areas 

of the type. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 5 5 1(3 15 33 25 

Subsoil (2) 1 4 2 9 11 35 38 

Acres. 
Blount County, Ala 14, 720 

Upshur clay. — The soil is a stiff dark-red clay about 7 inches deep, 
underlain by a lighter-colored red clay of nearly the same texture. 
The type occupies steep hillsides, occasionally extending down into 
valleys, and suffers much from erosion. Exposed areas are inclined 
to bake and crack in dry weather. The type is the direct product of 
the weathering of shales. The soil is mainly used for pasturage, but 
the more gently rolling areas, susceptible of thorough cultivation, pro- 
duce good crops of wheat, corn, and grass. 

1 

Soil (4) 2 

Subsoil (4) 1 

Acres. 

Syracuse, N. Y a 3,840 

Upshur County, W. Va 13,504 

SOILS OF THE LIMESTONE VALLEYS AND UPLAxVDS. 

The limestone soils are among the most extensively developed of any 
in the United States and occur in both broad upland and inclosed nar- 
row valley areas. The greatest upland development is seen upon the 
Cumberland Plateau in eastern Tennessee and Kentucky and upon the 
Carboniferous formation in central Tennessee and Kentucky, northern 
Alabama and Georgia, and in Missouri. The valley soils are found 
principally in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, and in the moun- 
tain section of eastern Tennessee and Kentucky and northern Alabama 
and Georgia. The topography of the plateau soils varies considerably. 
In the Cumberland Plateau and Highland Rim the surface is undulating; 
in the region of the Ozark uplift in Missouri and Arkansas it is quite rough 
and hilly, and where there is an elevation of the surface, or where the 
plateau is deeply dissected by erosion, it presents a quite mountainous 

o Mapped as Penn clay. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


4 


3 


7 


8 


28 


48 


6 


4 


8 


6 


25 


50 



124 Soil Survey Field Book. 

topography. The valley soils of the Appalachian region also show 
considerable topographic relief, sometimes exhibiting mountainous 
surface features. 

The limestone soils are residual in origin, being derived from the 
weathering in place of limestone of difl'ering age and composition. 
This is accomplished by the removal through solution of the calcium 
carbonate of the limestone, leaving behind the more resistant siliceous 
minerals. These soils are remarkable for the fact that they constitute 
but a very small percentage of the original limestone rock, the larger 
part having gone into solution. It has thus required the solution of 
many feet of rock to form 1 foot of soil. 

The naturally heavy character of the limestone soils fit them for 
grain, grass, and general farming lands rather than for such early truck 
crops as are grown upon the lighter, coarser soils of the Atlantic Coastal 
Plain. They have found a special usefulness, however, particularly 
in certain sections of Tennessee and Kentucky, in the production of a 
heavy tobacco for export use. 

Thus far the limestone soils east of Kansas and Texas and north of 
central Alabama and Georgia have been grouped in two important 
series, known as the Hagerstown and Clarksville. 

HAGERSTOWN SERIES. 

The Hagerstown series is formed mainly from the solution and sub- 
sequent filtration of pure massive limestone of Cambro-Silurian age. 
The soils of this series, as a rule, occur in valleys- bordered by areas of 
the more resistant sandstones and shales. The series is most typically 
developed in the limestone valleys of the Allegheny Mountain region 
and in the central basins of Kentucky and Tennessee, but smaller 
areas are found as marginal deposits in the adjoining Piedmont section 
and in the deep valleys of the Appalachian Plateau, where the under- 
lying limestones have been exposed to weathering by previous deep 
erosion. The most productive valley phase occurs in the large valley 
between the Blue Kidge and the Allegheny Mountains. 

Hagerstown stony loam. — The soil to an average depth of 8 inches 
consists of a silty or fine sandy loam, usually brown in color but vary- 
ing from light gray to yellowish. The subsoil consists of a yellow or 
yellowish-red clay loam grading at an average depth of 24 inches into 
a stilT red clay which extends to unknown depths. Upon the surface 
and occupying a large part of the soil and the first few inches of the 



Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 125 

subsoil occurs a high percentage of angular chert fragments. The type 
is residual and is derived from the solution of impure limestone con- 
taining cherty layers, the insoluble materials being concentrated on 
tlie surface. The type occupies high ridges in the limestone valleys. 
The natural drainage is thorough, but with its close subsoil the type is 
retentive of moisture and fertilizers. The soil is particularly well 
adapted to fruit growing. Of the field crops, corn succeeds best. 

1 

Soil (4) 2 

Subsoil (4) 2 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 1,408 

Albemarle, Va .59, 136 

Bedford, Va oii,9.50 



•2 3 4 


5 


6 


7 




4 3 G 


11 


.52 


22 




3 2 4 


7 


38 


44 


Acres. 


Hunts ville, Ala. 


- - . . 






41,984 


Lockhaven, Pa. 








22,016 


Pike ville, Tenn. 








27,392 



Hagerstown stony clay. — The soil consists of about 8 inches of brown 
to yellow clay loam, or clay underlain by yellow sticky clay. Usually 
limestone fragments are abundant in both soil and subsoil, and mas- 
sive outcrops of hard, bluish-gray crystalline limestone frequently 
break the surface. The surface is usually rough, stony, and hilly, con- 
sisting of ridges and valley slopes. The type owes its origin to the weath- 
ering of limestones and shales of Silurian age. The soil is naturally 
quite productive, but owing to the large quantity of rock fragments 
and rock outcrop very little of it is under cultivation. Fair yields of 
corn, wheat, cotton, and forage crops are secured on the less stonj^ 
areas. 

12 3 4 5 

Soil (2) 1 5 5 10 5 

Subsoil (2) 1 2 2 5 4 

Acres. 

Blount County, Ala 6,848 

Madison County, Ky 33, 792 

Hagerstown sandy loam. — The soil is a fine sandy loam about 12 
inches deep, of a gray to yellowish or light-brown color. The subsoil 
is a yellowish-red clay grading into a stiff red clay. The type occupies 
some of the higher ridges of the valley and has good drainage. It is 
of residual and colluvial origin, being derived from limestone. Wheat, 
corn, and grass are grown. The soil is adapted to fruit, particularly 
peaches. ^ 

a Mapped as Murrill stony loam. 



6 


7 


29 


45 


28 


58 



126 



8oil Survey Field Booh. 



1 

Soil (10) 1 

Subsoil (10) 

Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 45, 504 

Bedford, Va o 11,910 

Huntsville, Ala 8,064 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


6 


8 


24 


15 


32 


13 


3 


4 


14 


9 


31 


38 



Acres. 

Leesburg, Va 1,216 

Pikoville, Tenn 5,760 



Hagerstown loam. — The soil is a brown or yellow loam 12 inches 
deep, underlain by a yellow clay loam to a depth of 24 inches, this in 
turn being underlain by a stid", yellowish-red clay. The type occupies 
rolling valley land and uplands, and is derived from the weathering 
of pure massive limestone. This is the typical corn land of central 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. It 
is one of the best types of general farming lands in the Eastern States 
and produces corn, tobacco, wheat, and grass. 



Soil (19) 5 

Subsoil (19) 2 

Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 10,004 

Albemarle, Va 30,784 

Bedford, Va 40,520 

Chester County, Pa 19, 456 

Davidson County, Tenn b 163, 200 

Fort Payne, Ala 21, 632 

Greeneviile, Tenn c 83, 520 

Huntsville, Ala 138,944 

Lancaster County, Pa 45,000 



10 

8 



6 

46 
38 



28 
39 



Acres. 

Lauderdale County, Ala d 60, 992 

Lawrence County, Tenn d lo, 880 

Lebanon, Pa 93, 110 

Leesburg, Va 4,864 

Madison County, Ky 107,072 

Montgomery County, Pa 11,840 

Mason County, Ky 24, 384 

Pikeville, Tenn 20,352 

Scott County, Ky 76,800 



Hagerstown clay loam. — The soil is a heavy reddish loam or silty 
loam 24 inches deep, overlying stiff, tenacious red clay. The type 
occupies rolling valley land and is derived from the weathering of pure 
massive limestone. This is recognized as one of the strongest soils for 
general agricultural purposes and is well known for its large crops of 
wheat and corn. 



2 3 4 5 6 7 

3 2 5 9 64 16 
2 2 4 10 51 28 

Acres. 
Lancaster County, Pa 21,000 



Soil (2) 1 

Subsoil (3) 3 



aMapped as Murrill sandy loam. 
6 Mapped in part as Davidson loam, 
c Mapped as Fort Payne loam. 
«i Mapped as Clarksville clay loam. 



Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 12Y 

Hagerstown clay. — The soil is a heavy brown to reddish-brown 
loam or clay 12 inches deep, underlain by a stiff, tenacious reddish- 
yellow or red clay. The type occupies rolling valley land and is de- 
rived from weathering of pure massive limestone. This is recognized 
as a very strong soil for general agriculture. 

1 2 3 4 o 6 7 

Soil (8) 1 2 2 9 8 41 38 



Sulisoil (0^ 1 1 6 5 29 56 



3 


4 


2 


9 


1 


6 



Acres. 

Albemarle, Va 25,920 

Bedford, Va 19, 210 

Fort Payne, Ala 3, 968 

Greeneville, Tenn a 21 , 568 

Huntsville, Ala 9, 024 



Acres. 

Lancaster County, Pa 2, 000 

Leesburg, Va 4, 224 

Madison County, Ky 43, 392 

Mason County, Ky 115, 648 

Scott County, Ky 102, 528 



CLARKSVILLE SERIES. 

The Clarksville series is derived largely from cherty and fossilifer- 
ous limestone of the St. Louis group of the Subcarboniferous forma- 
tion. These soils occur on both the level and undulating uplands 
and in rough, hilly country with steep valleys. When the latter 
surface features predominate the soils are generally unproductive and 
very stony, but in some sections are adapted to fruit, especially 
apples. The soils formed from beds of purer limestone occupying 
level and gently rolling areas are as a rule very productive, and are 
adapted to wheat, corn, and tobacco. 

Clarksville stony loam.?> — The soil is a gray or light-yellow to brown 
silty loam 6 inches in depth, overlying yellowish-red to red silty clay 
or clay 3 feet or more in depth. Both soil and subsoil contain 20 to 50 
per cent of angular fragments of chert and siliceous limestone. The 
type occupies rough, broken country with deep-cut, narrow valleys. 
It is a residual soil, derived from cherty siliceous limestones and is 
thin and stony and of little agricultural value, and at present is largely 
covered with a thick second growth of oak timber. It is adapted to 
apples and peaches. 

a Mapped as Decatur clay. 

& See also Rough stony land, p. 208. 



128 Soil Survey Field Book. 

1 

Soil (18) 2 

Subsoil (19) 2 

Acres. Acres. 

Blount County, Ala a44, 992 Lawrence County, Tenn 263, 296 

Crawford Coimty, Mo 324, 60S j Lauderdale County, Ala 235, 712 

Davidson County, Tonn 99, 840 Montgomery County, Tenn . . . 66, 450 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


3 


2 


6 


5 


58 


22 


3 


2 


5 


4 


49 


39 



Fort Payne, Ala a68, 864 

Greeneville, Tenn a64, 386 

Howell County, Mo 499, 264 



Saline County, Mo 7, 296 

Webster County, Mo 212,992 



Clarksville fine sandy loam. — The soil, varying in depth from 6 to 
15 inclies, is a gray or light-orange fine sandy loam of loose texture. 
The subsoil, to a depth of more than 3 feet, is a red sandy clay, being 
more sandy in the upper portion. The surface features are not very 
uniform, varying from low, rolling hills to narrow ridges. The type 
has been formed largely from remnants of sandy layers of the Lafay- 
ette formation, mixed to a certain extent with the clays of the under- 
lying limestone. Surface drainage is complete, but the subsoil is 
capable of retaining a large quantity of moisture. The soil sliould be 
excellent for peaches and, where' well drained, for cotton and some 
other general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 3 10 43 11 25 8 

Subsoil (1) 3 8 29 7 23 30 

Acres. 
Lauderdale County, Ala 1, 856 

Clarksville silt loam. — The soil is a light-gray silt loam 8 inches deep, 
underlain by a yellowish compact silt loam, gradually changing to 
silty clay with depth. The color of the lower subsoil often changes to 
reddish-yellow or red. The type is of a residual origin, being derived 
from fossiliferous siliceous limestones. The surface is level to gently 
rolling. The larger and more level areas are generally poorly drained. 
The type is known locally as "Barrens" or '/ Flatwoods" and is largely 
forested with oaks. It is droughty and not considered strong, but 
with good treatment fair yields of the staple crops can be produced. 
In Tennessee and Kentucky this soil produces an excellent grade of 
export tobacco. Special crops, such as strawberries and cantaloupes 
and some vegetables, are grown successfully. 

oMapped as Fort Payne stony loam. 



Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 129 



1 

Soil (17) 1 

Subsoil (17) 1 

Acres. 

Crawford County, Mo 109, 760 

Howell County, Mo 40,384 

Iluntsville, Ala a59,520 

Lauderdale County, Ala 104, 320 

Lawrence County, Tenn 113, G64 



2 


3 


1 


1 


1 


1 



o 


6 


7 


6 


68 


17 


4 


59 


28 

Acres. 


ity 

1 


, Tenn 


... 233,410 
... (17.. ■.20 



Saline County, Mo 

Warren County, Ky 2.32, 832 

Webster County, Mo 147, 712 



Clarksville clay loam. — The soil is a brown to reddish-brown silty 
loam 8 inches deep, underlain by a heavy red silty clay loam to depth of 
3 feet or more, the clay content increasing at lower depths. The type 
occupies gently undulating country and is usually well drained. It is 
a deep residual soil derived from the decomposition of limestone. It 
is a strong, fertile soil and is considered the best general farm land of 
the localities where it occurs. Tobacco of the export variety produces 
a heavy yield, but not a superior quality of leaf. 



1 


2 


3 


A 


5 


6 


7 


1 


1 


1 


5 


^ 


68 


21 


1 


1 


1 


4 


2 


54 


36 



Soil (3) 

Subsoil (3) 

Acres. 

Montgomery County, Tenn 27, 460 

Warren County, Ky 9, 408 

MISCELLAiNEOUS SOILS OF THE LIMESTOAE VALLEYS AXD UPLANDS. 

Fort Payne sandy loam.— The soil to an average depth of 6 inches 
consists of a brown, light, very sandy loam, usually mixed with gravel 
and small fragments of stone. The subsoil is a sandy loam of lighter 
color, filled with rock fragments that have resisted weathering, and 
passing finally into partly decomposed rock. The depth of the soil 
is quite variable, in some places being 5 or 6 feet deep, while in others 
the unweathered rock comes to the surface. The type is the result of 
the weathering of the sandy dolomite, which is characteristic of the 
calciferous group of the Silurian. In some places glacial drift has en- 
tered to some extent into the composition of the soil. The topography 
of the type is usually hilly or rolling. The soil is productive and is 
suited to a variety of crops. Potatoes give large yields, and are of a 
superior quality. Besides the general farm crops the soil is adapted 
to sugar beets and other special crops. 

o Mapped as Hagerstown silt loam. 
32075—06 9 



130 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 6 n 3t) 22 If) 6 

Subsoil (3) 1 8 5 35 27 15 7 

Acres. 
Munislng area, Mich 7, 93G 

Cumberland loam. — The soil is a brown rather mellow loam or 
slightly sandy loam 6 to 15 inches deep, underlain by a brown to 
reddish-brown clay loam subsoil. Some rounded gravel occurs in 
both soil and subsoil. The type occupies second bottoms or high ter- 
races along streams, occurring mainly in the horseshoe bends. The 
surface is generally rolling and the drainage excellent. This is a sedi- 
mentary soil made up of materials washed from the adjacent uplands, 
intermingled with materials brought from a greater distance by the 
river. It is well suited to general farm crops and is also used for truck 
crops, small fruits, and orchards. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 1 3 5 17 21 41 12 

Subsoil (4).^ 2 4 13 18 41 22 

Acres. 

Davidson County, Tenn 44, 992 

Madison County, Ky 4, 288 

Greeneville, Tenn 7, 040 

Conestoga loam. — The soil is a brown loam about 12 inches deep, 
underlain by a light clay loam to a depth of 30 inches, grading into 
decomposed schist. The type occupies rolling valley land, and is 
derived from the decomposition of schistose limestone. It has a greasy 
or soapy feel when rubbed between the fingers. This is recognized as 
an" excellent soil for general agriculture. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 2 2 8 22 .TO 11 

Subsoil (2) 1 3 2 9 26 45 13 

Acres. 

Lancaster County, Pa 51 , 000 

Montgomery County, Pa 1, 344 

Gasconade silt loam. — The soil consists of from 8 to 12 inches of dark- 
gray to ])lack silt loam. The subsoil is a heavy mottled silt loam, 
grading below 36 inches into a gray and red mottled silty clay. The 
subsoil rests in some places upon unweathered limestone at a depth of 
4 to 6 feet. The type is found upon gently rolling prairie uplands and 
has excellent drainage. It is a residual type derived from limestone. 



Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 131 

The soil is productive and is nearly all under cultivation. Corn yields 
from 20 to 45 bushels per acre, and wheat, timothy, and clover do well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 1 3 3 07 24 

Subsoil (1) 3 2 2 3 1 58 35 

Acres. 
Crawford County, Mo 1, 600 

Fort Payne clay loam. — The soil is a compact loam to silty loam 
with an average depth of 10 inches and an ashy appearance and feel. 
The color ranges from gray to light yellow. The subsoil is a heavy 
yellow clay loam, grading quickly into stiff, sticky, impervious yellow 
clay, which in the lower depths is often mottled with red. The type 
occupies high hilly to gently rolling areas. It is a residual type, de- 
rived from the weathering of a series of rocks consisting of sandy to 
argillaceous calcareous shales, shaly limestone, and impure lime- 
stones. The soil is difficult to w^ork and when dry is very hard. It 
is probably best suited to grasses and pasturage. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 6 5 2 6 10 53 18 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 3 4 34 56 

Acres. 
Greeneville area, Tenn 9, 536 

Lickdale clay loam. — This is a clay loam 6 to 10 inches deep, under- 
lain by a mottled yellow clay. It occurs in small areas at the foot of 
the Blue Ridge Mountains, and is derived from the wash of the moun- 
tains and the adjacent shale formations. Sometimes fragments of 
gray sandstones are present to the extent of from 5 to 20 per cent. It 
is a low-lying, flat land, and is poorly drained. Naturally it is very 
refractory, and is suited only to grass and pasture, but w4ien artificially 
drained it becomes mellow and produces quite a wide range of crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 3 5 6 8 48 29 

Subsoil (5) 2 2 5 5 6 38 42 



Acres. 

Chester County, Pa 832 

Lebanon, Pa 3,920 

Lockhaven, Pa 1,984 



Acres. 

Montgomery County, Pa 2, 240 

Pikeville, Tenn o 17, 024 



Murrill clay loam. — The soil is a yellowish-brown clay loam 10 inches 
deep, overlying a yellow clay loam, which increases in clay content 

o Mapped as Dekalb clay loara. 



132 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

in lower depths. Both soil and subsoil often contain small fragments of 
shale and chert. The type is derived from weathering of shales and 
cherty limestone, and occupies rolling valley lands. The soil pro- 
duces good crops of wheat, corn, grass, dark manufacturing tobacco, 
and apples 



Soil (;i~) 






1 


2 

(i 
5 


.'J 

4 

4 


4 r> 

9 7 
8 5 


<( 

4;? 

30 


7 


Subsoil (;}) . 




.... 


44 




Bedford 


Va 








Acres. 
.. If), 720 










7 


43 


41 


37 


51 



Conestoga clay .^Th is type consists of a yellowish to dark-brown 
clay loam about 7 inches deep, underlain by a yellow to reddish-yellow 
tenacious clay, usually not exceeding a depth of 24 inches. On ridges 
bed rock is usually found at an average depth of 10 inches. The type 
occupies the lower and gently rolling portions of the valleys. The 
higher areas are well drained. This is a residual soil derived from 
schistose limestones. Wheat and grass are the principal crops grown. 

1-234 5 

Soil (4) 3 4 2 3 4 

Subsoil (3) 1 3 2 3 2 

Acres. 

Albemarle. Va 16,960 

G reeneviUe, Tenn a 47, 168 

Guthrie clay.b — The soil is a light-gray or grayish-white fine silt 
loam, having a depth of 7 inches, underlain by a heavy silty clay, 
plastic and impervious. The subsoil varies in color from gray to drab, 
mottled with yellowish iron stains. The type occupies low, flat areas 
on the uplaiuls. The soil is derived from the decomposition of lime- 
stone. On account of its low, wet situation it is of little agricultural 
value unless artificially drained. In favorable seasons some corn and 
tobacco are grown. The tj'^pe is lai'gely covered by hickory, sweet 
gum, and oak, and the land is generally referred to as "crawfishy." 

1 2 3 4 5 (} 7 

Soil (6) 1 1 4 6 68 20 

Subsoil (6) 1 1 4 4 56 33 



Acres. 

nuntsville, Ala 10,048 

Lauderdale County. Ala 5, 376 

Montgomery County, Tenn 5,800 

" Mapped as Fort Payne clay. 

b See also Waverly clay loam, p. 89 



Acres. 

Madison County, Ky 4, 480 

Stuttgart, Ark 27,904 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 133 

SOILS OF THE GLACIAL A>D LOESSIAL REGIONS. 

The soils of the glacial part of the country constitute one of the most 
important groups of soils found in the United States. This group in- 
cludes all soils derived directly from till or loess. The soils formed 
from the till are confined to that part of the country lying north of the 
southern limit of glacial action, but the loess soils occur also south of 
this line, especially along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and in Kan- 
sas and Nebraska. The line of the southern extension of the ice sheet 
touches the Atlantic coast about New York City, passes through north- 
ern New Jersey, southern New York, and northwestern Pennsylvania, 
swings southwestward through Ohio to Cincinnati, crosses the Missis- 
sippi River at St. Louis, and follows the south side of the Missouri 
River into Montana, where it crosses the Canadian boundary line, 
then dips southward into Idaho as a long lobe in the mountainous non- 
agricultural region, and crosses the northwestern part of Washington, 
including the Puget Sound region. 

Practically all of the United States north of this line was covered 
in recent geological time by a great continental glacier, man}^ hundreds, 
and even thousands, of feet in thickness. This great ice sheet, moving 
in a southern direction, filled up valleys, planed off the tops of hills 
and mountains, ground up the underlying rocks, carried the derived 
material both within and upon the ice, and finally deposited the gravel, 
sand, silt, and clay as a mantle, varying in thickness from a few feet to 
more than 300 feet. Often this material has been transported hundreds 
of miles, and is wholly unrelated to the underlying rocks, but in some 
places the movement has been slight and the drift consists very largely 
of the ground-up underlying rock. Over a large proportion of the area 
covered by the drift and also along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and 
in Kansas and Nebraska the surface material consists of a fine silty 
deposit, known geologically as "loess" and ''plains marl." In the 
classification of the glacial soils three important series — Miami, Mar- 
shall, and Volusia — having distinct characteristics have been recog- 
nized, and, in addition, quite a number of local soils which can not be 
put in any series. 

MIAMI SERIES. 

The Miami series is one of the most important, widely distributed, 
and complete soil series that has been established. The series is 
characterized by the light color of the surface soils, by derivation from 



134 Soil Survey Field Booh, 

glacial material, and by being timbered either now or originally. 
The heavier members of the series are better adapted to wheat than the 
corresponding members of the Marshall series, but they do not pro- 
duce as large yields of corn. 

Miami stony sand. — The soil is a loose yellow or brown sand or light 
sandy loam 8 inches deep, underlain by yellow sand of varying texture 
to a depth of 3 feet or more. Stones and large bowlders, constituting 
from 20 to 70 per cent of the total mass, are scattered on the surface 
and mixed with the soil and subsoil. The type is derived from 
,morainic material and occupies large, rounded hills and ridges. Corn, 
rye, and buckwheat are grown to some extent, but the yields are low. 

12 3 4 5 fi 7 

Soil (4) 12 



Subsoil (3) 10 21 15 26 9 13 6 



2 


3 


4 


5 


fi 


24 


17 


18 


8 


13 


21 


15 


26 


9 


13 



Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich a 4, 150 

Island County, Wash 71, 744 

Long Island, N. Y o 5, 376 



Acres. 

Pontiac, Mich « 1, 472 

Portage County, Wis 17, 536 



Miami stony sandy loam. — The soil is a gray or brown sandy or fine 
sandy loam from 6 to 10 inches deep, underlain by a brown or yellow 
sandy loam or heavy sandy loam. Both soil and subsoil contain 
from 20 to 70 per cent of stones and gravel, consisting of granite, 
sandstone, and limestone. The type is derived from the weather- 
ing of glacial material, occupies the rolling and level uplands, and is 
usually well drained. The soil is not very productive. Beans, corn, 
wheat and oats, and grasses are the main products. Truck and 

fruit do fairly well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (11) 4 11 8 19 20 25 13 



Subsoil (11) 5 10 8 20 19 25 13 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


11 


8 


19 


20 


25 


10 


8 


20 


19 


25 



Acres. 

Island County, Wash 25,792 

Long Island, N. Y b 100, 608 

Lyons, N. Y ^38,208 



Acres. 

Rhode Island '^ 69, 952 

Syracuse, N. Y & 3,712 

Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y & 29. 056 



Miami stony loam. — The soil consists of a gray to brown loam about 
10 inches deep, underlaiii by a yellow loam or heavy sandy loam, 
which is in turn underlain locally by beds of consolidated gravel or 
bed rock. There is from 20 to 60 per cent of rounded and angular 

o Mapped as Plainwell stony loam. 
b Mapped as Alton stony loam. 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 135 

stones on the surface and mixed with both the soil and subsoil. The 
stones vary from 1 to 8 inches in diameter. The type generally 
occupies large, rounded hills and table-lands and gently rolling lands 
at lower levels. It is chiefly derived from morainic material. The 
soil is ver}'^ productive, and produces good crops of corn, wheat, grass, 
oats, and fruit, particularly apples. The type also afl'ords excellent 
pasture. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 
Soil (18) 2 4 4 10 16 47 17 



Subsoii(17) 2 4 4 11 16 43 20 



Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich a 76, 790 

Auburn, N. Y 114, 624 

Carlton, Minn 50, 560 

Cleveland, Ohio 8, 000 

Everett, Wash 23, 488 

Long Island, N. Y 52,032 



Acres. 

Lyons, N. Y 158,400 

Portage Count j% Wis 5, 632 

Rhode Island 149, 952 

Syracuse, N. Y 78, 464 

Tompkins County, N. Y 7.488 

Wooster, Ohio 52,096 



Miami graveL — The soil is a medium grade sandy loam about 12 
inches deep, containing 50 per cent of gravel from one-half inch to 2 
inches in diameter. The subsoil consists of cross-bedded sand and 
gravel, the latter often coated with calcium carbonate. The type 
occurs only in small areas and is the outcrop of reworked glacial 
gravels in river cliffs. For the most part, it is uncultivated and is of 
little value for farming. 

Acres. 

Janesville, Wis f'9.024 

Tazewell County, 111 6 1 , 088 

Winnebago Count j'. 111 5, 184 

Miami gravelly sand. — The soil is a brown gravelly sand of medium 
to coarse texture, 9 to 12 inches deep, grading through a lighter brown 
gravelly sand into a mixture of coarse sand and fine gravel at a depth 
of about 3 feet. In some places the underlying gravel comes within 
a few inches of the surface. The type represents mainly old beach 
lines, and is formed by material deposited by wave or stream action. 
Its usually rolling or ridg}^ topography insures good drainage. The 
type is best suited to truck and fruit crops. 

a Mapped as Allegan stony loam. 
i> Mapped as Mackinaw gravel. 



136 



Soil Survey Field Book, 



Soil (1) f) 

Subsoil (1) 5 

Acres. 

Allegan, Mich o4,810 

Alma, Mich 5, 504 

Island (^oiinty, Wash 33, 000 

Owosso, Mich 14,080 



2 :j 4 6 6 1 

20 24 30 6 10 5 

24 25 29 5 7 5 

Acres. 

Oxford, Mich 3. 9(')8 

Pontiac, Mich ?> 15, 104 

Saginaw, Mich 14, 17t> 



kj 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


14 


14 


23 


11 


24 


10 


18 


15 


26 


7 


16 


12 



Miami gravelly sandy loaiA. — The soil to a depth of 8 inches is genei- 
ally a Hght-biown sandy loam containing a high percentage of gravel 
and frequently small stones. The subsoil varies from a sticky sandy 
loam to a gravelly sand, and is often underlain at a depth of 2 to 3 
feet by a bed of gravel. The surface is rolling and the type often 
occurs as rounded knolls or hills, generally composed of stratified and 
unstratified sands, clays, and gravel. It is of glacial origin, and often 
represents morainic material. Where cultivated, the crop yields are 
only fair. It is not adapted to general farming, though fairly well 
adapted to light farming and the production of small fruits. In 
favorable localities peaches do well on this soil. 

1 

Soil (2) 4 

Subsoil (2) 6 

Acres. 

Carlton, Minn 5, 184 

Everett, Wash 23, 360 

Marshall County, Ind r 1, 216 

Miami gravelly loam, c — The soil is a brown or reddish loam 12 inches 
deep, containing 15 to 30 per cent of rounded gravel. The soil is 
underlain to a depth of 24 inches by a stiff tenacious clay loam, which 
is in turn underlain by gravel. The type occupies level or gently 
rolling river terraces, and is composed of original glacial material 
worked over by the streams. This is recognized as a fine soil for gen- 
eral farm purposes. 

1 

Soil (9) 5 

Subsoil (14) 5 

Acres. 

Columl )us; Ohio 18, 944 

Coshocton County, Ohio 15, 104 

Montgomery County, Ohio 24,000 

a Mapped as Allegan gravelly loam. 

i> Mapped as Marshall gravel. 



Acres. 

Oxford, Mich 9, 472 

Pontiac, Mich a 6, 912 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 1,024 



2 


3 


4 


6 


6 


7 


11 


8 


10 


7 


44 


20 


11 


8 


11 


11 


31 


22 



Acres. 

Pontiac, Mich 1,088 

Westerville, Ohio 3, 136 

Wooster, Ohio 8, 384 

c See also Dunkirk gravelly loam, p. 151. 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 137 



Miami sand. — The soil is a coarse to medium loose, incoherent sand, 
underlain b}" yellow or reddish sand of about the same texture. This 
is the prototype of the Norfolk sand of the Atlantic coast and Fresno 
sand of the Pacific coast, and is a typical truck soil. The type may 
be either of glacial or alluvial origin, modified by wind action, and 
has a level or rolling topography. 

1 

Soil (32) 2 

Subsoil (30) 2 

Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich nll7, 480 

Alma, Mich 33,472 

Carlton, Minn 17, 408 

Grand Island, Nebr 29, 440 

Marshall County, Ind 27, 840 

Munising, Mich 166,464 

Oxford, Mich 5,504 

Owosso, Mich 3,712 

Pontiac, Mich 30,592 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


13 


24 


42 


8 


6 


4 


14 


27 


42 


6 


5 


4 



Acres. 

Portage County, Wis 146, G24 

Posey County, Ind 7, 680 

Saginaw, Mich 52,000 

Superior, Wis 4,608 

Toledo, Ohio 36, 672 

Viroqua, Wis 28,288 

Wichita, Kans 19,392 

Wooster, Ohio 2,432 



Miami fine sand. — The soil is a fine yellow or light-brown sand 6 to 
12 inches deep. The subsoil consists of a fine orange or yellow sand. 
The type is free from stones and often occurs as dunes. It has good 
natural drainage and is easily tilled. The principal crops are corn, 
potatoes, berries, and, of less importance, wheat, oats, grasses, and 
cabbage. The soil is best adapted to truck, potatoes, and small fruit. 



1 

Soil (36) 

Subsoil (30) 

Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich bl3, 260 

Auburn, N. Y 1,920 

Carlton, Minn 1,920 

Dubuque, Iowa 2,624 

Janesville, AVis ci6,256 

Lyons, N. Y 14,656 

Newton County, Ind 32,704 

O'Fallon, Mo 1,728 

Owosso, Mich 7,808 

a Mapped as Allegan sand, 
b Mapped as Allegan fine sandj* loam 
as Clyde fine sand. 

c Mapped as Af ton fine sana^^ loam. 



2 3 4 5 7 

4 13 50 18 10 5 

4 13 49 20 9 5 

Acres. 

Saginaw, Mich 36, 608 

Sangamon County, 111 1,024 

Stanton, Nebr 56,576 

Syracuse, N. Y 14,528 

Tama County, Iowa 3,968 

Tazewell County, 111 22,976 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 2,816 

Wichita, Kans 15, 744 

Winnebago County, 111 8,832 

Part of this should have l)een mapped 



188 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



Miami sandy loam.« — The soil is light-gray to brown sandy loam 
8 to 14 inches deep, underlain by a sandy loam or sand, sometimes 
containing fine gravel. The type is of glacial origin and occupies 
level or gently rolling areas, and sometimes rounded hills with kettle- 
like intervening depressions. In some areas the soil is adapted to 
corn, wheat, grass, rye, and oats; in others mainly to fruits, small 
fruits, and truck crops. 



Soil (22) 2 

Subsoil (22) 2 

Acres . 

Allegan County, Mich b (i0,020 

Carlton, Minn 54,784 

DulKique, Iowa 15,040 

Everett, Wash 184,320 

Janesville, Wis cii,648 

Munising, Mich 39,552 

Oxford, Mich 35,584 



12 
11 



3 

19 

18 



4 

30 
30 



10 
14 



(> 

19 
10 



Acres 

Pontiac, Mich 34,368 

Portage County, Wis 65,536 

Superior, Wis 105,536 

Toledo, Ohio 30,528 

Viroqua, Wis 16,064 

Wooster, Ohio 11,712 



Miami fine sandy loam.f^ — The soil consists of a loose, loamy brown 

sand or sandy loam from 10 to 30 inches deep, the sand being from 

medium to fine in texture. The subsoil is a clay loam or sticky sandy 

loam. This type differs from the Miami sandy loam in having the 

heavy subsoil within 3 feet of the surface. The type is of glacial origin, 

occupies rolling country, often occurring as rounded hills and ridges, 

and has good drainage. The Miami fine sandy loam is a good corn 

soil. Wheat yields from 15 to 30 bushels, oats from 35 to 75 bushels, 

rye from 15 to 30 bushels, and hay \\ to 2 tons per acre. The soil is 

used for general agriculture, but is especially adapted to medium and 

late truck crops and fruit. 

1 

Soil (9) 2 

Subsoil (9) 2 

Acres. 

Alma, Mich 34, 432 

Owosso, Mich 2,624 

Oxford, Mich 44,224 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


6 


10 


27 


14 


28 


13 


5 


6 


20 


12 


29 


26 



Acres. 

Pontiac, Mich e 25, 984 

Saginaw, Mich , 10,048 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 4,608 



« See also Clyde fine sandy loana, p. 157, Wal)ash fine sandy loam, p. 85, and 
Wabash sandy loam, p. 84. 

^ Mapped as Allegan sandy loam. 

c Mapped as Hanover sand. 

d See also Dunkirk fine sandy loam, p. 152, Memphis silt loam p. 175, Norfolk 
fine sandy loam, p. 51, and Waverly fine sandy loam, p. 88. 

« Mapped as Oakland sandy loam. 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 139 



Miami loam. a — The soil consists of a light-brown to dark-gray 
rather mellow loam about 12 inches deep, sometimes becoming lighter 
in color with depth. The subsoil is a compact yellow sandy clay, 
frequently carrying stones and gravel. Often at a depth of from 14 
to 25 inches gravelly material is encountered. A few bowlders and 
pebbles usually are found on the surface. The type occupies level to 
rolling upland, and is fairly well drained except in some of the level 
areas. The soil is especially suited to corn and potatoes, while small 
grain and grass are gi'owTi with a fair degree of success. Small 
fruits, such as strawberries and raspberries, do well. 



Soil (5) 2 

Subsoil (5) 2 

Acres. 



2 


3 


4 


12 


11 


11 


13 


12 


1.5 



6 7 

44 14 
30 20 



Acres. 



Portage County, Wis 44,544 Tippecanoe County, Ind 1,920 

Miami silt loam.'^ — This is a light-brown or yellow to almost white 
silt loam from 8 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a compact silt loam 
or siit clay of a yellowish color. The type occupies rolling to hilly 
areas and was originally timbered. Its origin is due to the deposition 
of loess over glacial till. The soil is not as productive as the Marshall 
silt loam, but produces good yields of wheat, corn, clover, and timothy 
hay. 

Soil (41) 

Subsoil (40) 

Acres. 

BoonviUe, Ind 8fi,fi56 

Clinton County, lU eg, 920 

Dubuque Iowa d 17(5,896 

Janesville, Wis c81,216 

Knox County, lU 135, 552 

McLean County, 111 58, 368 

O'Fallon, Mo 54,6.56 

Posey County, Ind 149, 376 

Rhode Island 4,928 

a See also Sioux loam, p. 161, Sioux sandy loam. p. 160, and Wabash loam, p 85 

b See also Dunkirk silt loam, page 153, and Marshall silt loam, page 144. 

c Mapped as Edgerton silt loam. 

A Part of this should have beeo mapped as Marshall silt loam. At the time 
the differences between the soils locally known as the ''clay land" and the 
''dark loam" did not appear sufficient to justify a separation into two types, 
but with wider experience in soils of this class, it appears that the latter soil 
should have been mapped as Marshall silt loam. 

c Mapped as Tazewell silt loam. This soil should have been mapped in part 
as Miami silt loam and in part as Marshall silt loam. 



2 3 4 5 6 


7 


1 1 2 8 73 


15 


1 1 1 7 71 


19 




Acres. 


Saline Countj", Mo 


43, 776 


Sangamon County, 111 


92, 416 


Sarpy County, Nebr 


69,696 


Tama County, Iowa 


76,224 


Tazewell County, lU 


.. « 224, 960 


Tippecanoe County, Ind.. 


44, 288 


Union County, Ky 


. . 154, 176 


Viroqua, Wis 


.. 201,408 


Winnebago County, 111 . . . 


62, 464 



140 Soil Survey Field Booh 

Miami black clay loam. — {For description see under Marshall series, 
page 145.) 

Miami clay loam.« — The soil to an average depth of 10 inches con- 
si.sts of a yellowish-gray to light-hrown somewhat silty loam, underlain 
by light-brown to yellow, sometimes mottled, stiff silty clay lo^m or 
clay, which is in turn underlain by bowlder clay at depths varying 
from 5 to 10 feet. Stones and erratic bowlders are found on the sur- 
face, but in no great quantity except in small areas. The type occu- 
pies uplands and the surface is level to gently rolling, except near 
streams, where it becomes hilly and broken. The flat interstream 
areas generally require artificial drainage. The soil is fairly good 
for general farming, and is especially adapted to small grains and 
grass crops. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (31) 2 4 .'■) 14 10 44 21 

Snlisoil (;«) 1 3 4 11 10 38 33 

Acres, j Acres. 

Owosso. Mich 62, 464 

Oxford, Midi 12, 160 

Pontiac, Mich .56,384 

Saginaw, Mich 26, 240 



Allegan County, Mich b i07, 850 

Alma, Mich (i, 144 

Cleveland, Ohio 243, 456 

Columl)us, Ohio 222, 336 



Island County, Wash 2,240 Story County, Iowa 13,376 



Madison County, Ind 232, (i40 

Marshall County, Ind 3,392 

Montgomery County, Ohio .. 240,000 



Westerville, Ohio 267,264 

Woostcr, Ohio 116, 160 



MARSHALL SERIES. 

The Marshall series includes the dark-colored upland glacial and 
loessial soils, which cover almost all of the great prairie region of the 
Central West. The soils of this series are characterized and distin- 
guished from those of the Miami series by the greater quantity of 
organic matter in the surface soils, which gives them a dark-brown 
to black color. The topography is level to rolling, and artificial drain- 
age is usually necessary to secure the best results. The soils of this 
series are very productive and constitute the great corn soils of the 
country. 

Marshall stony loam. — The soil is a dark-brown to black loam or 
sandy loam 8 inches deep, containing considerable gravel and small 
stones, underlain by a yellow clay loam mixed with gravel and sand. 

- a 

II See also Dunkirk clay loam, page 1.53; Crowley silt loam, page 79. 
'' Mapped as Allegan clay, which name will not be used hereafter. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


7 


7 


19 


16 


34 


14 


7 


7 


16 


12 


31 


22 



Soils of the Glacial and Loesslal Regions. 141 

Very little of the type is under cultivation. It is used mainly for 
grazing, to which it is well adapted. 

1 

Soil (7) 3 

Subsoil (5) 4 

Acres. 

Brookings, S. Dak 8,256 

Carrington, N. Dak 23,936 

Jamestown, N. Dak 30,208 

Marshall gravel. a — The soil is a dark-brown to black sandy loam, 
containing a high percentage of fine gravel. At 15 to 24 inches it 
grades into a bed of gravel and coarse sand. With the exception of 
some pasturage afforded early in the season it has little agricultural 
value, the crops being small and easily affected by drought. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 8 20 14 17 5 26 10 

Subsoil (2) 13 28 17 13 4 15 11 

Acres. 

Cando, N. Dak 1,344 

Marshall, Minn 1,216 

Marshall gravelly loam. — The soil consists of about 12 inches of 

heavy black sandy loam, underlain by 2 feet of coarse gravel usually 

resting on a coarse sand extending to a depth of 6 feet or more. The 

gravel is limestone, crystalline rock fragments, or shale. This is a 

glacial soil, usually representing beaches along old glacial lakes. 

This type usually occurs in narrow bands. Except in very wet seasons 

the crop yields are very light. 

1 

Soil (9) 5 

Subsoil (10) 7 

Acres. 

Brown County, Kans 10, 176 

Carrington, N. Dak 1,920 

Fargo, N. Dak 2,688 Portage County, Wis 24,064 

Marshall sand. — The soil consists of a dark-brown to black sand, 
coarse to medium in texture, with an average depth of 10 to 12 inches. 
It is underlain by a coarse to medium sandy subsoil, lighter colored 
than the soil. The soil possesses quite a marked loamy texture, 

a See also Miami gravelly sand, page 135. 
b Mapped as Fargo gravelly loam. 



2 3 4 5 6 


7 


10 7 14 12 32 


20 


14 10 18 10 23 


18 




Acres. 


Grand Forks, N. Dak 


... & 51, 136 


Marshall, Minn 


960 



•» 


3 


4 


5 


G 


7 


12 


26 


42 


5 


6 


7 


11 


25 


46 


4 


6 


6 



142 xSV>;/ Survey Field Bool\ 

particularly in depressions, owing in part to the admixture of fine 
silt and clay particles, but chiefly because of the presence of a con- 
siderable proportion of organic matter. The type occupies narrow 
ridges, and is characterized by a somewhat hummocky topography. 
The soil material is of glacial origin, modified by wind action. Crop 
yields are imcertain, but are larger in wet seasons than in dry. The 
soil is well adapted to vegetables and melons where moisture con- 
ditions are favorable or can be controlled. 

1 

Soil (3) 2 

Subsoil (3) 1 

Acres. 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 1,024 

Marshall County, Ind 20, 672 

Portage County, Wis 31,040 

Marshall fine sand. — The soil is a dark-brown to black rather inco- 

hen'nt sand of fine texture, 10 to 12 inches deep, resting on a 

lighter colored sand of about the same texture. The type occupies 

low blufl's and hills. The surface is broken and rolling, and the 

drainage is apt to be excessive, especially where tht sandy subsoil is 

deep. The origin of the type is primarily glacial. The crop value 

varies greatly, depending mainly upon the condition as regards 

moisture. The soil is best adapted to early truck crops and melons. 

It also produces, with the aid of liberal manuring, very good yields 

of Irish potatoes. 

1 2 3 4 5 (5 7 

Soil (7) 1 3 9 52 20 9 7 

Subsoil (7) 2 9 56 20 7 6 

Acres. | Acres. 

Carrington, N. Dak 4,096' Newton County, Ind 9,792 

Kearney, Nebr 21,440 Story County, Iowa 3,072 

Marshall sandy loam. — The soil is a dark-brown to l)lack compact 
sandy loam, about 10 inches in depth, resting on 6 inches of yellowish 
loam, only less sandy than the surface soil, which is in turn underlain 
at from 16 to 36 inches below the surface by yellowish clay containing 
a high percentage of coarse sand and gravel. Rounded pebbles and 
bowlders occur on the surface, while in the subsoil partly decomposed 
calcareous nodules are found. The type occupies gently rolling 
prairie ridges and intervening depressions and is mainly of glacial 
origin. This is a good general farming soil, although in some local 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 143 

areas it is inclined to be droughty. Wheat yields from 12 to 20 bushels 
oats from 20 to 35 bushels, flax from 12 to 15 bushels, and potatoes 
from 100 to 125 bushels per acre. 

1 

Soil (12) 2 

Subsoil (14) 2 

Acres. 

Brookings, S. Dak 93,376 

Brown County, Kans 2,240 

Marshall County, Ind 77, 184 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


10 


14 


28 


11 


24 


11 


9 


14 


23 


14 


23 


18 



Acres. 

Marshall, Minn a 4, 480 

Winnebago County, III b 84, 160 



Marshall fine sandy loam. — The soil consists of dark-brown to black 
medium to fine sandy loam, with an average depth of 14 inches. It 
contains a high percentage of organic matter, but this decreases with 
depth, as does also the dark color. The subsoil is somew^iat variable, 
but typically consists of a yellow medium to fine sandy loam con- 
taining considerable clay, which gradually becomes heavier with 
depth, grading into a mottled yellow, sticky sandy clay, which in turn 
is underlain by bowlder clay at a depth of 3 or 4 feet. Occasionally 
layers of sand are encountered in the subsoil. The type is derived 
from glacial till. Its surface is undulating or rolling and generally 
affords sufficient drainage. The soil is very productive and has a 

wide crop adaptation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 1 G 10 34 15 22 11 

Subsoil (5) 1 5 11 37 12 IS 15 

Acres, i Acres. 

Carrington, N. Dak 21,696 Newton County, Ind 42,560 

Kearney, Nebr 15,424 I Tippecanoe County, Ind 11,584 

Marshall loam. — The soil is a dark-brown to black loam, 10 to 12 
inches deep, resting on a lighter colored loam or heavy loam. The 
deep subsoil consists of clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders mingled 
together in a disorderly mass. The type is derived from unstratified 
glacial drift. Glacial bowlders are found here and there on the surface, 
in some areas so plentiful as to interfere with cultivation. The type 
occupies gently undulating to rolling country and covers wide areas 
in the prairies of the Northwest. While extensive areas are well 
drained and well suited to farming, there are areas of obstructed 
drainage, resulting in bogs, ponds, and swampy depressions, which 

o Mapped in part as Fairview sandy loam. 
6 Mapped as Winnebago sandy loam. 



144 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



3 


4 


5 


(J 


7 


6 


18 


11 


38 


20 


G 


17 


11 


35 


24 



Acres. 

Marshall County, Tnd 121,216 

Marshall, Minn 108, 352 

McLean County, 111 6 17,984 

Newton County, Ind 81,85t) 

Story County, Iowa 303, 808 

Tama County, Iowa 1,728 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 72, 320 



are unfit for cultivation without artificial drainage, often a difficult 
.problem. The soil is excellent for general farming purposes. Wheat, 
oats, corn, barley, and flax are the principal crops. 

1 

Soil (21) 1 

Subsoil (23) 1 

Acres. 

Brookings, S. Dak 135, 808 

Cando, N. Dak 79,93G 

Carrington, N. Dak 114,500 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa . . . 242, 112 

Fargo, N. Dak 7,168 

Grand Forks, N. Dak a 12, 352 

Jamestown N. Dak 206,976 

Kearney, Nebr 45, 568 , 

Marshall silt loam. — The soil is a dark-brown to black silt loam, 15 

inches deep, resting usually on a light-colored, sometimes mottled, 

silty loam or silty clay. Lime concretions frequently occur. The 

type varies in topography from level to rolling and hilly, and is 

derived from loessial deposits. Drainage is generally good but not 

excessive, the subsoil retaining moisture well and crops resisting 

drought to a marked degree. This is a fine soil for the production 

of wheat, corn, oats, alfalfa, tobacco, and sugar beets where climatic 

conditions are favorable. 

1 

Soil (42) 

Subsoil (40) 

Acres. 

Brown County, Kans 307,264 

Carrington, N. Dak 240, 128 

Clinton County, 111 c .57, 472 

East Baton Rouge Parish, La . 16, 640 

Garden City, Kans 77, 120 

Grand Island, Nebr 137,984 

Jamestown, N. Dak 41,280 

Janesville, Wis d 81,344 

Kearney, Nebr 322, 688 

Knox County, 111 289,088 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. « 236,288 

a Mapped as Fargo loam. 

& Mapped as McLean silt loam. 

c Mapped as Miami silt loam. 



2 3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 1 


2 


9 


70 


17 


1 


2 


7 


71 


19 



Acres. 

McLean County, 111 574,720 

Russell County, Kans /91,648 

Saline County, Mo 306, 816 

Sangamon County, 111 332, 224 

Sarpy County, Nebr 39,232 

Stanton, Nebr 102,720 

St. Clair County, 111 <" 106, 432 

Tama County, Iowa 30S, 288 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 140, 166 

Virooua, Wis 20, 864 

Winnebago County, 111 90,624 

d Mapped as Janesville silt loam. 
« Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam. 
/ Mapped as Sedgwick clay loam. 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 145 

Marshall clay loam. — The soil is a dark-brown to black clay loam, 
underlain by a dark-brown clay loam which becomes a very stiff yellow 
clay at about 24 inches below the surface. When moist, the soil is 
plastic, and feels smooth when rubbed between the fingers; when dry, 
it becomes mellow and friable. This type occupies level or gently roll- 
ing prairie uplands. The drainage is generally good. In adaptation 
tills soil is a general farming type, corn, oats, and grass being the lead- 
ing products. It is an ideal corn and hay soil, the yields per acre vary- 
ing from 25 to 60 bushels of the former and from 1 to 4 tons of the latter. 
Bluegrass makes a luxuriant pasture, the sod being very permanent. 
Fruit and vegetables also produce well. 

12 3 4 5 (> 7 

Soil (5) 1 4 5 10 9 41 30 

Subsoil (.5) 1 5 5 10 11 39 30 

Acres. 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 67,456 

Story County, Iowa 8, 384 

Miami black clay loam.a — The soil is a black clay loam b 10 to 12 
inches deep, underlain l)y a tenacious drab clay. The type is of glacial 
origin, is generally level, and the natural drainage is poor. When thor- 
oughly drained this soil is very productive, particularly for corn. It is 
also well adapted to grass and wheat. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (37) 3 4 9 10 51 22 

Subsoil (41) 2 2 6 8 55 26 

Acres. Acres. 



Brookings, S. Dak 43, 456 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 4,032 

Columbus, Ohio 33, 792 

Fargo, N. Dak 74,880 

Grand Forks, N. Dak 44,352 

Jamestown, N. Dak 5, 120 

Janesville, Wis 1, 856 

Knox County, 111 4,928 

McLean Coimty, 111 70, 144 

Madison County, Ind 31,360 

MarshaU County, Ind 1 , 536 

oSee also Clyde clay, p. 158, and Clyde loam, p. 157. 

b This soil belongs to the Marshall series and should have been called the Mar- 
shall black clay loam, but owing to the extensive use of the name the term Miami 
black clay loam will still be used in ail areas. 

32075—06 10 



Marshall, Minn 29, 760 

Montgomery County, Ohio 18,000 

Newton County, Ind 1, 792 

Oxford, Mich 1,216 

Pontiac, Mich 11,840 

Sangamon County, 111 88, 128 

Story County, Iowa 21,952 

Tazewell County, 111 61, 184 

Tippecanoe County, 1 nd 3, 840 

WesterviUe, Ohio 16, 128 



14() Soil Survey JF'ieJd Booh. 

Marshall clay. — The soil is a heavy black ciay loam 18 to 24 inches 
deep, resting on a grayish-brown clay extending to a depth of more 
than 3 feet. The subsoil when exposed to the air breaks up into thin 
Hakes resembling shale or slate. The type occupies large areas in the 
valley of the Red River. The soil is a lacustrine deposit, modiHed by 
the addition of river sediments. The drainage is not naturally very 
good, but has been assisted by the construction of road ditches. This 
is a very strong soil, well adapted to wheat, oats, barley, ilax, and corn. 

1 •-' 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3^ 4 .5 10 10 41 30 

Subsoil (3) 2 3 44 51 

Acres. 
Fargo. N. Dak 7(i, SOO 

VOLUSI.V SERIES. 

The soils of the Volusia series are derived from the feeble glaciation 
of the shales and sandstones of the Devonian and the Upper Carbonif- 
erous rocks of eastern Ohio, southern New York, and northern Penns}-!- 
vania. In all cases the inuierlying shales and sandstones have given 
rise to a large proportion of the soil material, and this has l»een modified 
to a varying degree by glacial material brought in from ot'ier regions. 

Topographically the soils of the Volusia s?ries occupy the upland 
portion of the plateau country which slopes north and west from the 
Allegheny Mountains. In the higher, more easterly portions of the gla- 
ciated section of the plateau deep preglacial erosion has cut the upland 
into blocky rounded or tlat-topped hills separated by deep, steep-sided 
gorges. Farther west, where the elevations are less, this topographic 
feature is not so pronounced and the series occupies rolling hills divided 
by deep valleys. Under cultivation all of the soils of the series are well 
adapted to the production of timothy and small grains, particularly 
oats and buckwheat. At lower elevations wheat and corn give good 
yields. 

Volusia stony loam. — The soil to an average depth of 9 inches is a 
dark-brown, rather heavy loam. The subsoil to a depth of about 3 
feet consists of a yellow or mottled yellow and gray loam, which becomes 
more sandy with increasing depth. Both soil and subsoil are filled 
with flat shale and sandstone fiagments. The type is derived {\\nw the 
wash of higher lying areas of \'oIusia loam or \'olusia silt loam carried 
down and deposited ovi>r moraine belts bordering the liigher uplands. 



Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 147 

It is a good general-purpose farming soil, and where well drained is 
adapted to apple orcharding. 

12 3 4 5 <; 7 

Soil(l) 3 3 3 7 12 48 24 

Subsoil (1) 4 5 4 9 15 4fi 17 

Acres. 
Tompkins County, N. Y 12,352 

Volusia gravelly loam. — Tiic soil to a:i a\erage depth of 6 inches 
consists of a light-brown to ash-colored loam, containing a large quan- 
tity of broken shale and sandstone fragments and a- considerable 
proportion of small shale chips, besides some round graved and cob- 
ble-stones. The subsoil varies from a yellow loam to a yellow or 
gray sandy loam. The type is derived from small moraines scattered 
throughout the Volusia loam or Volusia silt loam areas and occurring 
in the high valleys in the region in which the Volusia series is found. 

Acres. 
Tomplcins County, N. Y 4, 608 

Volusia loam. — To a depth of about 8 inches the soil of the Volusia 
loam is a deep brown loam containing a considerable quantity of flat 
shale and sandstone fragments and a large quantity of finely divided 
shale chips, popularly called "shale gravel" or "black gravel." The 
subsoil is a yellow or mottled yellow or gray slightly silty loam. The 
till may rest either upon the underlying rock or upon deposits of sand 
or broken shale. Both soil and subsoil contain a large percentage of 
shale and sandstone fragments. The type is derived through the feeble 
glaciation of the underlying shales and sandstones. The surface is 
generally less rolling than that of a greater part of the Volusia silt 
loam, and for the most part the surface drainage is adequate. The 
soil is very well adapted to the production of grass, oats, buckwheat, 
and corn in the less elevated portions. Apples are grownTo advantage 
on this type throughout a considerable part of its extent. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (12) 2 4 3 8 12 44 27 

Subsoil (12) 3 fi 4 10 12 41 24 

Acres, i Acres. 

Ashtabula, Ohio 173,440 Tompkins County, N. Y 91,328 

Auburn, N. Y 70,720 ! Westfield, N. Y a 79, 970 

a Of this ()9,940 acres was mapped as V^oiusia sandy loam. 



148 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Volusia silt loam. — The soil of the Volusia silt loam, to an average 
depth of 8 inches, is a gray to brown silty loam. The subsoil, to a depth 
of about 2 feet, is a light-yellow silty loam, and below 2 feet it usually 
becomes mottled with gray or drab. Both soil and subsoil contain a 
high percentage of flat fragments of shale and sandstone from 6 inches 
to one or more feet in breadth. In addition a considerable quantity of 
finely divided shale fragments are found in both soil and subsoil. The 
sul)soil usually rests at a depth of from 18 inches to 3 or 4 feet upon 
shale or sandstone rock. The type is derived from the weathered prod- 
ucts of the shale and sandstone, reworked by glaciation and to a small 
degree modified by material brought in through glacial action. The 
type occupies rolling and hilly land and is frequently interrupted or 
bordered l)y steep slopes not suited to agricultural purposes. The 
Volusia silt loam where properly cultivated is a good soil for timothy 
and small grains. In the eastern part of the region where it occurs it 
lies at too high an elevation to be well adapted to corn. In this locality 
buckwheat and potatoes are grown to advantage. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (10) 2 4 1 2 10 59 22 

Subsoil ( 10) 3 4 2 3 10 55 23 

Acres. I Acres. 

Binghamton, N. Y 118,97fi Tompkins County, N. Y 78,912 

BigHats, N. Y oi08,800 Wooster, Ohio 78,4(14 

Scott County, Ind 46,912 | 

Volusia clay loam. — The soil to a depth of about 8 inches is a dark- 
yellow or brown heavy loam or clay loam. The subsoil is a pale-yellow 
or drab clay loam. Both soil and subsoil contain a considerable quan- 
tity of shale and sandstone chips and sometimes larger pieces of stone. 
Some large erratic bowlders occur but are not abundant. The deep 
subsoil is locally called "blue clay." The surface is rolling and irregu- 
lar, and sometimes morainal in character. The type is well adapted to 
general farming, but is in need of drainage. 

Acres. 
Tompkins County, N. Y 5,952 

o Mapped as Ilagerstown shale loam. 



Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 149 

SOILS OF THE GLACIAL LAKES AM) TEKKACES. 

Another important group of soils occurs in the glacial region, princi- 
pally as terraces around lakes, or along streams, or as deposits in areas 
which were formerly covered by water. At the close of the Glacial 
Epoch the lakes in this part of the United States were not only more 
numerous, but the waters of those which remain reached a higher level 
and covered areas that are now far above their present shore lines. In 
some cases several distinct terraces, each one marked by an old shore 
line, are easih' discernible and represent successive stages in the lower- 
ing of the water level. Their elevation above the lake varies from a 
few feet to more than 200 feet. The surface of each terrace is usually 
rolling to level, with a gradual slope toward the lake, but sometimes 
areas of a rough and broken character occur. The streams which cross 
these terraces have frequently, by their cutting, produced deep, steep- 
sided valleys, especially near the lakes. 

The soils of this group vary from typical beach gravels to offshore 
deposits of heavy clays. The material from which they are derived con- 
sists of glacial debris reworked and redeposited in the lakes or along 
streams when their waters stood at a higher level. While this glacial 
material is made up of rocks of widely varying origin, a large propor- 
tion of it often consists of the country rock. In the eastern part of the 
Great Lake region the percentage of sandstone and shale fragments is 
usually very high, while in the western part more of the igneous rocks 
are present. This fact, together with differences in drainage conditions, 
has given rise to four series of soils: The Dunkirk, Clyde, Vergennes, 
and Superior. While all of these series, except the Vergennes, are 
typically developed around the Great Lakes, they also occur around 
smaller ones, in areas which were formerly lake beds, or along streams 
in the glacial region. 

DUNKIRK SERIES. 

The Dunkirk series is an important member of the Glacial Terrace 
group of soils. The soils have been formed by the reworking of glacial 
material derived principally from sandstone and shale. This series 
embraces the light-colored surface soils with drab, gray, and mottled 
yellow subsoils and occurs principally in the eastern part of the 
Great Lakes region. The soils are not as productive as those of the 
Clyde series, but some of them are well adapted to special crops. 



150 Soil Survey Field Bo<>k. 

Dunkirk stony clay. — The soil, to an average depth of 8 inches, is a 
compact yellow silly clay loam containing from 10 to 20 per cent of small 
rounded or angular stones. The subsoil is a brown, yellowish-brown or 
mottled stifl" clay, which becomes very sticky and plastic when wet. 
The stone content of the subsoil is greater than that of the soil. The 
type occurs in steeply to gently sloping areas characteri/.(>d by a series 
of parallel ridges and gullies. At the maximum elevation the surface 
is rather flat and the soil deeper. Though there is usually sufficient 
surface drainage, the underdrainage is retarded by the very compact 
nature of the subsoil, so that ditching and tiling are necessary. The 
type is probably derived from an old lake sediment. The soil is excel- 
lently adapted to grapes, producing about 4 tons to the acre, and pears 
and apples also do well. Wheat and grass are profital)ly grown, the 
former averaging 20 or more bushels to the acre and the latter from 1^ 

to 3 tons of hay. 

12 3 4 o « 7 

Soil (1) 2 5 3 10 14 42 25 

Subsoil (1) 3 5 3 8 10 35 35 

Acres. 

Auburn. N. Y 4,096 

Tompkins County, N. Y 30, 976 

Dunkirk shale loam. a — The soil is a light-gray loam 10 or more 
inches in depth, containing considerable silt and fine sand. The sub- 
soil, from 10 to 24 inches below the surface, is of the same texture as 
the soil, but lighter in color, and contains large quantities of angular 
shale fragments or bowlders. All general farm crops are grown, but to 
obtain the best results a liberal application of manure is required. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 5 6 2 6 19 44 18 

Subsoil (3) 11 12 4 10 16 31 16 

Acres. 

Bigflats, N. Y b 8, 512 

Binghamton,N. Y 1,856 

Tompkins County, N. Y 4.224 

Dunkirk gravel. — This is a very gravelly soil of old lake beaches, 
occurring in narrow bands between the lake and uplands. The soil is 
composed of waterworn fragments of shale and is 6 feet or more deep. 



a See also Dekalb clay, p. 121. 
t Mapped as Elmira shale loam. 



Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 151 

At present the soil is used extensively for grape culture, but the grapes 
do not keep so well or bear shipment so well as those grown on Dunkirk 
clay. The soil is quite drought}^ snd not well suited to other crops. 

12 3 4 5 (i 7 

Soil (4) 30 17 7 6 5 20 13 

Subsoil (2) 28 33 16 9 3 6 5 

Acres. 

Ashtabula, Ohio 2, 880 

Westfield,N.Y 4,840 

Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam. — The soil is a sandy loam containing 
from 40 to 60 per cent of small gravel consisting principally of water- 
worn shale fragments. The soil is underlain at about 3 feet by shale 
fragments or sand. The type represents reworked glacial material 
deposited in water along the foot of low ridges on lake forelands and 
also as terraces in stream valleys. It is well drained and early, and 
is adapted to market-garden and truck crops. It is not well suited 
for most general farming crops, but is a good corn soil. Grapes are 
successfully grown. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 14 18 13 13 6 21 11 

Subsoil (4) 14 22 17 15 6 16 8 



Acres. 

Ashtabula, Ohio a 6, 528 

Binghamton, N. Y 5, 312 



Acres. 

Tompkins County, N. Y 12, 032 

Westfield, N. Y a 7, 260 



Dunkirk gravelly loam.& — The soil varies from a light-brown to 
brown loam, averaging 10 inches in depth, containing from 20 to 50 
per cent of rounded water worn gravel, principally shale. The subsoil 
is a yellowish to brown loam usually heavier than the soil, with a 
somewhat higher gravel content which increases with depth. The type 
is composed of a reworked glacial deposit occurring as stream and lake 
terraces. Its position and the porous nature of the subsoil afi'ords 
thorough drainage. The soil is mellow and easily tilled, the stones 
seldom being large or numerous enough to offer much resistance to 
cultivation. Most of the ordinary farm crops do well on this soil, par- 
ticularly corn and oats. Fruits also do well. 



a Mapped as Dunkirk gravelly loam. 

b See also Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam, p. 151. 



152 



Soil Survey Field Book. 



Soil (8) 5 

Subsoil (8) 3 

Acres. 

Auburn, N. Y (540 

Bigflats, N. Y « 15, 680 

Binghamton, N. Y 4, 864 



2 


3 


4 


o 


G 


7 


10 


6 


12 


13 


36 


18 


8 


7 


13 


16 


37 


17 



Acres. 

Cleveland, Ohio 8, 384 

Syracuse, N. Y « 39, 424 

Tompkins County. N. Y 14, 528 



«) 


3 


4 


5 


(; 


7 


2 


3 


22 


35 


27 


10 


2 


4 


29 


37 


20 


7 



Acres. 

Syracuse, N. Y c 19, 968 

Tompkins County, N. Y 1,600 

Westfield, N. Y b 22, 090 



Dunkirk fine sandy loam. — The soil is a gray or light-brown fine 
sandy loam about 10 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish fine sandy 
loam or fine sand. It occurs on lake forelands and extends up streams 
as terraces. The surface is gently rolling to hummocky. Parts of 
the type have been influenced by wind action. The soil is adapted 
to grapes and is also fair grass land. 

1 

Soil (10) 1 

Subsoil (7) 

Acres. 

Ashtabula, Ohio 6 14, 720 

Binghamton, N. Y 832 

Cleveland, Ohio 27, 328 

Lyons, N. Y c 29, 824 

Dunkirk loam. — The soil is a light or dark-brown loam 10 inches 
deep, generally containing considerable sand, which renders it easy to 
cultivate. The subsoil is a yellow or light-brown fine sandy loam, 
usually rather compact, becoming darker in color and heavier in tex- 
ture with depth. A small quantity of stone occurs in soil and subsoil, 
but seldom enough to interfere with tillage. The surface is undulat- 
ing and usually well drained. The type is derived from glacial mate- 
rial, probably in part reworked with residual soil derived from sand- 
stone and arenaceous shal.\ The soil is desirable for general farm 
purposes, producing good yields of corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, and 
potatoes. Fruit, especially apples and pears, and most vegetables do 
well on this soil. 



a Mapped as Miami gravelly loam. 

^ Mapped as Dunkirk sandy loam, but now brought into proper place in the 
series, 
c Mapped as Miami fine sandy loam. 



2 


3 


4 


o 


a 


7 


1 


1 


8 


18 


59 


17 





1 


2 


18 


62 


16 



Soils of the Glacial Lalces and Terraces. 153 

12 3 4 5 fi 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 3 16 18 46 13 

Subsoil (2) 2 5 4 1.5 21 38 15 

Acres. 

Auburn, N. Y 50, 304 

Cleveland, Ohio 2, 880 

Tompkins County, N. Y 12, 032 

Dunkirk silt loam. — The soil to an average depth of 10 inches con- 
sists of a pale yellow to light-brown silt loam. This is underlain by 
a slightly heavier subsoil of a brown or chocolate color. The type is 
sedimentary in origin and represents the wash from the higher shale 
slopes deposited in quiet w^ater. It occupies lake forelands and the 
higher terraces along streams. The soil is easily tilled and produces 
good yields of general farm crops, besides berries and tree fruits- 

1 

Soil (9) 

Subsoil (9) 

Acres. 

Bigflats, N. Y a 1, 920 

Jiinghamton, N. Y 4, 288 

Lyons, N. Y n 28, 096 

Dunkirk clay loam. — The soil is a dark-brown to grayish-brown clay 
loam to a depth of 8 inches. It is quite stiff and heavy and cracks upon 
drying. The subsoil is a mottled brown and gray heavy clay loam or 
clay. Both soil and subsoil are generally free from stones or gravel, 
although small quantities are sometimes found in local spots. The 
type occupies gently undulating areas and the slopes of hills, which are 
sometimes quite abrupt. The drainage is adequate in some locations, 
but in the nearly level or depressed areas it is often necessary to resort 
to artificial drainage. On account of its heavy, compact nature the 
subsoil is almost impervious to water. This soil was formed in part 
from the finer sediments washed out at' the front of the ice sheet dur- 
ing the Glacial epoch. These sediments were probably reworked and 
intermixed with more or bss material derived directly from w^eathering, 
of the underlying limestone and shal:>. The soil is well adapted to 
wheat, and grass and corn also do fairly well. Alfalfa has been suc- 
cessfully grown in some localities. It is well adapted to grapes. 

a Mapped as Eimira silt loam. 
& Mapped as Miami silt loam. 



Acres. 

Syracuse, N. Y » 41, 536 

Tompkins County, N. Y 1, 344 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


4 


2 


12 


14 


36 


29 


4 


2 


10 


12 


34 


35 



154 Soil Survey Field Book. 

1 

Soil (2) 2 

Subsoil (2) 2 

Acres. 

Auburn, N.Y 35,584 

Toledo, Ohio a20, 352 

Tompkins County, N.Y 7,552 

Dunkirk clay.— The soil is a drab or gray clay 6 to 12 inches in depth, 

underlain by a tenacious mottled clay, beneath which at a depth of 4 

to 10 feet occurs the typical bowlder clay. Near ancient beach lines 

the soil is sometimes underlain by gravel. The type is found upon lake 

foreland and in upland valleys and is derived from deposition in quiet 

water. Some areas are poorly drained. The soil is adapted to grapes, 

grain, and grass. 

1 

Soil (12) 1 

Subsoil (12) 

Acres. 

Auburn, N.Y 2, 880 

Ashtabula, Ohio 8, 192 

Cleveland, Ohio 10, 688 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


2 


2 


6 


7 


39 


43 


1 


1 


7 


9 


40 


42 



Acres. 

Lyons, N.Y b 16, 448 

Syracuse. N.Y b 24, 832 

Wcstfield, N.Y 23,490 



CLYDE SERIES. 



The soils of the Clyde series consist of reworked glacial material con- 
taining a large percentage of organic matter. The surfacs soil of this 
series is of a dark-brown to black color, underlain by gray, drab, or mot- 
tled yellow subsoils. The dark color of the surface soil, which is the 
most distinct characteristic of this series, is due to the accumulation of 
a large percentage of organic matter under swampy conditions. The 
soils of the Clyde series may be considered as intermediate between the 
light-colored Dunkirk soils on the one hand and the Muck and Peat 
areas on the other. They almost always require drainage; but when 
this is provided they are very productive. 

Clyde stony sandy loam. — The soil is a dark-brown, medium-tex- 
tured gravelly sandy loam, 18 to 24 inches deep, underlain by a sandy 
loam or mottled brown clay loam containing a small amount of gravel. 
A noticeable characteristic of the type is the large number of bowlders 
strewn over the surface and occurring to a less extent b;>low the sur- 
face. These bowlders are mainly of ^granite, and range from cobbles to 

o Mapped as Miami clay loam, 
b Mapped as Alloway clay. 



Soils of the Glacial La'kes and Terraces. 155 

angular fragments 2 or 3 feet in diameter. With these stones removed 
from the surface the soil is a good friable sandy loam, and produces 
fairly good crops. The type is of glacial or lacustrine origin, has level 
to gently rolling topography, and for the most part is fairly well 
drained. The crops grown are corn, oats, wheat, sugar beets, beans, 
potatoes, hay, etc. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 6 12 43 12 16 9 

Subsoil (2) 1 6 12 41 13 16 11 

Acres. 
Saginaw, Mich 8, 000 

Clyde gravelly sand. — ^The soil is a medium-textured, light to dark 
brown loamy sand or light sandy loam 10 inches deep, carrying a large 
percentage of gravel. The subsoil is a rather coarse incoherent gravelly 
sand, usually grading into a mixture of coarse sand and fine gravel at a 
depth of from 24 to 30 inches. Clay is often found at from 4 to 8 feet 
below the' surface. The type is generally well drained. The topog- 
raphy varies from gentle slopes to gently rolling ridges representing old 
beach lines or terraces. The soil is the result of beach or shallow water 
deposition, in places influenced to some extent by local wash from the 
higher lands. Fairly good yields of corn, oats, wheat, rye, timothy, 
clover, and buckwheat are secured, and some special crops, such as 
sugar beets, beans, and potatoes, are grown. The soil is also adapted 
to fruit and truck crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 15 20 36 7 10 9 

Subsoil (2) 2 16 26 38 5 5 7 

Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich a 14, 160 

Saginaw, Mich 10, 496 

Clyde gravelly sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of from 8 to 15 inches 
is a coarse to medium black sandy loam, rich in organic matter and con- 
taining a varying percentage of gravel. The subsoil to a depth of 36 
inches consists of a mixture of medium to coarse sand, with a high per- 
centage of gravel. The surface varies from nearly level to gently rolling 
and the drainage is good. This soil has been formed by the reworking 
of glacial material by water and its deposition in lakes. It is well 

a Mapped as Kalamazoo gravelly loam. 



156 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

adapted to potatoes and produces fair crops of grain, hay, onions, car- 
rots, and sugar beets. 

1 2 ;j 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 14 30 11 10 .■) 10 18 

Sii])soil (1) 4 26 29 30 4 2 4 

Acres. 
Island County, Wash .'i, 952 

Clyde sand. — The soil consists of 12 inches of bhxck medium to fine 
ioamy sand, underlain by sand to a depth of 30 inches, which in turn is 
generally underlain by clay. The type occupies low, flat areas and is 
generally swampy and poorly drained. It is composed of reworked gla- 
cial sands with the addition of organic matter. When well drained, the 
soil produces good crops of corn, wheat, grass, oats, rye, and all kinds of 
truck crops. It is a fair soil for sugar beets. 

12 3 4 5 fi 7 

Soil (fi) 1 6 23 47 S 9 5 

Subsoil (7) 1 9 .30 47 .5 4 3 

Acres. I Acres. 

rontiac, Mich 2, 880 

Saginaw, Mich 14, 6.56 



Allegan County, Mich 38, 000 

Alma, Mich 10, ,368 



Clyde fine sand. — The soil consists of a dark -gray to l)lack fine sand 
varying in depth from 4 to 20 inches. The subsoil has about the same 
texture as the soil, but contains less organic matter and is lighter in 
CDJor. In some instances the subsoil contains layers of peat. The sur- 
face of the type is nearly level and natural drainage is generally "poor. 
The type has been formed by the reworking of glacial sands and their 
deposition in former lakes. The soil is greatly improved by artificial 
drainage. The crop value of this soil depends much upon the propor- 
tion of organic matter present and its drainage conditions. It is suited 
to small fruits, being an ideal soil for strawberries. Fair crops of corn, 
oats, and potatoes are produced. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 10 60 9 13 6 

Subsoil (2) 2 12 69 7 5 o 

Acres. 
Newton County, Ind 61, 056 

Clyde sandy loam. — The soil is a dark-gray or brown medium-tex- 
tured sandy loam from 8 to 12 inches deep, resting on material of simi- 
lar texture, but lighter color, which is underlain at IS inches by a drab or 



Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 157 

brownish mottled sandy clay, sometimes tending more toward a sticky 
sandy loam. The soil carries a fair percentage of organic matter and 
is easily brought into good tilth. The type has been formed by the 
reworking of glacial material as beach or shallow-water deposits. The 
surface is level to gently rolling, and upon the whole the drainage fea- 
tures are fairly good. This is a good soil for general farm crops, sugar 
beets, beans, potatoes, and orchard fruit. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 2 10 1.3 .32 12 IS 12 

Subsoil (.5) 2 9 13 24 10 19 23 

Acres. 

Alma, Mich 13, 696 

Island County, Wash 1, 792 

Saginaw, Mich 84, 608 

Clyde fine sandy loam. — The soil, from 9 to 12 inches, is a very fine 
sand to fme sandy loam of a l^rowMiish-gray or l)rown color, homo- 
geneous in texture, friable, and easily kept in good tilth. The subsoil 
is a brown or yellow fine sand or fine sandy loam to a depth of 2 feet or 
more below the surface, overlying a clay similar to the subsoil of the 
Clyde loam. Both soil and subsoil are entirely devoid of gravel. 
Portions of the type seem to be the result of delta formations, subse- 
quently modified by wind and wave action, while other portions occur 
in the form of low ridges as wind-blown beach deposits. The surface 
is slightly undulating to roiling, and drainage varieo largely with 
local topography. Besides general farming and dairying, sugar beets, 
beans, and potatoes are important interests, and to a less extent chicory, 
apples, pears, grapes, and vegetables. 

1 2 S 

Soil (3) 1 3 30 40 16 10 



Subsoil (.3) 2 4 35 36 12 11 



4 


5 


6 


30 


40 


16 


35 


36 


12 



Acres. 

Cando, N. Dak 10,880 

Grand Forks, N. Dak a 68,800 



Acres. 

Oxford, Mich 1 ,6'JO 

Saginaw, Mich .39 , 104 



Clyde loam. — The soil ranges from a moderately friable loam to a 
rather heavy, compact loam of a dark-gray, brown, or black color, 
from 8 to 12 inches deep, resting upon a drab-colored sandy or silty 
clay somewhat streaked and mottled with iron stains. On account of 
former inadequate drainage much of the soil is still in a puddled and 

o. Mapped ;is Miami sandv loam. 



158 Soil Survey Field Book.. 

compact state, sticky and impervious when wet, and very hard when 
dry. This condition is emphasized in low-lying areas that have been 
cultivated only a short time. In its natural state the soil possesses 
marked clayey properties to within a few inches of the surface, where 
there is an accumulation of organic matter. In the better drained 
areas the soil is mellow, and the subsoil, too, is more friable and per- 
vious to water. The type is derived from glacial lake deposits that 
have not been modified to any extent by subsequent stream action. 
Its almost level surface with occasional low knolls and swells and inter- 
vening shallow depressions naturally causes poor drainage. When 
properly drained and cultivated, large crop yields are secured. The 
principal crops grown are corn, oats, wheat, hay, and sugar beets. It 
is considered an excellent soil for the latter crop. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (14) 1 4 f) IS 14 3.3 22 

Subsoil (l.^i) 1 4 .5 \h 10 32 32 

Acres. I Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich al2,4(iO Island County, Wash 1,210 



Alma, Mich 59,77(5 

Cando, N. Dak 70,016 

Carrington, N. Dak 24,768 



Newton County, Ind 960 

Owosso, Mich 71 ,744 

Saginaw, Mich 242,4i;(i 



Clyde silt loam. — The soil is a light to chocolate-brown silt loam 10 
inches deep, resting upon a similar silt loam of a lemon-yellow color, 
containing little or no organic matter. The texture is very homo- 
geneous to a depth of 3 feet, and gravel is entirely absent, but there are 
some bowlders strewn over the surface. The soil is very friable and 
easily kept in good tilth. The type seems to be derived from material 
carried by streams and deposited in the glacial lake. It is somewhat 
rolling in topography, and the drainage is fairly good. The soil is 
well adapted to grain and hay, and is used for general farm crops and 

for the production of chicory. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 

Soil (1) 1 1 3 12 O.'-j 18 

Acres. 
Saginaw, Mich 3 ,904 

Clyde clay. — The soil, from 6 to 9 inches deep, is a silty clay loam 
of a brown or black color. Where the proportion of organic matter is 
highest, the soil is darkest and more loamy and friable. The subsoil is 
a bluish or drab-colored clay, very tenacious and practically imper- j 



a Mapped as Allegan black clay. 



Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 159 

vious to water. The type is derived from glacial lake deposits, and 
occupies low, wet, level areas, some of which were originally covered 
with peat. With good drainage the soil is well adapted to sugar beets, 
as well as to general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 3 3 10 '8 39 36 

Subsoil (8) 2 2 6 8 36 46 

Acres. 

Cando, N. Dak 18,880 

Saginaw, Mich 26 ,560 

Toledo, Ohio al65,056 

SIOUX SERIES. 

The Sioux series comprises the dark-brown to black terrace soils 
characterized and distinguished from the Wabash series by a bed of 
gravel usually within 3 feet of the surface. This gravel bed has a 
very marked effect upon the drainage of the soils, and causes crops to 
suffer in times of drought, except in areas where the gravel is several 
feet below the surface. This series occurs as terraces along streams 
and is practically confined to the glacial regions. 

Sioux sand. — The soil consists of from 5 to 20 inches of loose, medium 
to coarse textured, dark-colored sand. The subsoil, which extends to 
great depths, has about the same texture as the soil, but is of a light- 
yellowish color. The type forms flat valley lands lying only 5 or 10 
feet above mean water level. It is naturally well drained and seldom 
subject to overflow. In narrow valleys where moisture conditions are 
favorable the t3^pe is cleared and cultivated. Broad areas often suffer 
from drought, and.«are left to the native growth of scrubby pine and 
oak. The soil is sedimentary, but the material is derived more or less 
locally from underlying sandstone. It is used for corn, of which 40 to 
80 bushels per acre are obtained under good moisture conditions and 
heavy fertilization. Vegetables, strawberries, and cranberries also 
do well on limited areas, but the greater part of the type can only bo 
safely used for agriculture with some system of irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 10 28 49 3 5 4 

Subsoil (2) 10 32 50 3 3 3 

Acres. 
Viroq ua,- Wis 19, 520 

a Mappf^d as Miami black clay loam. 



160 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

Sioux sandy loam. — The soil is a coarse to medium brown sandy loam 
or heavy sandy loam from 10 to 24 inches deep, containing considerable 
organic matter. The color becomes lighter with depth. The subsoil 
over wide areas consists of almost pure waterworn gravel, which is 
found at an average of 22 inches below the surface and extends to great 
depths. The subsoil, however, varies considerably, and the gravel is 
frequently bedded in a matrix of sandy loam, silty sand, or sand. This 
is an alluvial soil occup3'ing river terraces or bottoms, with level to 
gently rolling topography. The drainage is too thorough where the 
pure grav(>l subsoil predominates for good crop yields, although the soil 
is early and might be profitably utilized in the production of early, short- 
season crops. Hay, corn, oats, and alfalfa are important crops, but the 
yields are very irregular. Tn a wet season, or on areas of better moisiure 
conditions, 40 to 60 bushels of corn are obtained per acre, but a dry spell 
at the critical period of growth often results in total failure. Some 
truck is grown. Clover and timothy have been produced with fair 
success. 

1 

Soil (15) 2 

Subsoil {\W) 4 

Acres. 

Brookings, S. Dak 28, S64 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. . 32, 768 

Grand Island, Nebr 29, 184 

Janesville, Wis asi.ofis 

Sioux fine sandy loam. — The soil is a dark-gray or black fine sandy 
loam from 10 to 15 inches deep, containing a relatively high percentage 
of organic matter, resting on a sul)soil of fine to medium sandy loam of a 
light-brown color. At from 3 to 8 feet below the surface the material, 
changes to sand and gravel. The surface is generally level. The soil 
is alluvial and occupies both river bottoms and terraces. It generally 
maintains a good supply of moisture, although in areas of light rainfall 
irrigation is desirable. The dramage is, on the whole, satisfactory, arti- 
ficial di'ains being necessary only in depressed areas. This is a desirable 
soil, yielding 15 to 35 bushels of wheat, 25 to 50 bushels of corn, 15 to 60 
bushels of oats, about 40 bushels of barley, and 20 bushels of flax per 
acre. Alfalfa produces well and sugar beets give yields ranging from 8 

"Mapped as Miami loam. 



'-' 3 


4 


•» 





7 




14 \:^ 


]8 


8 


27 


16 




IS 10 


2.3 





17 


13 




' 










Acres. 


0' Fallon 


Mo... 








320 


Tippecanoe County, 


Ind . . 


. 


9,216 


Viroqua, 


Wis... 








5, 568 


Winnebago Coun 


ty, 


111.... 




.38, 528 



Soils of the Glacial Lahes and Terraces. 161 

to 18 tons per acre. On low-lying areas considerable hay is made from 

wild grasses. 

12 3 4 r> (J 7 

Soil (5) 1 5 7 24 11) ;j2 11 

Subsoil (5) 2 7 7 26 18 28 12 

Aci'es. 

Grand Island, Nebr 60,352 

Jamestown, N. Dak 5, 632 

Sioux loam. — The soil consists of a brown, slightly sandy loam about 
10 inches in depth. The surface is friable, easily worked, free from 
stones, and generally quite level. The subsoil has a depth varying 
between 20 and 40 inches, and consists of a brownish-yellow loam under- 
lain by a reddish-gravelly loam, overlying a bed of gravel. The type 
constitutes the higher terraces formed by rivers during the close of the 
glacial epoch. It is admirably adapted to the production of crops for 
canning purposes, but is largely used for general farming. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2)... 3 16 10 9 6 35 21 

Subsoil (2) 3 18 12 10 4 31 22 

Acres. 

Tazewell County, 111 ...a 32, 512 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 896 

Sioux silt loam. — The soil is a dark-brown, smooth, friable silt loam 
12 inches deep, underlain by a reddish-yellow, heavier silt loam which 
in turn is underlain by sand or gravel at from 5 to 8 feet. The type 
occurs as terraces along streams. The surface soil is gently rolling, but 
the underlying gravel bed affords good underdrainage. This is an ex- 
ceedingly fertile soil, very highly esteemed for corn and small grain. 

12 3 4 .") () 7 

Soil (5) 1 1 1 G 70 20 

Subsoil (5) 1 1 2 8 74 14 

x\cres. 

Janesville, Wis b 6,656 

Tazewell County, 111 '■25,600 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 570 

Sioux clay. — The soil is a black, dark-brown, or sometimes yellowish- 
brown clay loam or clay about 18 inches deep, underlain by a grayish- 
brown or grayish-yellow clay of stifl", tenacious, waxy texture. The 

o Mapped as Miami loam. c Mapped as Delavan silt loam. 

'' Mapped as Janesville loam. 

32075—06 11 



162 Soil Survey Field Book. 

type occupies river bottoms, and is partly alluvial and partly a wash 
from the uplands, the latter areas having the characteristics of the 
gumbo found in the Red River Valley. It is an excellent soil for small 
grain, wheat sometimes yielding as much as 40 bushels per acre. Oats 
and flax also do remarkably well. The lighter areas are suitable for 
certain of the truck crops. The native vegetation consists of oak, elm, 
ash, and other forest trees. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (2) 1 5 8 4r) 41 

Subsoil (1) 1 2 9 5 31 52 

Acres. 
Jamestown, N. Dak 2,432 

SUPERIOR SERIES. 

Another member of the Glacial Lake group of soils is found around 
Lake Superior. The material here consists of a red clay, over which 
in some places sands and sandy loams have later been deposited or 
washed from higher lying areas, giving rise to soils of a light and more 
sandy character. There has thus been formed the Superior series of 
soils, characterized by the red color of the subsoils. 

Superior sandy loam. — A gray to reddish sand or light sandy loam, 
of medium texture, varying in depth from 12 to 24 inches. Sometimes 
the surface is strewn with small rocks and bowlders in such quantities 
as to interfere with cultivation. The subsoil is a stiff, tenacious, imper- 
vious red clay similar to the material forming the Superior clay, and 
it is sometimes interstratified with thin layers of fine sand. The sandy 
soil is the result of wash from higlier lying sandy land. The type 
usually occupies level and gently rolling areas, with sufficient eleva- 
tion to secure good natural drainage. It is a warm soil, eas!!y tilled, 
and adapted to a variety of crops. The crops grown are clover, tim- 
othy, potatoes, and small fruits. The original timber growth is pine. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 3 13 13 3.5 17 13 6 

Subsoil (3) 1 5 5 1.5 12 30 31 

Acres. 
Superior, Wis 14, 208 

Superior silt loam. — The soil to a depth of from 6 to 10 inches is a 
light very fine sandy or silty loam, imderlain by a very fine sandy loam 
or silty loam, grading into a stiff, red clay at varying depths. The 



Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 163 

surface^ is usually rough and broken, being often deeply eroded by 
stream action. It is a lacustrine deposit consisting of reworked glacial 
material. On account of its uneven topography the type is not of 
much value for agricultural purposes. 

1 2 3 4 5 (J 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 2 11 68 17 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 1 7 66 23 

Acres. 
Carlton area, Minn 16, 192 

Superior clay. — A heavy, compact, and almost impervious red clay, 
with no apparent diflerence in color or texture between soil and sub- 
soil. When Vv'et it is of a bright brick-red color, and quite adhesive 
and gummy; when dry cracki an inch or more in width are common 
on the surface, and the soil breaks up into cubical blocks. Sometimes 
there are small fragments of rock in both soil and subsoil, and usually 
upon new ground there is an inch or so of vegetable mould. The type 
occurs generally in broad and flat areas, with surface inclinations 
toward streams, and is very retentive of moisture. The soil is lacus- 
trine in origin. It is adapted to timot'ny and clover. It improves 
with use, and good crops of potatoes, peas, beets and other root crops 
have been grown. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 2 2 7 6 34 48 

Subsoil (7) 1 2 5 5 35 50 

Acres. 

Carlton, Minn 75,200 

Munising, Mich 704 

Superior, \Ms 122,880 

VERGENNES SERIES. 

The Vergennes series occurs on the terraces surrounding Lake Cham- 
plain. It consists of deep-water sediments known as the Champlain 
clays, deposited in postglacial times over glacial drift during a period 
of submergence. Since the uplift these clays have been more or less 
modified b}" stream action and coliuvial wash from soils of the surround- 
ing highlands derived from the underlying geological formations, 
usually sandstone shale and limestone, and m limited areas by wash 
from glacial drift soils. The series is characterized by brown, yellow- 
ish, or gray soils, underlain by drab to blue or light-gray clay subsoils 



2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


6 


8 


16 12 


31 


24 


5 


7 


17 11 
Acres. 


29 


29 


Y.... 




.. 17,024 







164 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

at varying depths. The surface is level to gently rolling, and* for the 
most part artificial drainage is necessary. 

Vergennes stony loam. — The soil consists of a clay loam or some- 
times of a loam with an average depth of 8 inches. The subsoil is a 
gray clay similar to that of the material of Vergennes cla}', but its depth 
is variable, depending on the position of the underlying rock. The type 
usually occupies long, narrow ridges or low^ hills, and also the lower 
slopes of higher hills. Outcrops of limestone occur and large quanti- 
ties of limestone fragments are found scattered over local areas. The 
type has been derived from the Champlain clays. Most of the type is 
left in pasture or woodland. On the more level areas medium yields of 
corn and hay are secured. The soil is best suited to certain fruits, 
especially apples, an excellent qualit}' of which is produced. 

1 

Soil (2) 2 

Subsoil (2) 2 

Vergennes, Vt.-N. 

Vergennes gravelly loam. — The soil is a sandy loam from 6 to 10 
inches deep, containing from 10 to Ab per cent of fine gravel, pebbles, 
and small stones. The subsoil consists of light sandy Icam or sticly 
sandy loam with a gravel content similar to that of the soil. In its 
lower depths the subsoil often grades into sand, with a high content of 
fine gravel. The type occupies two topographic positions; low bars 
and ridges surrounded by the Champlain clays of the region, where it 
represents delta deposits; and broken terrace formations along the 
ancient shore line. On account of its texture and position this soil is 
well drained and is susceptible to drought. On the m.ore loamy ^reas 
fair vields of corn and hay are secured. The soil is well adapted to the 
production of potatoes. 

Soil (2) 7 

Subsoil (2) 5 

Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 

Vergennes fine sand. — The soil consists of a dai-k-brown, black or yel- 
low loamy fine sand from 6 to 10 inches deep. The subsoil is a light-brown 
or yellow medium sand resting upon the basal clays of the region at depths 
ranging from 3 to 4 feet, though in rare instances the sandy material 



2 


3 


4 5 


(i 


7 


17 


14 


19 11 


•IQ 


11 


15 


23 


26 7 
Acres. 
... 3,968 


14 


10 



Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Tei'races. 165 

may be 6 feet or more in depth. Small quantities of gravel are fre- 
quently found in both soil and subsoil. This type of soil is quite varied 
in surface features, occurring in level areas, along slopes, and among 
foothills, and for the most part is well drained. It is a lacustrine 
deposit more or less modified by recent stream action. The soil is prob- 
ably best adapted to truck crops and small fruits, though corn, oats, 
and hay are grown with fair success. 



Soil (3) 

Subsoil (4) 



1 2 


3 


4 5 


6 


1 3 


7 


32 29 


20 


1 3 


6 


37 29 
Acres. 


17 


N. Y.... 




... 8,384 





Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y. 

Vergennes sandy loam. — The soil is a black or dark-brown medium to 
fine sandy loam from 8 to 12 inches deep. The soil does not differ ma- 
terially in texture from that of the Vergennes fine sand, but the subsoil 
is a drab clay loam or clay. In a few places the typical soil is underlain 
at an average depth of 12 inches by a layer of medium sand which rests 
directly upon the heavy underlying clay. In surface features the tj^pe 
is either level or rolHng, marked sometimes by hummocks and low 
swells, and for the most part is well drained. In low-lying areas the 
soil is derived from late sedimentary deposits overlying the Champlain 
clays; other areas are either colluvial material or shore deposits over- 
lying the Champlain clays. The type is adapted to corn, clover, and 
ate truck. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 3 3 12 45 24 12 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 13 36 29 20 

Acres. 
Vergennes, Vt.-N-. Y 2,112 

Vergennes loam. — The soil is a heavy fine sandy loam with an aver- 
age depth of 10 inches. The subsoil is either a plastic mixture of clay 
and sand or a medium to heavy loam which often grades at 3 feet into 
a stiff" clay similar to the subsoil of the Vergennes clay. The subsoil 
occasionally contains a small percentage of gravel and stones. The 
type occupies level areas or low, rounded or flat-topped hills and gentle 
slopes, and is derived from postglacial deposits, modified in some in- 
stances by colluvial material or stream action. The soil is desirable 
for corn, and also produces good crops of hay, oats, and barley. 



166 Soil Survey Field Book. 

12 8 4 6 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 4 4 19 26 25 19 

Subsoil (2) 2 5 6 18 24 23 22 

Acres. 
Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 4,352 

Vergennes black clay. — The soil consists of a black loamy clay from 
G to 15 inches deep. It contains a high percentage of organic matter and 
is very tenacious and sticky when wet, but is granular and friable when 
dry. The subsoil is a heavy, tenacious drab clay, somewhat plastic in 
certain areas. The soil is more often underlain at 24 inches by a stiff 
heavy clay similar to the subsoil of the Vergennes clay. The surface is 
usually flat or basinlike, and artificial drainage is often necessary to 
secure the best yields. The type owes its origin chiefly to wash from 
higher lands mingled with decaying vegetation, thus giving rise to a 
rich black soil. It is naturally a strong and productive soil and gives 
large yields of corn and hay. 

12 3 4 5 (i 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 2 3 2 33 55 

Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 4 fi 3fi 51 

Acres. 
Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 3, 584 

Vergennes clay. — The surface soil consists of heavy gray clay or 
light-browm clay loam varying in depth from 6 to 12 inches. »The sub- 
soil is a gray, drab, ot- light-brown heavy clay, somewhat tenacious 
when wet, but extremely stiff, com.pact, and intractable when dry. 
Wherever the soil is so shallow that the plow goes below it, the upturned 
furrows of the underlying gray clay become w^iite upon exposure to the 
atmosphere, and this has given rise to the local term ' 'white-faced clay." 
On the steep slopes of many ridges outcrops of slate are frequent, and 
thin fragments are often strewn over the tops and the steeper slopes. 
The type for the most part is level or gently rolling, broken only by 
occasional ridges. Except in the depressions it has sufficient surface 
drainage. As the greater part of this soil is compact and impervious to 
moisture, underdrainage would result in better crop returns. This soil 
is derived from the postglacial orChamplain clays. The glacial mate- 
rial comes to the surface, or nearest it, on the hills, and in some cases 
this has been w^ashed down the slopes and mingled with the postglacial 
clays. This is an excellent soil for hay. Other crops grown with profit- 
able yields are corn, oats, and barley. 



3 


2 


3 3 


18 


69 


1 


2 


2 2 
Acres. 


22 


71 







129,984 







Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 167 



Soil (3) 2 

Subsoil (3) 

Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y . . 

mSCELLANEOl S SOILS OF THE GLACIAL A>D LOESSIAL REdllOXS. 

Portage stony sandy loam. — The soil is a rather loose dark-gray or 
brown sandy loam of medium to fine texture and from 8 to 10 inches 
deep. The underlying material is a yellowish-brown or gray sand of fine 
to medium texture to a depth of 30 inches, where a yellow or gray sandy 
clay sometimes occurs. On the surface considerable quantities of 
bowlders, principally of granite, are found, and outcrops of the under- 
lying crystalline rocks from which the type is in part derived frequently 
occur. The origin of the type has been influenced to some extent by 
glacial action. The drainage is rather poor, and the type is used only 
for pasturage. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 12 21 36 9 12 8 

Subsoil (2) 2 9 21 42 10 8 8 

Acres. 
Portage County, Wis 11, 392 

Barnum stony loam. — The soil to a depth of 12 inches is a light-brown 
loam, underlain by a loam grading into red clay at from 22 to 36 inches. 
On the surface and mixed with the soil are stones and bowlders in con- 
siderable quantity. The surface is rolling and hilly, and the natural 
drainage is generally good. It is a glacial soil, and where not too 
rough and the stones not too numerous is adapted to oats, hay, and 
wheat. 



1 


2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


Soil (2) 1 


3 


6 


16 11 


45 


IS 


Subsoil (2) 1 


2 


6 


17 12 
Acres. 


39 


23 


Carlton area, Minn. 






... 8,704 







Gloucester stony loam. — The soil is a light-brown sandy loam under- 
lain at about 10 inches by a more sandy and gravelly material of gray 
color. The subsoil is a mass of rock fragments, or the thin soil may rest 
directly upon bed rock. From 20 to 80 per cent of bowlders occur on 
the surface and throughout the soil profile, while frequently the bed 



168 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

rock is exposed. The type usually presents a rough, broken topog- 
raphy, hilly and almost mountainous in character, and on account of its 
position and the loose, open character of the subsoil it is thoroughly 
drained. The soil is in part residual and in part glacial in origin, bear- 
ing, however, a distinct relation to the underlying or adjacent rock 
from which, in the main, it has been derived mechanically. Very little 
of it is cleared and under cultivation, and it is covered for the most part 
with a stunted growth of chestnut, oak, white birch, and undergrowth. 
Some corn and potatoes are produced; but only light yields are obtained. 
The type as a whole is best suited to forestry and pasturage, though in 
some places orcharding should be profitable. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) ,...5 9 6 22 19 33 6 

Subsoil (3) 8 13 7 23 19 28 2 

Acres. 
Rhode Island 325, 120 

Holyoke stony loam. — This soil is of glacial origin, and consists of 
about 3 feet of loam, containing 10 to 50 per cent of diabase and other 
bowlders. The areas occupied are rough and mountainous, occurring 
along the base of diabase ranges. The soil is chiefly devoted to past- 
ure, though it is used also to some extent for fruit. 

12 3 4 5 (} 7 

Soil (2) 2 6 5 15 24 42 6 

Subsoil (2) 5 9 7 21 23 30 6 

Acres. 
Connecticut Valley, Conn.-Mass 196,818 

Cassadaga sand. — This is a coarse orange or gray sand, 1 to 3 feet or 
more in depth. The type occurs usually in upland valleys, is commonly 
wooded, and generally has a thick growth of underbrush. The soil is 
inclined to be wet or marshy, and needs drainage because of a hardpan 
subsoil. Very little of this type is under cultivation, and it has at pres- 
ent little agricultural value. If it were cleared and drained it would 
probably be suited to grass. 

12 3 4 5 (i 7 

Soil (1) 2 8 13 33 11 22 10 

Acres. 
Westfield, N.Y 1,660 



Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 169 

Saugatuck sand. — The soil to a depth of 9 inches consists of reddish- 
brown, black, and gray sand. The subsoil to a depth of 3 feet or more 
consists of medium fine sand, containing bands of sand cemented b}?^ 
ferruginous material. These bands of iron crusts vary from a fraction 
of an inch to 1 or more feet in thickness. The type occupies slightly 
depressed areas. The soil is best adapted to truck, peaches, and small 
fruits, and grain does fairly well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 6 34 44 4 7 3 

Subsoil (2) 1 10 37 43 3 3 3 

Acres. 
Allegan County, Mich 24, 120 

Shelby sand. — The soil is a brown or yellow loamy sand, 10 inches 
deep, grading into reddish-yellow sand of medium texture, underlain at 
from 24 to 36 inches by sandstone in place. The subsoil is derived 
from underlying rock, the soil being a covering of wash material. The 
type occurs as gently rolling upland, just above the second bottoms. 
The soil is adapted to truck, small fruit, peaches, and wrapper leaf 
tobacco. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 7 10 30 14 28 9 

Subsoil (1) 2 9 16 43 9 11 10 

Acres. 
Shelby County, Mo 448 

Snohomish sand. — This soil consists of a brown medium sand about 
15 inches deep overlying a loose gray to greenish-yellow sand. The 
surface is flat and fairly level, rising with a gentle incline from near 
sea level toward the inland. While the drainage is generally ade- 
quate on account of the easy fall and open texture, the soil is subject 
to drought. The type has been laid down as glacial deposits under 
uniform conditions. The soil is too light for general farming. It is, 
however, quite similar to some of the eastern truck soils and would 
under suitable conditions be a typical early truck soil It is adapted 
to early potatoes. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 19 17 35 11 8 7 

Sub3oil(2) 2 17 18 40 13 6 4 

Acres. 
Everett, Wash 21, 504 



170 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Wheatland sand. — This is a dark-brown sand, 12 to 18 inches deep, 
underhiin by grayish-yellow sand of the same texture. It is an up- 
land soil of glacial origin. The soil has little agricultural value, and is 

best adapted to pasture and grazing. 

* 

1 2 3 4 5 «} 7 

Soil (2) 1 .3 ,5 49 22 12 7 

Subsoil (2) 15 10 5 26 14 13 11 

Acres. 
Fargo, N. Dak 29,504 

Newton fine sand. — The soil consists of a light-gray to yellowish f'ne 
sand which is underlain at depths varying from 10 to 36 inches by i 
stratified layers of peat and black fine sand. The siu-face is gent 
level, although somewhat broken by ponds and swampy depress ', v 
The type has probably been formed by the deposition of a layer of li,., ' 
colored fine sand over the black fine sand, which gives rise to the Cly 
fine sand. Much of the type supports a growth of water-loving grasses, 
willow, and birch, and its chief use is for pasture. 

1 '2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 4 88 5 1 1 

Subsoil (1) 1 3 79 10 5 2 

Acres. 
Newton County, Ind 5, 888. 

Manchester sandy loam. — The soil is a reddish or dark-yellow me- 
dium sandy or gravelly loam from 8 to 18 inches in depth, underlain by 
loamy sand and gravel, frequently containing large bewilders. The sur- 
face is generally rolling, in the form of ridges and knolls, though the 
type occasionally occurs as low, flat terraces. The type is a combination 
of glacial lake and stream deposits, and the material is exceedingly irregu- 
lar in thickness. It is formed in part of the red Triassic rocks. The 
soil is naturally fertile, but the porous subsoil renders it readily sub- 
ject to drought. It is well adapted to peaches and fairly well adapted 

to corn. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 5 14 14 35 15 11 5 

Subsoil (2). 7 18 15 29 17 9 4 

Acres. 
Connecticut Valley, Conn. -Mass 44, 160 



Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 171 

Portage sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of from 8 to 9 inches is a 
grayish-brown sandy loam of fine to medium texture. Below this 
occurs a brownish-yellow sandy loam grading in the lower part of the 
profile into a mottled gray and yellow sandy clay. The topography 
varies from gently rolling to nearly level, the latter areas being rather 
poorly drained. The type is derived from crystalline rocks, though it 
is modified to some degree by glacial drift. It is adapted to general farm 
crops, yielding \\ tons of ha}^, 100 bushels of potatoes, 30 bu.shels of 
corn, 40 bushels of oats, and 10 to 15 bushels of rye per acre. Small 
' 'its and vegetables also do well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 2 17 21 23 7 18 11 

Subsoil (3) 2 13 18 22 7 19 18 

Acres. 
Portage County, Wis 9, 792 

Saginaw sandy loam. — The soil to an average depth of 12 inches is 
dark-gray to black medium to fine-textured sandy loam, carrying a 
high percentage of organic matter, which has accumulated as a result of 
poor drainage conditions. It is loose, mellow, and easily kept in good 
tilth. The subsoil is dark gray in color and about the same in texture 
as the soil to a depth of 24 to 30 inches, where it is underlain by a heavy 
blue silty clay. The type occupies an intermediate position between 
the Clyde sand and the Clyde loam. Its origin, topographic, and drain- 
age features are essentially the same as the former, namely, reworked 
glacial material, level topography, and naturally deficient drainage. 
When properly drained the soil is fairly well adapted to truck, sugar 
beets, and corn, as well as to general crops. 

1 

Soil (4) 2 

Subsoil (4) 2 

Acres. 

Owosso, Mich .... 1,280 

Saginaw, Mich 12, 992 

Wheatland sandy loam. — The soil consists of a dark-brown sandy 
loam about 14 inches deep, underlain by loam which at a depth of 6 feet 
or more rests upon a grayish-yellow or yellow glacial till. Glacial 
bowlders and rock fragments occur throughout the soil and .subsoil. 
This is an upland soil and is generally well drained. It is fairly well 
adapted to wheat, oats, barley, flax, and corn. 



2 


3 


4 


o 


G 


7 


10 


20 


41 


7 


14 


7 


9 


22 


37 


9 


14 


S 



172 Soil Survey Field Book. 

1 '2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 2 4 5 18 20 32 19 

Subsoil (3)....: 2 5 5 18 19 25 25 

Acres. 
Fargo, N. Dak 16, 768 

Snohomish fine sandy loam. — The soil to a depth of 15 inches consists 

of a brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil is a brown to yellow heavy fine 

sandy or silty loam. Small gravel and a few cobblestones occur 

throughout both soil and subsoil. The type occupies level to gently 

rolling river terraces and is formed from reworked glacial material. 

The type is best adapted to late truck crops for canning purposes. 

Fruit does well. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 6 5 19 22 33 13 

Subsoil (2) 1 4 4 13 17 44 16 

Acres. 

Everett, Wash 9, 728 

Barnum loam. — The soil to a depth of 8 to 14 inches is a brown loam 
carrying a small amount of gravel. The subsoil is a heavy loam, 
usually lighter in color than the soil, and grades into a stiff brownish-red 
clay at from 18 to 24 inches. On the surface are stones and bowlders, 
though not in sufficient quantity to interfere with cultivation. The 
surface is rolling, and natural drainage is generally good. It is a glacial 
soil and is adapted to hay, oats, and wheat. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 3 7 18 10 43 17 

Subsoil (1) 1 2 3 11 10 45 28 

Acres. 
Carlton, Minn 2, 496 

Bernardston loam. — The soil is a light clayey or silty loam of dark 
color, 10 inches in depth, underlain by about 14 inches of dark-yellowish 
loam grading into a dark slaty blue clay loam of very compact nature. 
It occurs in very broken and hilly areas, and outcrops of the underlying 
argillaceous rocks are ver}^ common, (\iltivated areas of the soil occur 
very largely in drumlinoid hills. The native vegetation is made up 
largely of hardwoods, particularly sugar maple, but in the most stony 
areas, where the soil is shallow, chestnut, pine, and hemlock are com- 
mon. It is a glacial soil, made up of argillaceous rock material. It is 
very productive, being particularly fine for grass and grazing land. It 
also produces excellent crops of corn, oats, and r3^e. 



3 


4 5 


6 


7 


4 


14 20 


34 


14 


4 


14 19 
Acres. 


36 


15 



Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 173 

1 2 

Soil (2) 6 8 

Subsoil (2) 5 7 

Connecticut Valley, Conn. -Mass. . 16, 064 

Elmwood loam. — This soil is a dark-brown fine sandy loam, 2 feet in 
depth, overlying a close, poorly drained clay. It occupies level ter- 
races along the Connecticut River and is a lacustrine deposit. The 
type has very little present agricultural value on account of its compact 
nature and poor underdrainage. 

Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich 3, 810 

Connecticut Valley, Conn.-Mass.. 18,878 

Madison loam. — The soil is a loose, friable brown or yellow loam or 
fine sandy loam from 8 to 14 inches deep, resting upon a heavy loam or 
clay, usually becoming heavier below 24 inches. Throughout the soil 
and subsoil there are a few well-rounded gravel. TKe subsoil is some- 
what variable, occasionally consisting of alternating layers of sand and 
clay, w^ith an occasional layer of cherty gravel. The type occurs as 
second bottoms and is generally level. This is an alluvial soil, derived 
from wash of valley slopes. Frequently the drainage is poor. It is a 
good soil for corn and hay and for truck crops, especially for cabbage, 
tomatoes, and berries. 

1 •-> 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 4 3 14 12 39 27 

Subsoil (2) 1 3 3 15 14 39 25 

Acres. 
Madison County, Ind 2, 240 

Shelby loam. — This type consists of a fine sandy or silty loam of a 
gray or brown color from 3 to 8 inches deep, grading into a reddish-yel- 
low sandy clay which extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. It is locally 
termed "white-oak lands." Iron pipes and concretions are usually 
found. The subsoil is made up mainly of pockets of sand and clay, with 
occasional thin lenses of cherty gravel. The type is of glacial origin. 
It occurs below the Shelby silt loam and is exposed through stream cut- 
ting and erosion of the overlying prairie. It occupies steep slopes adja- 
cent to the w^ater courses. Native growth is white and scrub oak with a 
scattering of red oak and hickory. It is much less productive than the 
Shelby silt loam. It is poorly adapted to wheat and corn. The former 



ii 


4 


'* 


(} 


7 


7 


19 


U 


40 


13 


5 


13 


10 


25 


40 



174 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

yields an average of about 10 bushels and the latter about 25 bushels per 
acre. The soil is used almost exclusively for pasture. 

1 '2 

Soil (3) 2 5 

Subsoil (3) 2 fj 

Acres. 

Scotland County, Mo 04,-()lG 

Shelliy County, Mo a 71, 168 

Warners loam. — -The soil consists of 10 inches of mellow brown loam, 
containing many calcareous nodules and a considerable proportion of 
marl, resting on a subsoil of white or gray marl. The soil is silty in 
character and of soft, unctuous feel, containing thin layers of muck at 
various depths. It produces fairly good crops of corn and grass. 

Acres. 
Syracuse, N. Y 128 

Lexington silt loam.— The soil to a depth of about 12 inches is a gray 
or yellcnvish-gray mellow silt loam. The subsoil to a depth of .36 'inches 
is either a compact silt loam slightly heavier than the soil or a silty clay 
varying from yellow to brown in color or sometimes tinged with red. 
The surface is moderately rolling to hilly, the rougher portion being 
largely the result of erosion. The drainage is good and crops suffer 
during extended droughts. The type is derived from loess and closely 
resembles the Memphis silt loam; but the deposit of loess is very thin, 
and the soil is in places modified by the underlying Orange sand forma- 
tion. The soil is adapted to corn, cotton, forage crops, vegetables, and 
strawberries. The natural forest growth consists of white, red, post, 
and black-jack oak, chestnut, hickory, and black gum. 

1 2 3 4 o G 7 

Soil (2) 2 2 6 5 69 15 

Subsoil (2) 1 2 4 2 63 28 

Acres. 
Henderson County, Tenn 241, 344 

Marion silt loam. — The soil consists of silt loam of light-brown to 
white color, with an average depth of 12 inches. The subsoil consists of 
a hard, stiff silty clay of mottled appearance, locally known as " hard- 
pan," the predominating colors being gray, light yellow, and reddish 
yellow. Between the soil and subsoil occurs a wliite layer of compact 
silt, which crumbles easily between the fmgers. The type occupies the 

o Mapped as Shelby clay. 



3[iscellaneo^(s Glacial Soils. 175 

level prairie land -'vnd is of loessial origin. Wheat, corn, and grass are 
the principal crops. The yield of grain is rather small, but apples do 
well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (13) 1 1 2 .5 75 15 

Sul)soil (13) 112 4 60 31 

Acres. Acres. 

Clay County, ill 260, 544 | O'Fallon, Mo 175, 552 

Clinton County, 111 172, 480 ! St. Clair County, 111 86, 464 

Memphis silt loam.trt — This soil is a yellow or brown silt loam 8 inches 
in depth, powdery when dry. Under this is a chocolate-brown or yel- 
low compact silt loam, which in turn is underlain at a depth of from 2 
to 6 feet by a yellow silt of loess formation. The type occupies uplands 
and is subject to serious erosion. It is largely forested to oak, hickory, 
and beech. In Mississippi it is divided topographically into two re- 
gions — the Cane Hills, which are steep-sided and narrow-topped, and 
the Flat Hills, which are more plateaulike and cultivated to a greater 
extent than the Cane Hills. Good yields of cotton, corn, wheat, oats, 
hay, and potatoes are secured in different localities. In northern areas 
the soil is good for fruits and vegetables. 

1 

Soil (18) 

Sul)soil (18) 

Acres. 

Crystalsprings, Miss 46, 016 

East Baton Rouee Parish, La . 219, 200 

Jackson, Miss 410, 624 

Johnson County, 111 167, 104 

McCraeken County, Kj^ 139, 776 



•2 3 4 


5 


6 


7 


1 1 1 


4 


78 


15 


1 1 2 


3 


73 


20 


O'Fallon, Mo.. 









Acres. 
5, 376 

St. Clair County, 111 b 138, 560 

Smedes, Miss 52, 288 

Yazoo, Miss 140, 090 



Portage silt loam. — The type consists of a grayish-colored silt loam 
8 or 10 indies deep, underlain by a mottled gray and yellow heavy clay 
loam. At a depth of about 25 inches a thin stratum of sand, sandy 
loam, or sandy clay frequently occurs, grading quite abruptly into a 
dark-red clay. The type occupies level or slightly undulating areas, is 
rather poorly drained, and sometimes marshy. The type is derived 
from glacial material over crystalhne rocks. It is well adapted to 
general farm crops, small fruits, and vegetables. 

a See also Lintonia loam, p. 94. 

b Mapped as Miami fine sandy loam. 



176 SoH Survey Field Bool'. 

1 i! 3 4 o a 7 

Soil (3 ) 1 5 3 4 5 5S 23 

Subsoil (1) 1 17 20 28 5 12 10 

Lower subsoil (1) 1 i; 8 14 G 25 40 

Acres. 
Portage County, Wis 22, 650 

Safford silt loam. — To a deptli of 8 to 10 inches tlio soil consists of a 
gray or liglit-vcUow silt loam. This is undcilain by a tough, plastic clay 
or clay loam of a rod or reddish-brown color, gi'ading at a depth of about 
3 feet into greensand. The surface soil is loose and rather incoherent 
when dry, and is easily cultivated. It has a i-olling to hilly topography 
and washes badly if not properly managed. The natural drainage is 
good. The silt loam covering is due to a deposit of loess, while the sub- 
soil is derived from the weathering of the greensand marl or a shallow 
deposit of clayey material above it, or from a mixture of both. The 
soil is adapted to corn, cotton, wheat, and hay. The timber growth 
consists of white, red, black-jack, and post oak, chestnut, and some 

hickorv and beech. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 1 4 17 01 10 

Subsoil (.3) 1 3 12 30 54 

Acres. 
Henderson County, Tenn 28, 544 

Scottsburg silt loam. — This soil is an ashy-gray silt loam, with varia- 
tions tending to a line sandy loam. At about 10 inches it grades into a 
light-yellow or slightly mottled silt loam, becoming gradually heavier 
and more compact as the depth increases, until at 30 to 36 inches is 
found a heavy silt loam of a drab or gray color, slightly mottled with 
yellow stains. Small iron concretions permeate the entire depth. The 
type is the result of local material, redeposited by glacial action, mixed 
with the weathered material of the imderlying argillaceous and sand}^ 
shales. The areas were probably at one time level, but have been 
eroded by stream action until they present a gently rolling topography. 
The soil is best adapted to tomatoes and other vegetables, small fruits, 
and all early maturing crops. By adding humus and adopting crop 
rotations general crops may be made to do well. 

12 3 4 r, 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 3 3 7 9 05 12 

Subsoil (3) 1 2 2 5 S 02 19 

.\cn^s. 
Scott County, Ind 37,184 



Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 177 

Shelby silt loam. — The soil is a dark-gra}' to almost black silt loam 
from 6 to 10 inches deep, underlain by a stifl", impervious brown or drab 
mottled silty clay, streaked with blue and red. A thin laj'er of white 
silt is often found betwe::'n soil and subsoil. This t^^pe resembles both 
the Mai'shall and Marion silt loams. It difi'ers from the former in hav- 
ing a heavy, impervious subsoil and from the latter in the darker color of 
the surface soil. It is derived from a deposit of loess over glacial mate- 
rial. The type is known locally as "the prairie" and occupies level to 
gentty rolling uplands. The greater part is fairly well drained, but the 
impervious subsoil allows water to collect on very level areas after 
heavy rains. The principal crops on this type are hay, corn, oats, and 
wheat, with millet, Kafir corn, and sorghum as secondary crops. Fruit 
also does well, and the production of apples is of some importance. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 2 1 1 3 74 19 

Subsoil (3) 1 3 1 1 2 55 38 

Acres. 

Scotland County, Mo 136, 704 

Shelby County, Mo 210, 890 

Snohomish silt loam. — The soil to a depth of 12 inches is a reddish- 
brown light silty loam, and is underlain to a depth of 3 feet or more by 
a yellow or drab silt loam or silty clay. The topography of this type 
is level or gently rolling. It occupies chiefly lower river terraces, and 
the drainage is good. It owes its origin to the modification of glacial 
sediments by the action of streams. This is a good soil for general 
farming, and fruit trees do well on it. 



Soil (2) 

Subsoil (2) . 



1 


2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


1 


4 


2 


6 9 


60 


18 


1 


3 


2 


5 10 

Acres. 
.. 16,192 


53 


26 



Fargo clay. — The soil is a heavy black clay 6 to 14 inches deep, under- 
lain by gray or blue clay of the same texture. At from 5 to 9 feet occurs 
a mottled gray, brown, and yellow clay, similar to the subsoil of the 
Miami black cla}" loam. V\'hen wet this type is very waxy and gummy 
and has an oily feel. It is exceedingly slippery under foot and often 
sticks to wagon wheels in great riuantities. The type occurs in depres- 
sions in the upland. The drainage is poor and the soil is difficult to 

32075—06 12 



178 Soil Survey Field Bool\ 

till. It is a very strong and productive soil when well drained, and is 
adapted to general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 r> 7 

Soil f2) 1 1 .3 9 m 50 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 5 26 66 

Acres. 
Fargo, N. Dak 40, 000 

Hobart clay. — This consists of a shallow covering of from 1 to 4 
inches of a gray or dark-brown clay, underlain to a depth of 3 or 4 feet 
by heavy drab-colored clay. Below this the subsoil is mixed with frag- 
ments of the imderlying shale, and finally grades into shale rock. The 
soil as well as the subsoil contains fragments of shale. When the soil 
is wet it is ver}^ adhesive under foot and has a greasy, oily feel. In dry 
weather it often bakes to the detriment of growing crops. On account 
of the impervious clay and shale underlying the soil there are many 
fresh-water springs. Owing to the stiff, tenacious character of the soil 
and its location on the steep sides of bhifTs it has little value except as 
a sheep and cattle pasture. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 7 4 l.S 4 .31 38 

Subsoil (4) 1 3 1 2 2 15 76 

Acres. 

Carrington, N. Dak 2,496 

Jamestown, N. Dak 3, 712 

RESIDUAL SOILS OF THE WESTERN PRAIRIE RECJION. 

This region consists of the nonglacial part of the prairie plains 
bounded on the north by the Missouri River, the southern limit of gla- 
ciers, and extending southward through Texas to the Rio Grande. On 
the west it merges into the Plateau region at very near the 2,000-foot 
contour, and on the east is limited by the Gulf Coastal Plain and the 
Ozark Plateau. Its surface is gently rolling, with occasional low hills, 
and is cut by numerous stream channels. The rocks are of Carbonifer- 
ous age and consist of sandstones, shales, and limestones more or less 
interbedded. These rocks give rise to three series of soils, viz, Oswego, 
(^rawford, and Vernon, together with a number of miscellaneous soils. 
In Kansas and Texas these soils are in some instances more or less modi- 
fied by the ndmixtui'e of gravel and sand from Tertiary deposits brought 
down fiom the high(M' areas larllici- wrst orcupic^d by crystalline rocks. 



Residual Soils of the Prairie Region. 179 

OSWEGO SERIES. 

The Oswego series includes the light-colored soils of the prairie region 
formed from the weathering of interbedded layers of sandstone and 
shale, as distinguished from the Crawford series, which is derived from 
limestones. The surface soils are light to dark gray in color, while the 
subsoils are dai'k drab to yellow. The soils of the Oswego series are less 
productive than those of the Crawford series. 

Oswego fine sandy loam. — The soil is a yellowish-brown heavy fine 
sandy loam with a depth of 12 inches, resting on a subsoil of the same 
material but of a lighter yellowish color and somewhat heavier in tex- 
ture. This is an upland soil occupying low, rounded knobs and ridges 
and having a rolling surface. The drainage is excellent. The type 
is residual, being derived from sandstone and arenaceous shale, which 
occurs in places a few feet beneath the surface. Corn and oats are the 
important crops, the former yielding from 20 to 30 bushels and the 
latter about 25 bushels per acre. Very little wheat is grown on this 
soil, as it is likely to winterkill. The soil is best adapted to fruit and 
truck. 

1 

Soil (8) 

Subsoil (3) 

Acres. 

Allen County, Kans 15,565 

Parsons, Kans 9,728 

Oswego silt loam, a — The soil is a gray to yellowish silt loam 10 inches 
deep, grading into a stiff silty clay, becomnig stiffer and more imper- 
vious as the depth increases. The type occupies gently rolling upland 
prairies, and is derived from shale, with here and there an interbedded 
layer of sandstone or limestone, and in places outcrops of bituminous 
coal. When dry the soil is apt to bake and crack, but breaks up into 
a mellow loam when plowed. This is a soil of fair productivity, and is 
used for general farm crops. The average yield of wneat is about 18 
bushels, of corn 25 bushels, and of potatoes 80 to 100 bushels per acre. 
Flax and rye are grown to some extent. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 





18 


33 


34 


13 


1 


1 


18 


30 


33 


17 



a See also Neosho silt loam, p. 95. 



180 Soil Survey Field Book. 



2 


» 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


1 


3 


13 


GG 


15 


1 


1 


3 


10 


59 


2G 



1 

boil (6) 

Subsoil (G) 

Acros. 

Allen County, Kans 177 ,G00 

Parsons, Kans o 92 ,09G 

CRAAVFORD SERIES. 

This scries includos residual limestone soils of the prairie regions, 
characterized by dark-brown to reddish-brown surface soils and red- 
dish-brown to red subsoils. While derived from limestones these soils 
usually contain only a small percentage of lime, differing very mate- 
rially in this respect from the soils of the Houston series, occurring in 
the Cretaceous black prairies of the Coastal Plain. They are produc- 
tive and well adapted to general farming. 

Crawford stony clay. — The soil consists of a dark reddish-brown clay 
or clay loam 10 inches deep. The subsoil is a stiff, reddish-brown com- 
pact clay. A large number of limestone fragments of various sizes are 
scattered over the surface and throughout the soil profile, while at a 
depth of from 12 to 20 inches the parent limestone is encountered. 
Many areas have comparatively few rock fragments on the surface, but 
the underlying limestone is encountered at shallow depths and even 
outcrops in small eroded areas. The type occurs along slopes of streams 
in rolling prairies and in rough, broken country. It supports an excel- 
lent growth of native grass, which makes it a valuable pasture land. A 
large proportion is too rough and stony for agricultural purposes, but 
where cultivation is practicable the soil is well adapted to cotton, corn, 
sorghum, and oats. Some areas are well suited for orchards and vine- 
yards. It supports a growth of oak and cedar. 

12 8 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 1 1 3 G 4G 42 

Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 3 7 47 41 

Acres. 

Austin, Tex ^ 5G,2.5G 

San Antonio, Tex blG,7G8 

Waco, Tex 27,2G4 



a Mapped as Oswego loam. 

b Mapped as Colton stony clay. 



Remdiial Soils of the Prairie Region. 181 

Cxawford gravelly loam. — The soil is a very dark to black compact 
gravelly loam, with a depth of about 8 inches, and contains from 10 to 50 
per cent of rounded chert fragments of a reddish tinge. The subsoil 
is a very stifi", tenacious red clay in which small quantities of the same 
gravel usually occur. The gravel content varies greatly in both soil 
and subsoil. The soil is derived principally from limestone, and prob- 
ably represents the remnant of a gravelly formation. The type occurs 
in knobs and ridges which rise from 5 to 30 feet above the general level, 
thus presenting a rolling topography and affording good surface drain- 
age. The gravel in the soil permits ready subdrainage. The type as 
a°whole is best adapted to pasture, but where not too gravelly corn is 
successfully grown, especially in wet seasons. Grapes, peaches, and 
some other fruits would probably do well on some parts of this soil. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil(l) 2 1 1 1 5 G2 28 

Subsoil (1) 3 2 1 4 7 53 .30 

Acres. 
Allen County, Kans a 5,165 

Crawford loam.— This soil is a brown to reddish -brown loam 12 
inches deep. The immediate surface soil carries considerable fine 
sand and has the general appearance of a fine sandy loam. The sub- 
soil is a heavy brown loam, passing usually at about 25 inches into a 
stiff, compact clay more nearly red in color. It is characterized by 
rolling topography and is well drained but not seriously eroded. 
The soil is derived from the weathering of sandy, ferruginous clays, 
impure limestone, and sandstone. It is easily tilled, is well suited to 
cotton and corn, and produces fair yields of wheat and oats. Peaches, 
plums, small fruits, and vegetables also do well. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 22 22 .32 20 

Subsoil (2) 1 2 17 16 38 25 

Acres. 
Waco, Tex 6, 784 

Crawford silt loam.— The soil to an average depth of about 10 inches 
is a reddish-brown to dark-brown friable silt loam, having a decided 
tendency to dry out in periods of drought, making frequent cultiva- 
tion necessary. The subsoil is a red or Ijrown silt loam or clay loam, 

a Mapped as Sedgwick gra\'elly loam. 



182 Soil Survey Field Bool\ 

generally somewhat open and granular, but becoming more compact 
and stiffer with increased depth. The type is derived from limestone, 
which is frequently encountered 2 to 5 feet below the surface. The 
type occupies level to rolling prairies and is well drained except in 
depressions and flat areas, where it is generally best suited to pastures. 
The soil is best adapted to corn, but all general farm crops, as well 
as fruit and vegetables, do fairly well. 

12 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (6) 113 9 6S 18 

Subsoil ''6) 1 1 1 4 6 64 23 

Acres. 

Allen County, Kans o 75, 239 

Wichita, Kans a 136, 320 

Crawford clay. — The soil is a brown or slightly reddish clay or clay 
loam 10 inches deep, stiff and tenacious when wet, but friable and 
granular when dry and well cultivated. The subsoil is a stiff, tena- 
cious clay of a lighter reddish-brown color, becoming stifli'er and more 
compact with increased depth. It is derived from the weathering of 
limestone, which is frequently found at a depth of 3 or 4 feet below 
the surface. The type occupies gently rolling to rolling upland pla- 
teaus and is naturally well drained. The soil is well adapted to 
wheat, while corn, cotton, alfalfa, clover, and timothy do well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 1 2 1 5 10 50 31 

Subsoil (5) 1 2 1 5 * 8 43 39 

Acres. 

Parsons, Kans & 68, 544 

Waco, Tex 112,320 

VERNON SERIES. 

The Vernon series includes the " upland sands, loams, and clays 
derived from the weathering of the Permian Red Beds. The surface 
soils are gray and brown, while the subsoils are brown to red. Tliis 
series occurs in the prairie regions of northern Texas and in the Indian 
Territory and Oklahoma. The soils are productive and well adapted 
to general farm crops. 

a Mapped as Sedgwick clay loam. 
t> Mapped as Yazoo clay. 



Residual Soils of the Prairie Region. 183 

Vernon sand.— The soil is a loose gray to reddish-brown medium 
sand about 18 inches deep, underlain b}^ slightly more compact 
reddish-yellow sand to a depth of 3 feet or more. The surface is 
hummocky to dunelike, and the type is well drained. The soil has 
l)een formed largely by wind action. Kafir «orn, sorghum, and cotton 
are the principal crops. Apples, peaches, and melons do well. 

12 3 4 5 () 7 

Soil (2) 7 19 40 19 9 6 

Subsoil (2) 5 15 38 19 16 9 

Acres. 
Vernon, Tex o 56, 448 

Vernon sandy loam. — The soil is a dark-red to reddish-brown sandy 
loam from 12 to 18 inches deep, and is mellow, friable, and easily worked. 
The subsoil to a depth of 36 inches is heavier in texture and varies in 
color from red to brown. The soil has been formed by the intermingling 
of wind-blown sand with the Vernon silt loam, and is generally well 
drained. Corn, wheat, Kafir corn, oats, and cotton are the principal 
crops grown on this soil type. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil(l) 1 8 17 25 22 14 11 

Subsoil(l) 1 7 15 23 19 16 18 

Acres. 
Vernon, Tex 30,592 

Vernon fine sandy loam. — The soil is a fine to very fine brownish-red 
sand about 22 inches deep, carrying much silt. The subsoil is the same 
as the soil, except that it is a little lighter in color in the lower depths. 
From 4 to 6 feet the material is generally a yellowish-red fine sand. 
The surface is slightly rolling and the drainage excellent. The type is 
derived from wind-blown river sand when the streams were at higher 
levels, and occupies bluffs along rivers. The soil is used principally for 
pasturage, but is adapted to wheat, corn, oats, cotton, and other farm 

crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 3 36 54 7 

Subsoil(2) 1 2 35 .53 9 

Acres. 
Vernon, Tex 5,248 

o It is now recognized that the bottom-land phase of this soil should have 
been correlated with the Miller fine sandy loam. 



184 • Soil Savvey Field Book. 

Vernon silt loam.d — The surface soil is a reddisli-brown to dark- 
brown silt loam 12 inches deep, and mellow, friable, and easily worked. 
The subsoil is a light reddish-brown silt loam, heavier in texture than 
the soil, and at from 3 to 6 feet is underlain l)y a friable red clay. The 
type occupies level and slightly rolling areas of the prairie upland, is 
fairly well drained, and is derived from the weathering of material form- 
ing the Permian Red Beds. Corn, wheat, oats, Kafir corn , and sorghum 
are the principal crops grown on the type. 

1 •-' 3 4 o (} 7 

Son (3) 1 1 3 15 70 10 

Subsoil (3) 1 2 6 13 63 14 

Acres. 
Vernon, Tex '^ 59, 392 

Vernon clay. — This is a red clay to heavy clay loam about 9 inches 
deep, in some localities containing a small percentage of rounded quartz 
gravel. The subsoil is a heavy, sticky red clay. It often contains 
waterworn gravel from 3 to 4 inches in diameter. The type is de- 
rived from the Permian Red Beds, and is the underlying basal clay of 
the Vernon loam. The soil is principally used for pasture. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 2 23 59 14 

Subsoil (2) 1 2 17 62 18 

Acres. 
Vernon, Tex 22, 592 

MISCELLANEOUS KESIDIJAL SOILS OF THE WESTERN PRAIRIE 

REGION. 

Derby loam, — This type is a mellow yellowish-brown- to reddish- 
brown silty loam, 10 inches deep, grading almost imperceptibly into a 
i-ather heavy, reddish-brown siit^^ loam subsoil. It occupies rollino- 
upland prairie and is well drained. This is a good soil for general agri- 
culture, v'oin arid wheat are the chief crops, corn yielding about 25 
•bushels and wheat about IS Inishels per acre. 

12 3 4 « (5 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 ,1 7 28 42 19 

Subsoil (2) 2 3 9 21 45 20 

Acres. 
Wichita, Kans 20, 416 



a See also Miller silt loam. p. 91 . 

''Mapped as Vernon loam, hut now hronsilit into the proper place in the series. 



Soils of the Great Basin. 185 

Sedgwick black clay loam. — The soil is a fine-grained black silty 
loam, 12 inches deep, underlain by a tough, heavy, bluish-gray to drab 
clay extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. The type occupies flat 
or depressed areas on upland prairie and is poorly drained. The soil 
is formed by the wash from the surrounding soils. It is generally 
used only for pasture, although thorough drainage converts it into 
a soil well adapted to wheat and corn. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 N ;n 4S 9 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 1 15 r)2 .31 

Acres. ♦ 

Wichita, Kans 5, 568 

SOILS OF THE GREAT BASIN. 

With the exception of one soil type recognized in the Laramie area, 
Wyoming, the soils in this group, .so far as mapped, are confined to the 
Great Interior Basin region. They are derived from a great variety of 
rocks, and consist of colluvial soils of the mountain slopes, deep lacus- 
trine and shore deposits of the Bonneville period, and of recent stream 
valley sediments and river delta deposits. 

When not situated above or outside the limits of irrigation, or ren- 
dered unfit for cultivation by accumulation of alkali or seepage waters, 
they are of great agricultural importance, and are devoted mainl}^ to 
the production of grains, sugar beets, alfalfa, stone or other tree fruits, 
and vegetables. 

BINGHAM SERIES. 

This series covers lower mountain slopes, upper valley slopes, and 
valley plains. It consists of colluvial mountain wash or of old alluvial 
torrential or intermittent streams, delta cone deposits, or of a mixture 
of these materials. The soils are usually gravelly and generally treeless, 
except in the immediate vicinity of stream courses. The more ele- 
vated areas are frequently rough and hilly and marked by the pres- 
ence of rock outcrop and bowlders. They are frequently cut by washes 
or intermittent stream channels and are well drained, except in the 
lower-lying areas occupying depressions. 

These soils are derived principally from eruptive, early sedimentary, 
and altered sedimentary rocks of all ages, and modified particularly by 
material derived from limestone, granites, shales, slates, etc. They 



186 Soil Survey Field Book. 

occur as irregular and frequently extensive bodies, often lying above 
the limits of irrigation. When capable of irrigation, the soils are often 
well adapted to peaches and other fruits. 

Bingham stony loam. — The soil is a sandy loam or fine sandy loam, 
generally of a dark or drab color and loose, porous structure, typically 
4 to 6 feet deep, containing gravel, stones, and bowlders, and is under- 
lain by gravel beds or Ijowlders, or by rock, which fi-equently outcrops 
upon the surface. The type oc<^urs along lower mountain slopes, high 
terraces, and elevated parts of old alluvial delta cones, and has a slop- 
ing and frequently rough or hilly surface. It is well drained and 
free from alkali salts. It has been formed by colluvial mountain wash 
and by sedimentary material deposited by intermittent, shifting 
streams or mountain torrents, and occupies irregular and sometimes 
extensive areas. The soil has little agricultural value at present, 
being too stony, and usually lying too high for irrigation. But for 
this disadvantage of position in most areas and the scarcity of water in 
others, some areas of this soil might be used in fruit growing. 

Acres. I Acres. 



Bear River, Utah 1,984 

Provo, Utah a .3.3, 728 

Salt Lake, Utah 4,210 



Sevier Valley, Utah 16, 600 

Weber County, Utah 5, 700 



Bingham gravelly loam. — ^The soil is a sandy loam or fine sandy 
loam of open, porous structure and dark or dral) color, generally from 
IS inches to 6 feet or more in depth, usually underlain by gravel, 
bowlders, or rock. It occurs as extensive areas covering lower moun- 
tain slopes, upper valley slopes, and sloping alluvial delta cone plains, 
generally lying slightly below areas covered by the Bingham stony 
loam, to which it is similar in origin and mode of formation. Flat 
shaly to well-rounded gravel varying in size from fine fragments to 
3 or 4 inch.es in diameter occurs either upon the surface or within a 
depth of 3 feet. The surface is generally free from rock outcrop or 
bowlders and is well drained and free from alkali. The type frequently 
lies above the limits of irrigation and is sometimes dry-farmed to 
grains. Where capable of irrigation, it is frequently well adapted to 
truck crops and orchard and small fruits. 

a Mapped as Maricopa stony loam. 



Soils of the Great Basin, 187 

1 



Soil (12) 2 

Subsoil (4) 3 

Acres. 

Bear Rivc^ Utah 10, 304 

Provo, Utah a48, 128 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


3 


5 


12 


26 


33 


16 


6 


5 


19 


27 


26 


10 



Acres. 

Salt Lake, Utah 35, 280 

Sevier Valley, Utah 38, 400 



Bingham loam. — The soil is a dark or drab loam, usually 4 feet in 
depth, underlain by a clay loam subsoil. The type is similar to the 
Bingham gravelly loam in origin and mode of formation, but is com- 
posed of finer alluvjal and colluvial material, is further removed from 
the mountains, and occupies lower levels and depressions. Drainage 
is often poor and the soil contains considerable alkali, but when 
drained and free from alkali it is excellent for general farming purposes. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 1 .5 11 46 28 

Subsoil (3) 2 2 2 7 1.') 45 24 

Acres. 
Sevier Valley, Utah bl2, lOO 

REDFIELD SERIES. 

The Redfield series extends from mountain bases across plateaulike 
plains, upper valley slopes, and sloping plains of narrow valley's to 
nearly level plains adjacent to the valley trough. The soils of this 
series are formed of colluvial mountain wash, or sometimes of residual 
material, mingled with alluvial delta cone deposits of intermittent or 
torrential streams. They are generally treeless, often gravelly, some- 
times marked by rock outcrop, and frequently cut by washes and inter- 
mittent stream channels. The soils are derived primarily from red 
sandstone modified in places by an admixture of material derived from 
shales, slates, eruptive rocks, etc., and are typically of vermilion or 
bright red color. They generally occur as extensive areas. The lower 
lying and heavier members of the series are often poorly drained and 
alkaline. 

Redfield fine sandy loam, c — The soil is a fine sandy loam, 6 feet in 
depth, derived from the disintegration of red sandstones, sometimes 
mingled with limestones, and is usually well drained. In some areas 
the soil contains well-rounded, medium-sized gravel within 3 feet of the 

a Mapped as Maricopa gravelly loam. 

''Mapped as Glenwood loam. 

c Mapped as Redfield sandy loam. 



188 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

surface, and this gravel increases in quantity and size in the lower 
depths. Some areas are underlain by sandstone and limestone rocks 
outcropping in high places. The type occupies valley floors sloping 
gently from the mountains, upper bench lands, and elevated, undulat- 
ing plains. It is adapted to alfalfa and grain when so situated that 
irrigation is possible. 

12 8 4 .-) (} 7 

Soil (.5) 1 4 .3 24 3.3 27 11 

Subsoil (i;i) 3 4 15 31 35 13 

Acres. 

Sevier Valley, Utah 44, 200 

Laramie, Wyo 42, G44 

Redfield loam. — Tiie soil is a vermilion-colored loam, 4| or 5 feet deep, 
underlain by a clay loam or occasionally by a sandy loam or sand sub- 
soil. The type occupies level valley floors and is frequently poorly 
drained and contains alkali. It is an excellent soil for general farming 
when drained and free from alkali. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 S 16 .72 22 

Subsoil (4) 1 1 f> 17 49 22 

Acres. 
Sevier Valley, IT tali 14, 100 

Redfield clay loam. — The soil is a clay 5 feet in depth, of vermilion- 
red color, underlain by a sand subsoil. The soil is quite tenacious and 
diflicult to till. The type occupies low and level land, is poorly drained, 
and contains considerable alkali. The soil is of little agricultural value 
except as meadow land. 

1 2 3 4 5 

Soil (2) 1 1 1 2 9 

Subsoil (4) 1 2 10 

Acres. 
Sevier Valley, Utah 3, 800 

MALADE SERIES. 

This series occurs along valley troughs and in the vicinity of river 
flood plains, and consists of stream sediments of recent date or in proc- 
ess of formation. The soils occupy low or slightly elevated valley 
plains of smooth, nearly level surface, frequently marked by the pres- 
ence of stream channels or sloughs. They are derived mainly from 
eruptive, early sedimentary, and altered sedimentary rocks, and occur 






7 


54 


28 


53 


33 



Soih of the Great Bcmn. 189 

as small narrow to broad extensive areas. The soils are generally dark 
in color and are underlain by light-colored sands or sandy loams or by 
heavy red subsoils. The heavy members are compact. The areas are 
generally well drained. 

Malade fine sand. — This consists of a fine sand without much change 
in texture to a depth of 6 feet. It has been formed from materials de- 
posited b}' river overflows, and is usually found adjacent to the stream 
channels, sometimes occupying the higher forelands. It is adapted to 
sugar beets under irrigation and to other crops suited to the climatic 
conditions. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 7 .50 28 8 7 

Subsoil (1) 35 39 16 10 

Acres. 
Bear River, Utah 6, 080 

Malade sandy loam. — The soil consists of a fine sand}' loam to a deptli 
of about 12 inches, and is underlain to 5 or 6 feet by a coarse sandy 
loam subsoil often containing a high percentage of clay, and this in turn 
is underlain by a fine sandy loam, or fine sand. The surface foot is 
usually quite loose in texture, but below this the material is generally 
very compact. The type owes its origin to river deposits. The sur- 
face is level, but is higher than surrounding land, the type usuall}^ 
occupying forelands adjacent to the streams. The soil is well drained 
and free from alkali, and is well adapted to alfalfa, grasses, wheat, and 
other grain crops. It is an excellent soil for sugar beets when irriga- 
tion is practiced. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 
Soil (1) 1 46 23 10 20 

Acres. 
Bear River, Utah 3, 264 

Malade fine sandy loam. — The soil is a gray fine sandy loam to a 
depth of from 2 to 2\ feet, underlain to 6 feet with a red loam or clay 
loam subsoil. The heav}^ subsoil has been deposited in quiet waters 
from silt and claj^s brought down by river overflows, while the top cover- 
ing of fine sandy loam has been formed colluvially from surrounding 
higher lands. The type is generall}^ well drained, and contains very 
little alkali, the subsoil being comparatively free from it. The soil is 
adapted to sugar beets, alfalfa, and to some orchard fruits. 



>) 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


1 


13 


25 


43 


17 


1 


1 


12 


24 


33 


29 








32 
Acres 
. 16.64C 


43 

1 


14 


11 



190 Soil Survey Field Book. 

1 2 S 4 5 7 

Soil (3) 1 16 31 37 IG 

Subsoil (3) II 23 40 25 

Acres. 
Bear River, Utah 10,112 

Malade loam. — To a depth of about 12 inches this is a fine sandy 
loam soil, underlain to 3 or 4 feet by a loam or occasionally by a clay 
loam subsoil, which is in turn underlain to 6 feet by a fine sandy loam, 
fine sand, sandy loam, or sand. The type has been formed by deposits 
from river flood waters. The surface is generally level, and the soil is 
naturally well drained, except where it lies adjacent to streams. Where 
free from alkali it is well adapted to sugar beets and grain, and where 
the water table is not too near the surface, to ft-uit and alfalfa. 

1 
Soil (3) 

Siil)soil (3) 

Lower subsoil (Ij 



JORDAN SERIES. 

The Jordan series consistsof old stream sediments, probabW deposited 
to a large extent in the waters of former lakes and modified by later 
shore and stream deposits. It thus consists of a mixture of stream and 
lacustrine sediments and occurs upon low, level or sloping valley plains 
covering the bed, benches, and shores of ancient Lake Bonneville. Th^ 
soils are not subject to present extensive stream modification and are 
treeless except in the vicinity of streams or lakes. With the exception 
of the lower lying bodies the soils are usually well drained. The materii.1 
is derived from a great variety of rocks of all ages, consisting of lavas, 
sandstones, shales, limestones, slates, quartzites, granites, etc. The 
soils occur as irregular and frequently as extensive areas, with the ex- 
ception of the members of lighter texture, and are dark m color and agri- 
culturally important, except where poorly drained and alkaline. They 
are generally devoted to grain, alfalfa, fruits, and truck crops. 

Jordan sand.f — The soil is a medium to rather fine sand of light-gray 
color, and loose, incoherent structure generally 6 feet or more in depth. 
The lower portion of the section is sometimes coarser in texture than the 

o See also Jordan fine sand, p. 191. 



o 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


3 


13 


42 


15 


7 


7 


3 


8 


36 


23 


19 


9 



Soils of the Great Basin. 191 

overlying material. The type occurs as small, narrow to broad extensive 
areas covering low, level to somewhat elevated, and sloping valley plains. 
The more elevated areas are well drained, often of uneven surface, and 
frequently gravelly, supporting only desert vegetation. The lower lying 
areas are sometimes poorly drained and somewhat alkaline. The type 
is formed of assorted stream-borne material, probably deposited subse- 
quent to the Bonneville period. 

1 
Soil (5) 2 

Subsoil (4.) 1 

Acres. 

Provo, Utah « 10,308 

Weber County, Utali « 21 ,800 

• Jordan fine sand. ^ — This is a sand of light color, fine texture, and loose, 
incoherent structure, usually 6 feet or more in depth, but sometimes less, 
overlying sandy loam or loam. The type usually occurs as small, nar- 
row, or irregular and extensive areas often occupying a somewhat ele- 
vated position. Thesurface is often barren and marked by irregularities 
and drifting dunes. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, but 
generally of little agricultural importance. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 4 13 60 18 1 4 

Acres. 

Weber County, Utah 1,900 

Salt Lake, Utah 3,020 

Jordan fine sandy loam, c — This consists of a sandy loam of medium 
to fine texture, generally from 1 to several feet in depth. The subsoil 
is subject to considerable variation, but the soil is generally underlain 
at about 2 feet by about 1^ feet of loam, then by 1 foot of fine sand 
grading into clay. It usually occupies lower valley plains and is an 
important agricultural soil where well drained and free from alkali. 

12 3 4 5 

Soil (7) 1 2 7 20 26 

Subsoil (4) 1 1 1 6 37 

Acres. 
Salt Lake, U tah 48, 620 

a Mapped as Fresno sand. 
b Mapped as Jordan sand, 
c Mapped as Jordan sandy loam. 



6 


7 


28 


13 


34 


16 



192 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Jordan loam.« — The soil consists typically of 3 or 4 feet of loam 
underlain by a clay subsoil. Occasionally, however, the surface to the 
depth of from 1 to 2| feet is a fine sandy loam. The lower portion of 
the soil section is also subject to considerable variation, the loam some- 
times extending to a depth of 6 feet or more, while layers or lenses of 
sand often occur in the subsoil. The type generally occurs as isolated 
and rather small bodies covering parts of the lower level valley plains, 
depressions, or lower benches. The lower lying areas are generally 

poorly drained and alkaline. 

1 2 « 4 5 6 7 

Soil (11) 1 1 2 7 22 37 26 

Subsoil (12) 2 2 2 7 18 38 25 

Acres. 

Provo, Utah 6 38, 400 

Salt Lake, Utah 41, 900 

Weber County, Utah 15, 400 

Jordan clay loam, c — This consists of a dark-gray or sometimes reddish 
clay loam soil usually extending to a depth of about 3 feet. The soil is 
often friable, resembling in field characteristics a soil of much lighter 
texture. The subsoil is sometimes a sandy loam, but is usually a heavy 
clay loam or clay of yellow or red color. The type occurs as extensive 
areas covering lower level valley plains or lower benches. The lower 
lying areas are often poorly drained, alkaline, and of a compact struc- 
ture, making them difficult to cultivate. The soil produces alfalfa, 

grain, and sugar beets. 

1 '234567 

Soil (4) 1 1 4 2 14 45 34 

Subsoil (3) 1 7 39 53 

Acres. 

Provo, Utah 99, 648 

Bear River, Utah 61,632 

Jordan clay.^^ — This consists of about 1 foot of heavy clay loam or 
clay undei'lain to-6 feet or more by a tenacious clay subsoil, usually of 
light-yellowish color. The subsoil is sometimes marked by thin strata 
or lenses of sand or fine sand. The type occurs upon valley plains 
extending from lower limits of the mountain slopes to recent lake bot- 
toms. The more elevated areas are generally well drained and com- 

a See also Jordan clay loam, p. 192. 
6 Mapped as Jordan sandy loam, 
c Mapped as Jordan loam. 
d See also Salt Lake clay loam, p. 194, 



Soils of the Great Basin. 193 

prise valuable farming lands. The lower lying areas are generally 
poorly drained, alkaline, and of but little agricultural importance. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 1 1 5 13 30 52 

Subsoil (2) 8 20 39 35 

Acres. 

Bear River, Utah 2, 688 

Prove, Utah 3, 840 

SALT LAKE SERIES. 

The Salt Lake series consists of lacustrine sediments and material 
derived from stream deltas. The soils of this series occur upon low, level 
plains, marking the site of recent lake bottoms. They are generally 
barren, deficient in drainage, and heavily impregnated with alkali 
salts. They are derived from eruptive, sedimentary, and altered rocks 
of various ages and are without gravel. They cover extensive areas, 
are usually dark in color, and usually have little or no agricultural im- 
portance. 

Salt Lake sand. — This is a sand consisting of about 80 per cent of 

medium-sized egg-shaped or spherical particles, largely calcareous. The 

type occupies level or dune areas. Near Great Salt Lake, Utah, the 

type is derived from the breaking up of lime hardpan, the peculiar and 

regular shape of the particles resulting from the wearing and polishing 

action of wind and water. As found in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake 

the soil is of no agricultural value, because of its limited extent and its 

position. 

12 3 4 6 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 15 49 27 5 1 2 

Acres. 

Provo, Utah 1, 152 

Salt Lake, Utah 1, 140 

Salt Lake sandy loam. — This type consists of from 18 inches to 2 feet 
of sandy loam soil underlain by a fine sand subsoil, or of 6 feet of loam 
interstratified with beds or lenses of fine sands, fine sandy loams, or 
light loams. It occupies level plains and recent lake bottoms. The 
soil is poorly drained, contains an excess of alkali, and is bare of vegeta- 
tion. For these reasons it has no present agricultural value. 

Acres. 

Bear River, Utah 1,408 

Weher County, Utah 49,900 

32075—06 13 



194 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

Salt Lake loam. — -The soil consists of 2 to 31 feet of loam, generally 
containing a large amount of fine sand or silt, usually underlain to a 
depth of 6 feet or more by a fine sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam 
subsoil. It occupies level plains, representing recent lake bottom, is 
poorly drained, and contains excessive amounts of alkali. The soil is 
not adapted to agriculture at present, on account of its low-lying posi- 
tion, imperfect drainage, and high salt content. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 1 10 27 37 25 

Subsoil (3) 1 1 20 41 20 12 

Acres. 

Bear River, Utah 6,912 

Provo, Utah 3 , 456 

Weber County, Utah 9, 600 

Salt Lake clay loam. — ^This is a loam containing a relatively large 
quantity of silt, generally 6 feet or more in depth and becoming some- 
what heavier in texture and structure in the lower portion of the sec- 
tion. The type covers large areas of recent lake bottom. The areas 
are low, level, and poorly drained, and are frequently marked by the 
presence of meandering sloughs and stream courses. The soil is gen- 
erally filled with alkali and is of but little agricultural importance, 
only small areas being devoted to hay and grazing. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 1 1 1 4 20 43 25 

Subsoil (5) 5 3 2 8 12 35 35 

Acres. 

Bear River, Utah 70,656 

Salt Lake, Utah « 18,510 

MISCELLAXEOUS SOILS OF THE OREAT BASIN. 

Elsinore sand. — This type consists of rather coarse sand of light color 
and porous structure, generally carrying considerable waterworn 
gravel, extending to a depth of 6 feet or more. It is usually underlain 
by gravel beds. The type occupies recent stream sediments covering 
narrow areas in the vicinity of stream channels and is derived from a 
variety of rock material transported for considerable distances by val- 
ley streams. The soil is well drained, but is of little agricultural im- 
portance. 

Acres. 
Sevier Valley, Utah 1,900 

a Mapped as Jordan clay. 



Soils of the Intermountain Region. 195 

Elsinore fine sandy loam. — The soil is a light-colored fine sandy loam 
4 feet in depth, underlain by a coarse sand subsoil grading into gravel. 
The type occupies low, level parts of the Sevier Valley, Utah. It is 
derived from river-transported material, is poorly drained, and con- 
tains considerable alkali near the surface. At present the soil is 
adapted only to salt-grass meadows. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 2 3 15 30 37 12 

Subsoil (5) 2 3 4 27 30 25 8 

Acres. 
• Sevier Valley, Utah a 7,800 

Weber fine sandy loam.& — The soil is rather sticky and heavy fine 
sandy loam of dark color, usually 6 feet or more in depth. Where less 
than 6 feet deep, it is generally underlain by a sand or sandy loam sub- 
soil. The type occurs as extensive areas from the base of mountain 
slopes to recent lake bottoms, or as low, level, or slightly sloping recent 
stream delta deposits. In the vicinity of recent lake or lagoon bot- 
toms it sometimes occurs as small mounds or elevations from a few to 
20 feet high. The lower lying areas are often poorly drained and filled 
with alkali. 



1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


1 


2 


4 


17 


33 


25 


1 


1 


5 


35 


28 


17 



Soil (10) 

Subsoil (7) 1 1 5 35 28 17 12 

Acres. 

Bear River, Utah 21,504 

Weber County, Utah 86,400 

SOILS OF THE NOKTHWESTERxN INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. 

The most extensive and uniform soil types of this region consist of 
residual materials overlying and derived from extensive basaltic lava 
plains and in some cases from granitic rocks or of ancient lacustrine sedi- 
ments or extensive lake beds now more or less modified by erosion or 
seoliana gencies. Owing to erosion by streams and to movements of 
the earth's crust, these soils now generally occupy more or less elevated 
sloping or rolling plains. About the margins of the lacustrine or re- 
sidual deposits they are covered by sloping plains and fans of colluvial 
wash from the adjacent mountain borders, while in the vicinity of the 

a Mapped as Elsinore sandy loam. 

f> Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam. A part of the type siiould have been 
mapped as Bingham gravelly loam. 



196 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

larger streams, which have carved and terraced the lacustrine beds and 
residual soils, occur other series of recent alluvial stream sediments 
derived from reworked materials of the lake beds or from the weath- 
ered products of the mountains. It is the soils of this region that con- 
stitute a large portion of the great grain-producing lands of the North- 
west. 

BRIDGEE SERIES. 

The soils constituting this series occur upon mountain foot slopes, 
lower foothills, high or sloping plains, mesa lands, and alluvial fans or 
fan deltas, and consist of colluvial mountain waste mixed with stream- 
delta cone deposits. The higher lying areas are often rough and hilly, 
marked by rock outcrop, bowlders or glacial morainic debris, and deeply 
cut b}^ stream channels. The soils are generally treeless or sparsely 
timbered, except in the vicinity of streams. The members of this series 
are derived from granitic rocks, gneiss, basaltic, andesitic, or other vol- 
canic rocks, with an admixture of materials derived from sedimentary 
rocks and occupy small, irregular to broad extensive areas. The soils 
are generally of dark color, and are underlain by sticky subsoils of light- 
gray or yellow color. The soils and subsoils are generally gravelly, the 
gravel varying from fine angular chips to large, well-rounded or angular 
blocks and cobbles. The soils are dry farmed to grains or, when not 
occupying too high a position, are irrigated and devoted to grains, 
alfalfa, clover, and fruits. 

Bridger gravelly loam. — This consists of a rather fine sandy loam or 
loam from 1 to 3 feet deep, carrying an appreciable amount of coarse, 
sandy material composed of fine angular rock fragments, giving it a 
somewhat loose porous structure. The soil is generally underlain by a 
sticky, compact subsoil of fine texture and lighter color, although in the 
vicinity of canyon streams it is sometimes underlain by gravel and 
bowlders. The type occurs as small local to broad extensive areas cov- 
ering mountain foot slopes and alluvial cones and fans. The surface is 
frequently dissected by minor streams, broken by rock outcrop, or 
marked by glacial debris and bowlders. The soil and subsoil are gener- 
ally gravelly, the gravel consisting of angular to partially rounded frag- 
ments. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, but is generally 
somewhat deficient in organic matter. It is dry farmed to grains and 
when irrigated produces grain, alfalfa, and fruits. 

Acres. 

BakerCity, Oreg al7,216 

Gallatin Valley, Mont 12, 544 

o Mapped as Maricopa gravelly loam. 



r 



Soils of the IiiUrraoimtain Region. 197 



Bridger loam. a — This type consists of a loam, sometimes approaching 
a fine sandy loam of rather loose porous structure, from 12 to 24 inches 
deep, underlain by a gritty subsoil of lighter color, compact structure, 
and heavy texture. Fine angular gravel frequently occurs. In the 
subsoil this is sometimes cemented together with a calcareous material, 
forming a hardpan. The type occurs upon mesa lands and lower foot 
slopes and is well drained and free from alkali. Under irrigation it is 
adapted to the production of alfalfa, clover, timothy, grains, and fruits. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 2 5 3 12 17 50 12 

Subsoil (3) 4 9 5 15 15 38 15 

Acres. 
Baker City, Oreg 30, 784 

Bridger clay loam. — The soil is a dark-colored to black tenacious clay 
loam from 1 to 3 feet in depth, of a fine silty texture, and frequently of 
compact, adobelike structure, usuall}^ carrying considerable fine angu- 
lar gravel. The subsoil is a tenacious silty clay loam of light-yellow to 
gray color, frequently carrying large amounts of lime. The type occurs 
as irregular areas covering parts of sloping terraces adjacent to moun- 
tain ranges, foothills, and foot slopes. The soil is generally retentive of 
moisture, and is productive either when dry farmed or irrigated. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 1 4 10 58 26 

Subsoil (2) 1 2 1 4 11 50 32 

Acres. 
Gallatin Valley, Mont 1,472 

YAKIMA SERIES. 

The members of this series consist of ancient lake sediments, with an 
admixture of volcanic dust or of residual soils of fine texture or a mix- 
ture of both. The materials have been derived mainly from basaltic 
and andesitic or granitic rocks. The soils occur upon mountain foot 
slopes, elevated lava plateaus, table-lands, ridges, or rolhng hills, with 
intervening depressions, sloping valley plains, and elevated stream ter- 
races. The higher areas are often rough and broken and are marked by 
rock outcrop and forest growth. The lower lying areas are generally 
gently sloping or undulating, dissected by minor stream channels, and 

o Mapped as Maricopa sandy loam. 



198 - Soil Sicrvey Field Book. 

marked by bluff and terrace lines usually strewn with waterworn 
gravel. The soils of this series generally occur as extensive areas. 
Both soils and subsoils are of a light-gray to light-brown or buff color, 
usually porous structure, and ashy texture from a few to many feet in 
depth. A thin layer of compact adobelike structure sometimes occurs 
in the subsoils, which are underlain by parent rock or by gravel beds 
occurring at considerable depths. The soils usually erode rapidly under 
the influence of streams or irrigation. The subsoils are frequently 
marked by the presence of pockets of volcanic ash and are friable and 
easily cultivated. The soils are well drained and productive and are 
extensivel}^ cultivated to grains, hay, hops, and vegetables. 

Yakima stony loam. — This type consists of basaltic ledges, bowlders, 
and gravel outcrops generally in too great quantity to permit of culti- 
vation. The space between the bowlders i.s occupied by small patches 
of Yakima sandy loam. The type occurs on hillsides and plateaus in 
valleys and is well drained and free from alkali. The bowlders are 

sometimes removed and the soil cultivated. 

Acres. 
Yakima, Wash 8, 960 

Yakima sand. — This type consists of a^ gray to dark-gray sand of 
medium texture, usually 1 to 6 feet or more in depth, underlain by 
a sandy loam of the same composition as the Yakima fine sandy loam. 
The type occurs in extensive bodies, occupying ridges, hillocks, and 
dunes, with intervening narrow depressions. The soil is frequently 
drifted badly by winds. It is well drained and free from alkali. The 
type is derived mainly from basaltic rocks, the finer material having 
been removed by winds. It is difficult to cultivate on account of its 
high position, porous structure, and driftin . 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 18 23 39 12 4 3 

Acres. 
Blackfoot, Idaho 31, 104 

Yakima fine sand. a — This is a fine sand of loose porous structure, 
from a few inches to several feet in depth. It is similar to the 
Yakima sand in color, topographic position, origin, and mode of 
formation, but is generally somewhat less drifted. The soil is well 
dramed, free from alkali, and when capable of irrigation and cultiva- 
tion is adapted to tree fruits, truck crops, berries, alfalfa, and clover. 

a See also Gallatin fine sandy loam, p. 202. 



Soils of the Tntermountain Region. 199 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 2 6 45 28 15 4 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 2 19 50 21 5 

Acres. 

Boise, Idaho o 17, 430 

Yakima, Wash 6 20, 660 

Yakima fine sandy loam, c — This consists of a ojray fine sandy loam 
of a light friable structure from a few inches to many feet in depth. 
Alternating strata of fine sand and fine sandy loam, with occasional 
gravel, often occur throughout the lower portion of the soil section. 
Where the soil is shallow it is directly underlain by basaltic rock. 
Strata of volcanic ash frequently occur at varying depths throughout 
the soil section as beds from a few inches to 2 feet in thickness. The 
type generally occurs as extensive bodies covering ridges or hilltops, 
elevated slopes, and valley plains. On account of its friable, porous 
structure it is easily washed by streams. The type consists primarily 
of preglacial lake sediments, the surface often being strewn with 
glacial gravel and bowlders. The soil is well drained and free from 
alkali, except where subject to seepage from more elevated lands, and 
is adapted to hops, alfalfa, clover, timothy, fruits, and cereals. 

1 •_' 3 4 5 « 7 

Soil (2) 2 4 5 14 29 39 7 

Subsoil (5) 1 2 4 14 29 42 7 

Acres. 
Yakima, Wash d 149, 580 

Yakima loam. ^ — The soil consists of a light loam of fine silty texture 
and porous structure, approaching a fine sandy loam in field properties, 
of a light-brown to buff or gray color, generally extending to a depth 
of from 2 to 4 feet. The subsoil is a yellow to hght-brown rather 
compact loam in residual areas, grading into decomposing crystallme 
rocks. Rock fragments are encountered in both soil and subsoil. 
The type consists mainly of residual or colluvial material derived 
from granitic or basaltic rocks, covering rough hills or gently sloping 
foot slopes and plains. The higher lying bodies are often forested 

o Mapped as Snake River sand. 

b Mapped as Sunnyside sand. 

cSee also Columbia silt loam, p. 206, and Yakima silt loam, p. 200. 

^ Mapped as Yakima sandy loam 

« Mapped as Yakima sandy loam. See aiso Gaiiatin loam p 203. 



200 Soil Survey Field Book. 

and little cultivated, owing to the rough character of the surface. 
The soil is well drained and free from alkali, and where capable of 
cultivation is well adapted to alfalfa, timothy, clover, and grains. 

12 8 4 5 7 

Soil (3) 2 5 4 12 12 49 13 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 2 11 15 62 9 

Acres. 

Baker City, Oreg 10,816 

Lewiston, Idaho 6, 208 

Yakima silt loam. a — This type consists of a buff to light-brown silt 
loam, 6 feet deep, often containing a layer of brown silt loam of compact 
adobelike structure from a few to 10 inches in thickness. This compact 
stratum erodes less easily than the overlying soil or the subsoil, but 
offers little hindrance to cultivation or root penetration. Upon the 
steeper slopes the soil is often of somewhat lighter color and looser 
structure than over the more nearly level bodies. The soil is some- 
times of a somewhat compact structure with slight puddling tendencies, 
but is generally friable under ordinary cultivation. It is underlain gen- 
erally by a friable and often distinctly porous and ashy subsoil of yel- 
low, light-gray, or buff color and fine silty texture, frequently rich in lime 
and containing small pockets of volcanic ash. The type usually occurs 
as extensive bodies covering rolling hills and intervening narrow valleys, 
mounds, ridges, or elevated sloping treeless plains and mesa lands fre- 
quently deeply dissected by intermittent streams. The material con- 
sists of ancient lake deposits, derived mainly from basaltic and other 
volcanic rocks partially reworked or modified by subsequent stream 
wash, or in certain cases derived from deep weathering of basaltic or 
crystalline rocks in place. The surface is frequently marked by bluff or 
terrace lines, which are usually thickly strewn with waterworn gravel. 
The soil is deficient in organic matter, but is usually well drained, free 
from alkali, and productive, being devoted mainly to grains, alfalfa, 

and clover. 

1 2 3 4 5 (} 7 

Soil (9) 3 18 70 9 

Subsoil (7) 2 9 7? 10 

Acres. 

Gallatin Valley, Mont 53, 824 

Lewiston, Idaho «> 172, 992 

Walla Walla, Wash c 64, 896 

a See also Gallatin silt loam, p 203. 
b Mapped as Yakima fine sandy loam. 
<■ Mapped as Yakima sandy loam. 



Soils of tJiS Intermountain Region. 201 

GALLATIN SERIES. 

The Gallatin series occupies lower, nearly level, or slightly sloping 
stream terraces or alluvial river valley plains adjacent to stream chan- 
nels. The soils of this series are formed by recent flood-plain deposits 
with an admixture of reworked lake sediments. They are underlain 
by beds of gravel and cobbles, usually at a depth of from a few inches to 
a few feet, sometimes partially cemented by lime. The areas are often 
marked by shallow beds or channels of meandering streams, and are 
frequently timbered or covered with willow or brush thickets in the 
vicinity of streams. The members of this series are derived mainly 
from basaltic, andesitic or other volcanic rocks, with an admixture of 
material derived from granites, gneiss, sedimentary, or altered sedimen- 
tary rocks. They usually occur as small irregular to broad extensive 
areas. The lighter members are of a light-gray color and porous struc- 
ture, and are usually gravelly, the gravel consisting of well-rounded peb- 
bles. The heavier members are brown to black in color, compact in 
structure, usually poorly drained, are sticky when wet, and have a ten- 
dency to puddle. The areas are often subject to overflow. The soils 
are underlain by light-gray or yellowish ashy to dark compact subsoils 
with frequent occurrences of a compact adobelike structure. They are 
generalh^ rich in organic matter and of a mucky consistency, except in 
the lighter, higher lying members. The soils sometimes contain alkali, 
and are generally devoted to hay, grains, vegetables, and pasture. 

Gallatin gravelly loam. — The soil is a rather compact, moderately 
heavy, and sticky loam of dark -gray to dark-brown color, varying 
from a few inches to 3 fe?t in depth and carrying a large amount of flat- 
tened or rounded gravel, chiefly of basaltic or other volcanic rocks, 
from a fraction of an inch in diameter to the size of cobbles. The sur- 
face is often, but not always, strewn with cobbles and gravel. The 
soil is underlain by a sticky, gravelly loam of fine texture and light- 
gray color, grading to gravel beds, or frequently underlain directly by 
beds of river sands and reworked pebbles and cobbles often partially 
cemented by lime. The type generally occurs as extensive areas cov- 
ering nearly level or slightly sloping stream flood plains or valley bot- 
toms skirting stream channels. The surface is broken only by shallow 
stream channels or minor stream-formed terraces and is frequently cov- 
ered by heavy thickets of willow and light timber. The soil is well 
drained, except in the level areas, which are subject to overflow. The 



202 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

t3^pe is formed by a mixing of recent stream alluvium with original 
gravel sheets underlying lake beds. The soil is frequently too shallow 
and gravelly to admit of profitable cultivation, but the favorably situ- 
ated areas are adapted to grains and hay. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 6 6 16 19 42 9 

Acres. 

Gallatin Valley, Mont 32, 576 

Walla Walla, Wash a lo, 048 

Gallatin fine sandy loam. — This type consists of a light-brown to 
light-gray fine sandy loam, rather light 'in texture, grading toward a 
fine sand. The soil has a loose, friable structure to a depth of from 
1 to 6 feet, and is usually underlain by a gray or light-colored fine sandy 
or silty subsoil, often containing small well-rounded gravel which 
grades into beds of river sands and gravel. The sand and gravel beds 
sometimes underlie the soil directly. The type occurs in small, irregu- 
lar to broad, extensive areas, covering valley plains and low, nearly 
level to slightly elevated and sloping stream terraces. The surface is 
generally smooth, except in the vicinity of bluft" or terrace lines or where 
cut by stream channels, and is treeless. The soil is often strewn with 
waterworn gravel or slightly drifted by winds. It is seldom subject 
to overflow, and is generally well drained and free from alkali, except 
when subject to seepage from more elevated soils. Stream sediments 
are sometimes mingled with the earlier lake deposits. The soil is often 
somewhat deficient in organic matter. Under irrigation it is adapted 
to trees and small fruii/S, truck crops, grainsj alfalfa, and clover. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 2 5 26 30 31 6 

Subsoil (4) 1 6 7 28 20 29 8 

Acres. 

Boise, Idaho b 33, 100 

Gallatin Valley, Mont 6, 464 

Lewiston, Idaho « 2, 112 

o Mapped as Yakima gravelly loam. 
b Mapped as Caldwell sandy loam. 
c Mapped as Yakima fine sand. 



Soils of the Intermoimtain Region. 203 

Gallatin loam. a — This type consists of a dark-gray or brown to dark- 
brown or nearly black loam, from 3 to 6 feet deep, of a fine silty texture 
and friable under cultivation. The soil is underlain by a gravelly loam 
or waterworn gravel or by a gray or yellow sticky loam grading into 
gravelly loam or river gravel. The lighter phases are frequently of 
porous structure and ashy texture. The type occupies extensive areas 
covering low-lying plains or terraces and stream flood plains, and is 
subject to overflow and sometimes poorly drained. Both soil and sub- 
soil are sometimes marked by pockets of volcanic ash. The type is 
composed of recent stream alluvium with an admixture of older degraded 
lacustrine material. The soil is generally rich in organic matter, and 
in the poorly drained districts is sometimes filled with alkali. Where 
cultivated it is adapted to vegetables, hay, and grain. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 2 2 13 24 43 16 

Subsoil (6) 2 4 3 15 20 39 19 

Acres. 

Baker City, Oreg 29,760 

Blackfoot, Idaho 241, 216 

Walla Walla Wash 3,392 

Gallatin silt loam. — The soil of this type is a dark-gray or brown to 
black heavy sticky silt loam, sometimes containing gravel. It has 
rather a compact structure, but is generally friable under cultivation. 
The soil is from 10 to 36 inches deep, and is underlain by a dark-gray 
or black to light-colored heavy, sticky silty loam, generally of rather 
compact adobelike structure, which usually extends to a depth of 6 feet 
or more, and is in turn underlain by rounded river gravels. The type 
occupies small to extensive areas covering nearly level valley depres- 
sions, river flood plains, and stream bottoms. The areas are often 
marked by willow thickets or small timber and are cut by meandering 
stream channels. The soil is often subject to overflow, is usually 
poorly drained, and sometimes contains alkali. The type is composed 
of stream sediments derived from rocks of adjacent mountains and by 
degradation and reworking of earlier lake beds. The soil is generally 
rich in organic matter and is frequently of a somewhat mucky consist- 
ency. It is devoted to pasture, hay, grains, vegetables, and forage 
crops. 

a Mapped as Yakima loam. 



3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


2 


5 


9 


66 


16 


1 


8 


15 


62 


15 



204 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

1 2 

Soil (6) 2 

Subsoil (6) 1 

Acres. 

Boise, Idaho o 1, 500 

Levviston, Idaho b 15, 936 

Gallatin Valley, Mont 23, 808 

Gallatin clay loam. — This type consists of a dark chocolate-brown 
heavy sticky clay loam soil of compact adobelike structure, generally 
about 3 feet in depth, and underlain by a heavy silty clay loam subsoil 
of lighter color, or by waterworn gravel. The soil puddles readily, 
bakes and cracks upon exposure, and frequently carries small angular 
rock fragments. The type occurs as small bodies occupying local de- 
pressions in the vicinity of the valley trough and is often poorly drained. 
It is composed of heavy stream alluvium, partially derived from the 
reworking of earlier lake beds. The soil is generally devoted to grains 
and hay. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 

Subsoil (1) 

Gallatin Valley, Mont 

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE NORTHWESTERN LNTERMOUNTAIN 

REGION. 

Deer Flat fine sandy loam, c — This is a red, micaceous fine sandy loam 
from a few inches to 3 feet in depth. The subsoil is a sandy loam or 
sand from 50 to 100 feet deep. The type occurs in higher lying valley 
areas and has a generally level surface. The soil is free from alkali, but 
only a small proportion is cultivated, owing to lack of water for irriga- 
tion. It is a good soil for truck, grain, clover, and fruit. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 2 8 49 27 9 

Subsoil (3) 2 3 2 13 47 23 8 

Acres. 
Boise, Idaho 45, 380 

o Mapped as Caldwell loam. 

b Mapped as Yakima silt loam. 

c Mapped as Deer Flat sandy loam. 



1 


1 


7 11 


50 


30 


2 
t... 


2 


15 17 
Acres. 

896 


39 


24 



Soils of the Intermountain Region, 205 

Boise loam. — This type consists of a red or yellow loam from 6 inches 
to several feet in depth, underlain by alternating strata of sandy loam 
and sand, the latter often being cemented into a hardpan by calcium 
carbonate. The particles in the upper stratum of the soil are also 
usually cemented together, but not into a compact mass. The surface 
is generally covered with a coating of sandy loam of var^-ing depth and 
having the texture of the Boise sandy loam. The type occurs in mesa 
plains, is derived froni lake sediments, and often contains alkali. When 
the subsoil is broken up it is a good soil for grain, fruit, and alfalfa. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 2 1 5 26 44 18 

Subsoil (3) 4 5 3 9 24 35 18 

Acres. 
Boise, Idaho 61 ,960 

Boise silt loam. — The soil is a light-gray silt loam of a micaceous, 

loose, and ashy texture, from a few inches to 40 or 50 feet in depth. 

To a depth of 6 feet it is often interstratified with a loam or with sand 

or sandy loam lime hardpan, and in places the sandy loam extends to 

bed rock. The soil rests upon beds of coarse gravel and cobbles. The 

type is usually found on mesa lands, and is composed of lake sediments, 

probably derived from basalt. Some alkali occurs in local spots in the 

loam subsoil. The soil is well drained and is adapted to truck, grain, 

and clover. Where the hardpan is not very thick fruit and alfalfa do 

well. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 f 

Soil (2) 1 1 3 16 68 9 

Subsoil (4) 5 8 4 9 15 46 11 

Acres. 
Boise, Idaho a 95, 850 

Bozeman silt loam. — The soil is a brown to nearly black, heavy 
sticky silt loam, generally of compact structure, usually about 1 foot in 
depth. When poorly drained a refractory, adobelike structure pre- 
vails and small puddled and barren spots occur. The subsoil consists 
of a dark-brow^n, sticky siltj^ loam or clay loam of adobelike structure, 
underlain at 3 feet by stream gravel or by a light-yellow to light-gray 
silt loam of ashy texture. Medium fine to coarse rounded gravel and 
cobbles frequently occur in both soil and subsoil. The type occurs as 

o Mapped as Boise sandy loam. 



206 Soil Survey Field Book. 

irregular and extensive areas upon treeless foot-slopes and elevated 
sloping plains and sloping to nearly level valley plains. The lower 
lying bodies are somewhat deficient in drainage and sometimes contain 
alkali. The type has been formed by a partial degradation of. ancient 
lake sediments modified by an admixture of alluvial material derived 
from adjacent mountilins and valley borders. 

1 *2 » 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 1 8 72 18 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 2 9 69 17 

Lower subsoil (1) 1 1 2 14 64 19 

Acres. 
Gallatin Valley, Montana 76, 608 

Columbia silt loam. — This is a light-gray silt loam of a friable ashy 
texture, resembling in field properties a fine sandy loam. The soil is 
usually 6 feet or more in depth, and sometimes contains hardpan in 
the lower part of the section. The type occupies extensive bodies 
covering rolling hills with intervening valleys and is usually but not 
always well drained. It is composed of ancient lake sediments modi- 
fied by an admixture of fine volcanic material. It sometimes contains 
alkali in low, poorly drained sections. The soil is generally devoted 
to grains. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 1 1 6 16 67 8 

Acres. 
Walla Walla, Wash a 26, 688 

Walla Walla silt loam — This type consists of a very sticky brown or 
black silt loam or loam to a depth of 3 feet, underlain by a sandy loam 
similar to the subsoil of the Yakima sandy loam. In places the sub- 
soil from 3 to 6 feet is a sticky yellow plastic sandy loam, but in most 
cases below 3 feet the soil is a sandy loam. The type occupies very 
high, steep hills. It is well adapted to wheat and barley, giving very 
large yields of both. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 3 13 70 14 

Subsoil (3) 2 1 3 15 67 11 

Acres. 
Walla Walla, Wash b23,360 

a Mapped as Yakima fine sandy loam„ 
'> Mapped as Walla Walla loam. 



Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 207 

SOILS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN VALLEYS, PLATEAUS, AND PLAINS. 

The soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains are 
derived from a wide range of igneous, eruptive, metamorphic, and 
sedimentary rocks. The plateau and plain t}' pes occupy a more or less 
elevated position and have sloping, undulating, or irregular surface 
features. They are derived from underlying sedimentary rocks, or con- 
sist of the remnants of ancient extensive mountain foot-slope material, 
or of alluvial deposits along streams trenching and terrac'ng the sedi- 
mentary rocks of the plateaus and plains. The mountain slope and 
intermountain valley types consist of residual and colluvial deposits, or 
of ancient lacustrine or later stream sediments, occupying mountain 
foot slopes and narrow valleys. 

The soils of the mountain slopes are usually of little agricultural 
value, owing to their rough surface, elevated position, and the conse- 
quent impracticability of irrigation. Those of the plateaus, valleys, 
and plains vary widely in economic importance, depending largely 
upon climatic features, topographic position, and water supply for 
irrigation. They range from grazing lands of nominal value to soils 
adapted to the most important and intensively cultivated fruit, melon, 
sugar beet, and other special crops. 

LARAMIE SERIES. 

The Laramie series occurs upon mountain foot slopes and high, 
broken, sloping or undulating plains. The surface is often gravelly or 
strewn with cobbles or bowlders, and is frequently cut by intermittent 
stream channels or marked by rock outcrop. Depressions or basins of 
intermittent lakes frequently occur. The soils consist of colluvial 
mountain waste modified by alluvial stream wash or glacial debris, and 
are derived from granitic rocks, gneiss, schist, quartzites, etc., with an 
admixture of material from sedimentary rocks. They occur as exten- 
sive areas of dark-colored soils, generally underlain by light-colored 
gravelly subsoils, and are well drained and free from alkali except for 
local poorly drained depressions. 

Laramie gravelly loam. — The soil is a sandy loam of loose porous 
structure containing considerable coarse material and carrying a large 
quantity of rather small or medium gravel. It is usually from 2 to 3 
feet in depth, of a yellowish or dark-gray color^ and is underlain to 6 
feet or more by light sandy loams, sand, and gravel. The subsoil con- 
sists largely of torrential stream deposits, the gravel ranging in size 



208 /Soil Survey Field Book. 

from small pebbles to bowlders, and resting upon sedimentary rocks. 

The type occupies elevated, nearly level to broken and hilly plains. It 

is well drained and free from alkali, but owing to its porous structure 

and topographic position it is of but little agricultural value save for 

grazing. 

Acres. 
Laramio, Wyo 19 ,200 

Laramie sandy loam. — The soil consists of a coarse sandy loam 2 to 6 
feet deep, and is underlain by sand and gravel. Some gravel, gen- 
erally quartz, sandstone, and limestone, occurs scattered through the 
surface soil. The type occupies uplands and is of colluvial origin. It 
is well adapted to general farm crops. Wheat yields from 20 to 30 
bushels, oats from 30 to 50 bushels, potatoes from 100 to 175 bushels, 
and alfalfa about 4 tons per acre. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) G 12 9 20 IG 11 26 

Subsoil (3) 4 11 9 21 12 IG 27 

Acres. 
Laramio, Wyo 86, 272 

COLORADO SERIES. 

The soils of the Colorado series consist of colluvial and alluvial mate- 
rial of ancient mountain foot slopes, more or less modified by or mingled 
with recent alluvial wash and with residual material derived from under- 
lying sandstones, limestones or shales. They occupy elevated undulat- 
ing prairies or treeless plains, marked by occasional low, rounded ridges or 
hills, deep, narrow arroyos, or broad, gently sloping valleys. In eroded 
districts bluff or terrace lines, strewn with waterworn pebbles, and out- 
cropping ledges of sedimentary rocks are frequent. The smaller stream 
valleys are often subject to overflow, and the uplands are frequently 
marked by depressions or local drainage basins. The transported 
material is derived largely from granitic and allied rocks of the Rocky 
Mountains. The soils and subsoils are generally of light-gray to 
reddish-brown or light-brown color, and frequently occur as extensive 
areas. They are generally productive under irrigation, but sometimes 
poorly drained and alkaline in depressions when subject to seepage from 
higher elevations. 



Soils of the Rocl'y Mountain Region. 209 

Colorado gravelly loam. — The soil of this type consists of a gray to 
dark-colored heavy fine sandy loani or loam of fine silty texture, gen- 
erally 6 feet or more in depth and including considerable gravel. The 
gravel consists of fragments of granite, shale, or sandstone ranging in 
size from small fragments to 5 or 6 inches in diameter and increasing in 
quantity as the base of the mountains is approached. The soil erodes 
easily, and in arroyos or cuts the subsoil often exhibits a compact, 
adobelike structure. The type occurs along mountain foot slopes and is 
formed largely of colluvial material. It is frequently found as pronounced 
hills and ridges and is well drained and free from alkali. It usually occu- 
pies elevations above the limits of irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 3 2 16 10 51 10 

Acres. 
Greeley, Colo 33 ,408 

Colorado sand. — -The soil is a medium to rather fine sand of generally 
loose-porous structure, and often of wind-blown drifting surface, but 
sometimes sticky and compact, owing to more complete weathering. It 
is light-gray to yellowish or reddish-brown in color and generally 6 feet or 
more in depth, although sometimes less about margins of areas where it is 
blown over adjacent soil types. The soil is usually, but not always, free 
from gravel or rock outcrop. It carries a large proportion of micaceous 
and feldspathic material. The type occurs on sloping or rolling plains 
and dome-like elevations and ridges. It consists mainly of ancient 
stream borne material deposited in extensive foot slopes and derived 
from the harder rocks of the Rocky Mountains, with the addition in 
places of recent stream-borne and wind-drifted material and of residual 
material from underlying sandstone. It is well drained and free from 
alkali. It is adapted to fruit and truck crops when not too loose and 
l?achy, but generally lies above the limits of irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 ? 

Soil (7) 1 9 16 ,39 22 6 7 

Subsoil (4) 1 7 13 34 22 12 11 

Acres. 

Garden City, Kans 10,944 

Greeley, Colo 18,688 

■ Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo, a 109,888 

a Of this, 95,680 acres was mapped as Fresno sand and 14,208 as Maricopa sand. 
32075—06 14 



210 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

Colorado sandy loam. — The soil is a reddish or yellowish-brown 
sandy loam of medium to fine texture and rather compact structure, but 
friable under cultivation. It is usually from 1 to 3 feet in depth and is 
underlain by a compact, sticky reddish-brown or yellowish-brown sub- 
soil of adobe structure and of loam or sandy loam texture. The tex- 
ture and structure of the type is, however, subject to considerable 
variation, being modified in some areas by wash from adjacent soils. It 
occurs typically on the slopes of the Great Plains or similar prairie or 
plateaulike regions. It is frequently marked by gravel-strewn bluff 
or terrace lines and outcropping ledges of shales, sandstones, or lime- 
stones. The soil often carries a small quantity of small gravel. The 
type comes from ancient foot-slope material derived largely from granitic 
rocks modified by later stream erosion, alluvial deposition, and by 
residual and wind-blown material. Usually well drained, free from 
' alkali, easily cultivated, retentive of moisture, and adapted to alfalfa, 
melons, sugar beets, fruit, and vegetables when favorably situated and 

capable of irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (8) 1 8 12 22 24 22 11 

Subsoil (7) 1 6 8 18 19 27 21 

Acres. 

Russell, Kans a 24,064 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo., b 150,096 
Wichita, Kans a 3,136 

Colorado fine sandy loam. — This type consists of from 2 to 4 feet of a 
light to dark brown fine sandy loam of friable structure, underlain by a 
heavy fine sandy loam or loam frequently carrying a stratum of material 
of compact structure and slightly heavier texture. This soil occurs as 
extensive areas covering rough and hilly to gently undulating elevated 
plains, cut by deep, narrow valleys formed by intermittent streams and 
frequently marked by local swampy depressions or closed drainage 
basins. Formed largely by residual material derived from underlying 
shales, shaly sandstone, and sandstone. The type is sometimes gravelly, 
generally well drained, and free from, alkali, except in local depressions. 
Under irrigation adapted to grains, alfalfa, potatoes, and sugar beets. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 2 20 35 29 11 

Acres. 
Greeley, Colo 196,480 

o Mapped as Sedgwick sandy loam. b Mapped as Maricopa sandy loam. 



Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 211 

Colorado loam. — A loam of rather fine silty texture and usually red 
dish-brown color, extending to a depth of 6 feet or more, but frequently 
marked by a compact adobelike stratum of several inches thickness 
occurring below the first 6 inches or underlain at the depth of 1 to 2 feet 
by a tough reddish sandy clay of compact adobe structure. This is 
underlain by Tertiary deposits or by sedimentary rocks. It is some- 
times gravelly, the gravel consisting of angular fragments of sandstone 
and shale. This type of soil occurs both in small and extensive areas in 
elevated treeless plains of gently rolling or rather hilly topography. The 
higher elevations are rounded and often broken by outcropping sedi- 
mentary rocks. In more elevated districts the surface is dissected by 
narrow valleys and deep perpendicular-sided arroyos or marked by local 
drainage depressions. It is derived from underlying unconsolidated 
Tertiary deposits or consists of residual material from shales, sand- 
stones, and limestones. It is usually well drained and free from alkali, 
except in local depressions, and is well adapted to alfalfa, sugar beets, 
small fruits, and ordinary farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 2 3 9 20 50 15 

Subsoil (4) 1 3 4 9 19 50 14 

Acres. 

Greeley, Coio 78,784 

Wichita, Kans a 47,040 

Colorado clay loam. — The soil is a tenacious clay loam of dark red- 
dish-brown color and compact adobelike structure, generally 6 feet or 
more in depth. The type occurs in depressions and over lower slopes of 
local closed drainage basins of elevated treeless plains. It consists of 
finer Tertiary foot-slope deposits, modified by further weathering and allu- 
vial wash or sedimentation. Gypsum frequently occurs as small flakes 
or granules. The surface is nearly level and unmarked by terrace or 
blufl" lines, gravel, or rock outcrop. The soil is generally poorly drained 
and charged with alkali. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 4 6 12 9 38 31 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 7 9 53 29 

Acres. 
Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . 6 832 

a Mapped as Sedgwick loam. ^ Mapped as Maricopa clay loam. 



212 Soil Survey Field Book. 

Colorado loam adobe. — This is a soil of marked, compact adobe struc- 
ture, checking into cubical blocks upon exposure, but breaking up into a 
loam when cultivated in a favorable moisture condition. It grades from 
a fine sandy loam to a heavy loam in texture, is of a yellowish or reddish- 
brown to dark-brown or dark-gray color, is usually 6 feet or more in 
depth, and is underlain by Tertiary foot-slope deposits or by sand- 
stones, limestones, and shales. The type occurs upon hilly to lower 
gently undulating slopes, in local drainage depressions, and in narrow 
areas bordering arroyos, and is usually without gravel. It is derived 
from underlying Tertiary deposits and sedimentary rocks, modified by 
alluvial washings from higher slopes and by wind-blown material. Gyp- 
sum and lime are frequently found in large quantities. The soil is reten- 
tive of moisture and is adapted to alfalfa and grains when capable of irri- 
gation. It is not damaged by accumulation of seepage waters or alkali 
from irrigation of higher lying lands. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 1 3 18 23 37 18 

Subsoil (4) 1 2 19 21 29 27 

Acres. 

Greo.ley, Colo « 5,632 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo.. f> 37,284 

BILLINGS SERIES. 

The soils of the Billings series consist of ancient stream-deposited 
material, with an admixture of residual and colluvial material de- 
rived from shales, sandstones, or adjacent soil bodies. They occur in 
old, elevated stream terraces, stream flood plains, and in sloping val- 
ley plains or as second bottoms of stream valleys carved from the 
sedimentary rocks of elevated plains and plateaus. The surface is 
frequently cut by arroyos or intermittent stream channels. The soils 
often cover extensive areas and are prevailingly of dark or nearly 
black color, and frequently of compact, sticky, adobelike structure. 
In depressions or along lower slopes subject to seepage from irrigation 
from more elevated soil bodies they are frequently poorly drained 
and filled with alkali. When properly drained and cultivated they 
are valuable and productive soils. 

a Mapped as Colorado adobe. b Mapped as Maricopa sandy adobe. 



Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 213 

Billings gravelly loam. — The soil is a loam from to 18 inches deep 
and is underlain by a loam or light clay loam 3 feet deep, beneath 
which is found waterworn gravel. Both the soil and subsoil contain 
gravel. The type is found in terraces which were formerly river 
banks and is free from alkali and well drained. Where occurring on 
plateaus the soil is well adapted to grain and alfalfa. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 
Soil (2) 1 3 4 12 20 36 2G 

xVcres. 
Billings, Mont 11 ,776 

Billings fine sandy loam. — The soil is a light-gray to brown fine 
sandy loam, about 1 foot in depth, and is underlain by light-colored 
fine sandy loam, sands, or gravel, often imperfectly stratified. The 
soil sometimes extends to a depth of 6 feet or more with but little 
change in texture or structure. It has a somewhat compact structure, 
but is friable under cultivation. The type occurs upon gently sloping 
valley plains in the vicinity of bluff lines or rock outcrop, and is often 
cut by arroyos or gullies with perpendicular walls. It consists of old 
alluvial deposits modified by colluvial and alluvial wash from adja- 
cent sandstone and shale material and from more elevated soil bodies. 
It is generally well drained and free from alkali, and is adapted to 
alfalfa, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables, and general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 21 36 27 16 

Subsoil (2) 1 41 34 13 11 

Acres. 

Billings, Mont a 13 ,568 

Grand Junction, Colo 26,944 

Billings loam, b — The Billings loam varies widely in texture and in 
character of subsoil, but consists in general of a reddish-brown to dark- 
gray or nearly black loam, which is underlain by sand or sandy loam 
or loam of lighter color. Fine gravel frequently occurs in both soil 
and subsoil. The type usually occurs as rather narrow bodies occu- 
pying nearly level valley slopes, and is frequently marked by the 
presence of stream channels or swampy depressions. It consists of 
alluvial and colluvial wash from shales, limestones, and more elevated 

, o Mapped as Billings sandy loam. b See also Billings clay loam, p. 214. 



214 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

soil bodies, mangled with older alluvial deposits. Where well drained 
and free from alkali it is adapted to sugar beets and general farm 
crops. 

12 3 4 5 7 
Soil (2) 1 2 3 16 20 32 26 

Acres. 
Greeley, Colo 41 .984 

Billings silt loam. — The soil is a light-gray to dark-brown silt loam, 
generally 3 feet or more in depth, and is underlain by lighter or heavier 
subsoils, varying from sands to clays, which in turn are sometimes 
underlain by gravel. The soil is usually of compact adobelike struc- 
ture, is very sticky when wet, puddles readily, and bakes and checks 
upon exposure, but is generally friable under proper cultivation. The 
type occurs as a second bottom soil along lower valley plains and adja- 
cent to recent stream deposits. The surface is level except for minor 
terrace lines, arroyos, or other old or intermittent stream channels. 
The lower lying bodies are often poorly drained and contain alkali, but 
otherwise the soil is well adapted to sugar beets, grains, and alfalfa. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 4 11 57 28 

Acres. 

Grand Junction, Colo 5, 632 

Greeley. Colo 4,032 

Billings clay loam. — The soil is a gray to dark-brown or black plastic 
clay loam from 1 to 6 feet in depth, of heavy compact structure, some- 
what given to puddling when wet and baking upon exposure. Where 
less than 6 feet in depth it is underlain by clay and occasionally in the 
lower part of the section by coarse sandy loam, loam, or gravel. The 
subsoil is generally of dark-gray to black color. The type usually 
occurs upon old stream-formed terraces and low, nearly level valley 
plains, and is frequently marked by the presence of slough or stream 
channels, gullies, or swampy depressions. Small gravelly ridges some- 
times occur in the vicinity of stream channels. It consists largely of 
shale and sandstone material and is formed by old stream deposits and 
by colluvial wash from bluffs and higher lying soil bodies. With the 
exception of poorly drained and alkali-impregnated depressions and 
lower slopes the soil is well adapted to alfalfa, grains, and vegetables, and 
sometimes to fruits. 



if 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


1 


9 


14 


42 


33 


1 


1 


14 


21 


36 


26 



Soils of the JRochy Mountain Region. 215 
1 

Soil (4) 

Subsoil (3) 

Acres. 

Billings. Mont ol4, 144 

Grand Junction, Colo 3, 328 

Greeley, Colo 12, 800 

Billings clay. — The soil is a yellowish-gray to black clay, generally 
extending to a depth of 6 feet or more, but is sometimes underlain at 
less than 6 feet by strata of dark-gray to black clay loam or loam, or by 
sand and gravel. It is generally of compact, refractory, adobelike 
structure, puddles readily, bakes and checks upon exposure, and is of an 
impervious nature and very tenacious when wet. The type occurs upon 
old stream terraces and lower valley plains and in depressions marking 
swampy areas or former lagoons or slough beds. It has generally a 
nearly level or only slightly sloping surface, and is unmarked by gravel, 
except in the vicinity of upland bluff lines, where fragments of shales or 
sandstone may occur. The soil is usually rich in organic matter and is 
often poorly drained and alkaline. In origin and mode of formation it 
is similar to the Billings clay loam. It is generally best adapted to pas- 
turage, hay, grains, and sugar beets. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 5 8 40 47 

Subsoil (5) 1 6 9 41 43 

Acres. I Acres. 

Billings, Mont 17,088 Laramie, Wyo 16,064 

Grand Junction, Colo 1,664 I Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . ^4,096 

FRUITA SERIES. 

The soils of the Fruita series are similar in origin, mode of formation, 
and topographic features to those of the Billings and the Mesa series. 
They are usually of a reddish-brown color, somewhat compact struc- 
ture, though friable under cultivation, and in lower depressions are 
often poorly drained and filled with alkali. 

Fruita fine sandy loam. — The soil is a reddish-brown fine sandy loam, 
generally 6 feet or more in depth, interstratified with layers of sand 
and loam. It is of friable, pervious structure, and has a slightly slop- 
ing or nearly level, smooth surface, sometimes cut by washes formed 



a Mapped as Billings loam. 

*> Mapped as San Joaquin black adobe. 



216 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

by intermittent streams. The type consists mainly of alluvial and 
colluvial material derived from washing of sandstones and higher lying 
upland or mesa lands and deposited over intermittent-stream-formed 
fans. It is subject to considerable damage from alkali and seepage 
waters, but when well drained and free from alkali is adapted to alfalfa, 
sugar beets, fruits, and truck crops. 

12 3 4 6 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 2 24 27 35 11 

Acres. 
Grand Junction, Colo 3,968 

Fruita loam. — This type is similar in color, topographic and drain- 
age features, origin and mode of formation, to the Fruita fine sandy 
loam. It consists of a sticky loam of compact, adobe structure usually 
from 1 to 3 feet in depth, resting upon a silt loam subsoil. The soil 
possesses marked puddling tendencies and bakes upon exposure. The 
type occurs in local depressions or upon lower slopes and is generally 
rather poorly drained and filled with alkali. When well drained and 
free from alkali it is well adapted to alfalfa, grains, and general farm 
crops. 



1 2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


C:Oil (2) 1 


3 


17 18 


39 


22 


Subsoil (1) 





2 6 
Acres. 


65 


27 


(tmnd Junction, Colo 


.... 


512 






MESA SERIES. 











In origin, mode of formation, and topographic features the soils of 
the Mesa series are similar to those of the Billings and the Fruita series. 
They consist of former flood-plain deposits now existing as old ele- 
vated river terraces or mesa lands. The surface is often rough and 
hilly. The soils generally vary from light gray to chocolate-brown in 
color, are friable to compact in structure, and are underlain by shale 
and sandstone rock. They are sometimes poorly drained and impreg- 
nated with alkali in small local depressions. 

Mesa fine sandy loam. — The soil is a reddish to chocolate-brown fine 
sandy loam, of light friable and often porous and leachy structure, 
extending to a depth of from 4 to 20 feet or more and underlain by 
shale and sandstone. The type occurs as elevated level to broken and 
hilly mesa lands, often marked by gravel-strewn bluff lines. It con- 
sists probably of old fiood-plain deposits derived from sedimentary, 



Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 217 

granitic, and volcanic rocks, and modified by subsequent erosion and 
aeolian agencies. The soil, when within the reach of irrigation, is best 
adapted to fruits and tilled crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil a) 1 3 18 21 31 25 

Acres. 
GmndJunction Colo 34,432 

Mesa clay loam. — The soil consists of a stiff , plastic, refractory and com- 
pact reddish to chocolate-brown clay loam, usually from 4 to 6 feet in 
depth and underlain by sandy and gravelly material grading to shale 
and sandstone. The type occurs in depressions and is probably formed 
largely of the finer wash from the Mesa fine sandy loam. It is generally 
free from alkali, productive, and well adapted to alfalfa, sugar beets, 
and grains. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 2 3 12 20 25 37 

Acres. 
Grand Junction, Colo 2,240 

Mesa clay. — The soil is a sticky clay of rather heavy texture and of 
compact, refractory structure, puddling and baking upon exposure and 
difficult to till. It is of light-giay to a dark slaty color, from 1 to 6 feet 
or more in depth, and is underlain by shale rock. The type occurs upon 
elevated mesa lands of slightly undulating or nearly level to rough hilly 
outline, broken by perpendicular cliff's, and is partially residual in origin, 
being derived from the underlying shale. Local depressions are often 
unproductive because of the accumulation of seepage waters. Where 
well drained the soil is adapted to the production of alfalfa and sugar 

beets. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 3 1 4 6 43 43 

■ Acres. 
Grand Junction, Colo 22 , 464 

SAN LUIS SERIES. 

The material forming the San Luis series was derived originally from 
volcanic rocks, principally trachyte, and represents ancient lacustrine 
sediments or lake beds, more or less modified by subsequent alluvial 
wash, wind-drifting, and weathering. The soils occupy filled valleys as 
broad, nearly level, or gently sloping plains, the surface being broken 



218 Soil Survey Field Book. 

only by small mounds or ridges or by forms produced by wind-drifting. 
They occur as small irregular to broad, extensive areas, often gravelly, 
the gravel consisting of medium to fine fragments. The soils are of 
reddish-brown color, porous structure, and are underlain by sands and 
coarse, rounded gravel. The lower lying bodies are often subject to 
injury from seepage and accumulation of alkali from irrigation upon 
higher adjacent soils. 

San Luis sand. — The soil is a coarse to medium incoherent, loose, red- 
dish-brown sand containing a large proportion of fine gravel, and under- 
lain at a depth of from 2 to 4 feet by a coarser material which can not be 
penetrated with the auger. The soil is composed of minute fragments of 
volcanic rock, and is light and easily shifted by the wind. In origin it 
is without doubt a lacustrine deposit and the generally level surface is 
crossed by minor ridges thought to be the result of varying deposition 
takmg place in currents of different velocities. There are also some 
dunes from 1 to 6 feet high. These irregularities are a great hindrance 
to cultivation and irrigation. The drainage is excessive and constant 
irrigation is necessary. This has swamped some areas, and brought 
about the rise of alkali over large tracts of the type. Much of the origi- 
nally productive land has been abandoned for this reason. Fair crops 
of the small grains are grown. The yield per acre of wheat is 15 to 30 
bushels ; of oats from 20 to 40. Pease are grown for pasture and for hay. 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (4) 10 20 15 19 12 10 8 

Acres. 
San Luis Valley, Colo 136,960 

San Luis sandy loam. — The soil is a coarse gravelly reddish-brown 
loam from 18 inches to 3 feet deep, resting on a subsoil of almost pure 
gravel and sand,which extends to indeterminate depths. Near the moun- 
tains the surface soil is shallower, more sticky, and the gravel larger and 
more waterworn. Heavier phases of the soil are known locally as 
"adobe." The type occupies imperceptibly sloping plains, the surface 
of which is broken by many knolls and ridges from 8 inches to not more 
than 2 feet in height. The soil is a lacustrine deposit. Near the moun- 
tains the soil is well drained and free from alkali. The lower areas are 
filled with alkali. Nearly all the cultivated areas are sown to cereals 
and pease. It is well adapted to these crops and also to potatoes and 
truck crops. 



Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 219 



1 2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


Soil (3) 7 19 


9 


16 16 


20 


13 


Subsoil (1) 2 5 


1 


6 27 
Acres. 


52 


6 


San Luis Valley, Colo 




. 196,992 







San Luis loam. — The soil is a plastic and sticky reddish-brown loam 
containing some gravel, 24 to 36 inches deep, resting on a subsoil of 
sand or sandy loam, beneath which occurs sand and gravel. The sur- 
face is level and uniform and well adapted to irrigation. The soil is a 
lacustrine deposit formed by further breaking down of materials of San 
Luis sandy loam, contains more or less alkali, and is not at present cul- 
tivated. When irrigated the soil produces a good crop of wild hay and 
w^ould be well adapted to the grain crops. 

1 2 3 4 5 « 7 

Soil (1) 1 7 7 23 16 12 34 

Acres. 
• San Luis Valley, Colo 9,088 

LAUREL SERIES. 

The soils of the Laurel series occupy low, nearly level or slightly slop- 
ing stream terraces and river flood plains, or more elevated slopes adja- 
cent to intermittent streams subject to flood. They consist of recent 
alluvial sediments deposited from the turbid flood waters of wide, shal- 
low, shifting streams traversing elevated valleys, plains, or plateaus. 
The soils vary in color from light-gray to reddish-brown or black, ac- 
cording to position and the quantity of organic matter present, and 
are often poorly drained and filled with alkali. 

Laurel fine sand. — The soil is a micaceous fine sand of light-gray to 
reddish-brown color and loose, porous structure. It is from 1 to 6 feet 
or more in depth and is underlain by coarser river sands and gravels or 
sometimes by heavier alluvial deposits. The type frequently occurs in 
long, narrow bodies covering river flood plains and lower stream terraces 
and is often cut by sloughs, stream channels, or depressions and slight 
ridges, and is subject to overflow. It consists of recent stream deposits 
and generally shows considerable variation in texture and structure. 
It frequently supports a considerable growth of willows and cottonwood. 
The soil is sometimes used for alfalfa and truck crops. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


4 


64 


23 


5 


3 


1 


5 


75 


17 


1 


1 



220 Soil Survey Field Book. 

1 

Soil (1) 

Subsoil (1) 

Acres. 

Grand Junction, Colo 3,008 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo a 5, 952 

Sarpy County, Nebr 5, 440 

Laurel sandy loam. — The soil is an alluvial sandy loam or fine sandy 
loam 2 to 6 feet deep, light-yellow to black in color, and is underlain by 
waterworn gravel and sand. The surface is usually level and is marked 
by sloughs, old river channels, and swampy areas due to seepage from 
irrigating ditches. Except where affected by alkali, the soil is excellent 
for grain, vegetables, and fruits. 

1 

Soil (11) 1 

Subsoil (5) 6 

Acres. 

Billings, Mont 8, 832 

Garden City, Kans 16, 000 

Grand Junction, Colo 3, 072 



k) 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


6 


7 


23 


25 


25 


13 


18 


16 


27 


14 


11 


8 



Acres. 

Greeley, Colo 33,792 

Laramie, Wyo 29, 440 

San Luis, Colo b 35, 776 



3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


3 


36 


32 


18 


9 


3 


30 


33 


22 


10 



Laurel fine sandy loam. — The soil is a light-gray to brown fine sandy 
loam from to 15 inches in depth, resting on a lighter colored material 
slightly more sandy than the soil. The type occupies low, flat areas bor- 
dering streams and is purely alluvial in origin. It is not subject to over- 
flow and in general is well drained. The soil is best adapted to corn 
and alfalfa, which sometimes suffer from drought, owing to the loose, 
porous nature of the soil. 

1 

Soil (3) 

Subsoil (3) 

Acres. 

Russell, Kans c8,832 

Sarpy County, Nebr 5,760 

Laurel loam. — The soil is a rather heavy dark-brown or dark -gray 
loam varying considerably in texture. The color usually becomes 
lighter as the depth increases. It is usually underlain by waterworn 
gravel or sand at from 3 to 6 feet and is frequently interstratified with 

o Mapped as Fresno fine sand. 

fc Mapped as Rio Grande sandy loam. 

c Mapped as Lincoln sandy loam. 



2 


3 


4 o 


6 


7 


2 


3 


10 22 


41 


21 


5 


8 


21 20 
Acres. 


29 


15 



Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 221 

layers of sandy loams and silt loams of yellowish, gray, or mottled 
colors. The soil is of porous structure, readily permeable to water and 
sometimes of a leachy character. The type occurs in long, narrow 
strips covering stream bottoms or lower stream terraces, and when 
well drained and not subject to destructive overflow is adapted to 
alfalfa, sugar beets, grains, etc. 

f 1 

Soil (8) 

SubsoU (6) 1 

Garden Citj', Kans S, 704 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . 'o- 37, 760 
Wichita, Kans & 45, 568 

Laurel clay loam. — The soil is a sticky, plastic black loam contain- 
ing considerable gravel, resting on a subsoil of sand and gravel which 
extends to undetermined depths. The soil contains considerable 
organic matter and is found along small streams and in depressions. 
The type is formed partially from materials brought by the streams 
from the mountains and partially by the further disintegration of the 
materials forming the adjacent soils. The soil is very difficult to culti- 
vate. When wet it is a sticky mass of mud and when dry it bakes 
similarly to the adobes of the Pacific coast. It is not esteemed a very 
desirable soil for grain or alfalfa and at present is used mainly for 
pasturage. The drainage is rather poor and would be difficult to 
improve. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 
Soil (4) 2 5 3 9 14 36 31 

Acres. 
San Luis Valley, Colo c 23, 104 

Laurel loam adobe. — The soil consists of a reddish-brown or choco- 
late-brown loam of rather heavy texture and usually of compact, 
refractory, impervious adobe structure, exhibiting pronounced puddling 
tendencies. It is very sticky when wet and bakes and checks into 
cubical blocks upon exposure. The soil often contains a noticeable 
quantity of coarse sand and fine gravel and generally extends to a 
depth of from 3 to 6 feet or more and is underlain by sandy loam, 

a Mapped as Santiago silt loam, 
ft Mapped as Arkansas loam, 
c Mapped as Rio Grande loam. 



222 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

sand, aHd gravel. The type occurs upon lower stream terraces, 
river-bottom lands, and along the trough of small tributary stream 
valleys. The suri'ace is generally level, frequently marked by willow 
or other tree growth, and is cut by stream channels. It consists of stream 
deposits modified by weathering and wash from adjacent heavy soils, 
and is in places subject to overflow or to injury from the accumulation 
of alkali or seepage waters. Where well drained and free from alkali 
it is well adapted to the production of grains, sorghum, alfalfa, or 
sugar beets. 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (1) 3 f) 4 11 27 33 17 

Subsoil (1) 1 2 2 9 15 4r) 26 

Acres. 
Garden City, Ivans a 1,472 

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN VALLEYS, PLATEAUS, 

AND PLAINS. 

Finney sandy loam. — The soil is a medium to fine sandy loam rang- 
ing in depth from a few inches to several feet and is always underlain 
by a silt loam, sometimes quite heavy and usually extending to a 
great depth. The type is formed largely of wind-blown sandy material 
overlying Plains marl. Since the deposition of the sand weathering 
has produced marked eflects on the texture of the soil, which contains 
a good percentage of clay and silt. It is free from alkali, but the sub- 
soil contains considerable lime. The surface of the type is generally 
rolling, especially in upland areas. It has good drainage and by 
reason of the heavy subsoil it has also an excellent moisture-holding 
capacity. Sorghum and alfalfa are the crops principally grown. 
Much of this type is used for grazing. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

'Soil (3) 1 8 11 23 20 25 12 

Sul)Soil (2) 1 1 6 19 53 20 

Acres. 
Garden City, Kans 6,272 

Fort Collins loam. — The soil is a dark-brown or reddish-brown to 
almost black loam from 4 to 12 inches in depth and is underlain by a 
layer of heavy loam from 1 to 4 feet in thickness, beneath which the 
subsoil grades into a light loam similar to the surface soil and extending 

a Mapped as Colorado adobe. 



Soils of the Arid Soiitkioest. 223 

to a depth of 6 feet or more. The soil becomes very sticky when wet, 
and bakes badly, often breaking into rough cubical blocks upon ex- 
posure after puddling. The surface is generally level, though occa- 
sionally slightly rolling or undulating, and sometimes pitted by erosion 
and cut by small intermittent streams. This is for the most part a 
residual type formed by the weathering in place of clayey or shaly 
sandstones and sand}' shales. The soil is well adapted to wheat, oats, 
barley, alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes, and apples. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 
Soil 1 2 2 14 29 33 19 

Acres. 
Greeley, Colo 14,144 

Finney clay. — The soil is a dark tenacious clay from 2 to 6 feet deep, 
overlying a silt loam, or Plains marl of great depth. When dry, large 
cracks, often 2 inches or more in width, occur in the soil. The type is 
found mostly in upland prairies, occupying small local depressions 
known as "buffalo wallows," the soil being formed by the wash from 
the surrounding higher levels. It has no agricultural value, and the 
areas are usually covered with a poor quality of swamp grass. 

1 2 3 4 5 « 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 4 14 41 39 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 14 59 25 

Acres. 
Garden City, Ivans 2,240 

SOILS OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST. 

The soils of the arid Southwest are mainly of colluvial, alluvial, and 
lacustrine origin, modified by the addition of recent stream sediments. 
They occupy mountain foot slopes, alluvial fans, debris aprons, or 
sloping plains of filled valleys, slopmg or nearly level plains, and bottoms 
of stream valleys or sinks and drainage basins. The principal colluvial 
soils of this region are also common to the Pacific coast. The climate 
of the arid Southwest is characterized by semitropical desert conditions, 
and where the soils are not capable of irrigation they have little or no 
present agricultural value. 

INDIO SERIES. 

The Indio series occurs in desert valleys, covering sloping valley plains, 
upper valley slopes at the foot of mountain ranges and mountain 



lA 



224 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

foot slopes. The soils are derived mainly from granitic rocks, mingled 
with some shale and sandstone material, and are formed by coliuvial" 
and alluvial wash from intermittent or torrential streams, and in cer- 
tain cases have been deposited in the waters and modified by the 
shore deposits of ancient lakes or bays. They are generally of light 
color and porous structure, usually underlain by coarser sands and 
gravels, and their surface is rough and hilly, scarred by the channels of 
intermittent streams, or drifted by winds. 

Indio gravelly loam. — The soil is a gravelly loam, about 2 feet deep, 
and is underlain by clay to a depth of 6 feet or more. In some of the 
areas the interstitial material becomes quite sandy. The gravel con- 
sists of agate, quartz, chert, limestone, granite, obsidian, and indurated 
clay, varying in size from 1 inch to 5 or 6 inches in diameter. The type 
represents old beach lines or alluvial cones. In the lighter phases the 
soil contains little alkali, but elsewhere the alkali content is high. The 
soil is subject in places to destructive erosions by mountain floods, and 
much of it lies too high or is too rough for cultivation. When irrigable 
and not too alkaline it is suitable for fruits and vegetables. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 8 12 39 13 7 16 

Subsoil (1) 1 3 3 12 5 25 51 

Acres. 
Imperial, Cal a43,328 

Indio sand. — The soil consists of a medium to rather coarse sand cf 
light-gray color and loose, porous structure, and is composed of slightly 
rounded quartz particles, mingled with micaceous and granitic material. 
It is usually 6 feet or more in depth and is underlain by coarser material 
of the same character. The type occurs upon sloping valley plains and 
covers extensive areas of the higher slopes skirting the mountains. The 
hio-her bodies are formed mainly by wash from the adjacent mountains, 
distributed over sloping fans and debris aprons by intermittent streams. 
The lower lying bodies consist of old beach sands mingled with and 
modified by alluvial and coliuvial mountain wash. The more ele- 
vated areas are generally gravelly, sometimes strewn with bowlders, and 
are of rough, broken outline. Theysoil is well drained and free from 
alkali, but generally lies above the limits of irrigation, and is therefore 

of no agricultural value. 

Acres. 
Indio. Cal &50,112 

o Mapped as Imperial gravelly loam. ^ Mapped as Fresno sand. 



Soils of the Arid SoutMrest. 225 

Indio fine sand. — The soil is a light-gray micaceous sand, usually of 
loose, friable structure and of fine sandy texture, but sometimes of a 
rather heavy, loamy nature. It is from 3 to 6 feet in depth and is un- 
derlain by coarse sand. The type occurs upon lower and intermedi- 
ate uniformly sloping plains formed by erosion from adjacent mountains. 
The surface is marked by minor scoriations and wind-formed ridges. 
With the exception of the lower lying bodies it is well di'ained and 
free from alkali and is adapted to grains, sweet potatoes, melons, etc. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 1 2 19 C5 25 18 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 15 35 33 16 

Acres. 
Indio, Cal. a 36, 032 

Indio fine sandy loam. — This is a fine sandy loam subject to consid- 
erable variation in texture, of micaceous, porous, friable structure and 
of slate color. It is from 2| to 5 feet in depth and is underlain by sandy 
loam or sand. The type covers extensive areas over lower valley plains. 
It was probably deposited in the waters of an ancien^ bay or an arm of 
the sea, but has subsequently suffered considerable modification through 
the erosive and distributing forces of winds and intermittent streams, 
the surface being now rather rough and badly wind drifted. The soil 
possesses marked capillary powers and the lower lying bodies are often 
poorly drained and filled with alkali. 

12 3 4 6 6 7 

Soil (4) 1 3 24 40 19 14 

Subsoil (4) 1 4 24 28 26 16 

Acres. 
Indio, Cal 6 42,432 

GILA SERIES. 

The Gila series consists of recent stream deposits derived from a va- 
riety of rocks and occurs over river flood plains and lower stream-formed 
terraces. The soils of this series are generally subject to overflow, and 
are often eroded or modified by torrential floods, cut by stream chan- 
nels, more or less wind-drifted, and frequently covered with dense 
thickets of willows, cottonwoods, mesquite, canaigre, or other small 

o Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam. 
6 Mapped as Fresno sandy loam. 

32075—06 15 



226 Soil Survey Fkld Booh. 

timber or bushes. They are of light to dark brown color. The soils of 
this series are sometimes interstratified with minor layers of heavier 
sediments and are distinguished from those of the Imperial series by 
being underlain at varying depths by coarse river sands and gravels. 

Gila fine sand. — This is a rather coarse, porous, incoherent fine sand of 
yellowish to reddish-brown color, generally from 3 to 6 feet or more in 
depth, underlain by coarser river sands and gravels or bowlders. The 
type lies along rivers, by which its materials have been transported. The 
soil has been blown about by the winds and the surface is generally 
covered with dunes. The characteristic vegetation consists of mesquite, 
willow, canaigre, yucca, and Cottonwood. The soil is often calcareous 
and frequently contains small quantities of alkali, although not enough 
to injure plants. It is generally well drained and is adapted to truck, 
fruit, melons, potatoes, root crops, and sometimes alfalfa. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 1 5 48 30 11 4 

Acres. 

Pecos Valley, N. Mex a2,810 

Salt River Valley, Ariz a 13, 960 

■ Yuma, Ariz «> 14, 272 

Gila fine sandy loam.c — The soil is a loose, friable, porous fine sandy 
loam of light-gray to reddish-brown color, from 3 to 6 feet or more in 
depth, and is underlain by coarser sands and gravels. Layers of heavier 
sediments sometimes appear in the subsoil. The type occurs as long 
and narrow to broader bodies covering lower valley plains and stream 
bottoms. The surface is frequently wind blown, cut by stream chan- 
nels, and covered with brush or timber growth. The soil possesses high 
capillary power, and is usually well drained and free from alkali, except 
upon lower lying bodies subject to stream overflow or seepage from 
higher elevations. It is generally adapted to alfalfa, truck, and fruit 

crops. 

1 

Soil (8) 

Subsoil (3) 

Acres. 

Salt River Valley, Ariz 18, 578 

Solomonsville, Ariz a 0, 720 

Yuma, Ariz.-Cal d is, 496 

a Mapped as Pecos sand. c See also Gila loam, p. 227. 

b Mapped as Imperial sand. d Mapped as Imperial sandy loam. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 








5 


32 


49 


10 





1 


23 


26 


33 


17 



Soils of the Arid Soiithrvest, 227 

Gila loam. — This is a loam approaching in texture a fine to very 
fine sandy loam. The soil is from 3 to 20 feet deep, and is nearly 
always underlain by a coarser sand or by river gravel. In some in- 
stances areas of shallow soil have a stratum of heavier material between 
the surface covering of fine sandy loam and the underlying sand. It 
is a valley or bottom type occurring usually as long, narrow bodies 
adjacent to streams. The sandy subsoil insures good drainage where 
there is an outlet for the ground water. The surface is level or slightly 
ridged by wind drifting and stream erosion, and the soil is composed of 
sediments deposited by annual flood waters. Some areas of this soil 
contain small quantities of alkali. It is a good soil for all crops suit- 
able to the climate, especially for alfalfa. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 5 34 48 12 

Subsoil (1) 2 2 19 31 33 11 

Acres. 

Solomonsville, Ariz a 9,000 

Yuma, Ariz 638,848 

Imperial, Cal a 30,784 

Gila silt loam. — The soil is a gray to brown silt loam containing con- 
siderable clay, from 12 to 30 inches deep, and usually underlain by 
sand, but in rare instances by loam or clay. It is a valley or bottom 
type occupying low places such as the beds of former river channels, 
flood plains, or drainage depressions. The soil is composed of sedi- 
ments deposited by overflow waters. It is often subject to overflow, 
and sometimes poorly drained and filled with alkali. It is a rich soil, 
easily cultivated, and is adapted to a variety of crops suitable to the 
climate. * 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 2 8 61 28 

Subsoil (2)...: 2 12 55 23 G 2 

Acres. 
Yuma, Ariz c 12, 672 

a Mapped as Gila fine sandy loam. 

b Mapped as Gila fine sandy loam in survey of 1902. Mapped as Imperial fine 
sandy loam in survey of 1904. 

c Mapped as Santiago silt loam in survey of 1902. Mapped as Imperial silt 
loam in survey of 1904. 



228 Soil Survey Field Booh 

Gila clay loam. — The soil is a sticky plastic clay loam of chocolate- 
brown color, containing considerable organic matter. It is from 3 to 6 
feet or more in depth, and is generally underlain by sand, but some- 
times by minor strata of heavy sediments, which are in turn underlain 
by sands. It is an extensive type of wide distribution. The surface is 
generally nearly level and above present stream overflow. The soil is 
fairly well drained, but is frequently filled with alkali. 

1 t; a 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 1 5 14 47 3.3 

Subsoil (2) 1 6 GO 33 

Acres. 
Yuma, Ariz.-Cal a 24 ,.384 

Gila clay. i> — The soil is a dark-brown to black sticky plastic clay of 
compact adobelike structure, puddling readily and checking upon 
exposure. It is from 1 to 3 feet in depth and is underlain by sandy 
loam, fine sand, or fine sandy loam. The type usually occurs as bodies 
of level surface, often of small extent, covering flood-plain depressions, 
slough and lagoon bottoms, and stream beds. It is generally subject 
to overflow, and frequently poorly drained and filled with alkali. In 
the Salt River Valley it is probably formed largely from sediments of 
prehistoric irrigation with muddy water. 

1 

Soil (6) 

Subsoil (4) 

Acres. 

Salt River Valley, Ariz 13, 655 

Yuma, Ariz.-Cal 4,096 

IMPERIAL SERIES. 

The Imperial series consists of old marine or lacustrine sedimenfs 
more or less covered or modified by subsequent river overflow deposits. 
The soil types of this series are derived from a variety of rocks and 
usually occur as extensive bodies covering low, level, or slightly sloping 
valley floors. Unlike the soils of the Gila series they are underlain to 
great depths by heavy sediments of close and more or less impervious 
nature. The surface is sometimes marked by bluff" or shore lines, 
slough or other stream channels, and is usually considerably modified 

o Mapped as Imperial loam. *> Mapped as Salt River adobe. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


1 


2 


7 


21 


33 


31 





1 


29 


29 


19 


18 



Soils of the Arid Southwest. 229 

by wind drifting. The soils are generally of light or reddish color, and 
in the heavier members are frequently poorly drained and filled with 
alkali. 

Imperial sand.o — The soil consists of medium to rather fine sand 
about 5 feet deep and is generally underlain by loam or clay. The 
soil is generally well drained and free from harmful quantities of alkali, 
but the loam or clay subsoil contains alkali in excess, which will rise to 
the surface should excessive irrigation be practiced. The soil is 
adapted to any of the crops suited to the climate. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 18 22 34 24 2 

Subsoil (1) 1 55 32 5 8 

Acres. 
Imperial, Cai 1, 792 

Imperial sandy loam.^ — The soil is a fine-grained sandy loam 3 
feet deep and is underlain by clay or loam. The type has been formed of 
the coarsest sediments carried by the Colorado River. The surface is 
irregular and covered with dunes. Where free from excessive alkali the 
soil is adapted to any crop suited to the southern arid regions. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 12 30 36 22 

Subsoil (4) 8 22 45 26 

Acres. 
Imperial, Cal 126,656 

Imperial clay loam. — The soil consists of a fine-grained sticky clay 

loam with an average depth of 5 feet, and is underlain by clay or clay 

loam. The soil is very productive, but frequently contains an excess of 

alkali salts. Drainage of this soil is costly and difficult on account of its 

close structure. When free from alkali it is adapted to most of the crops 

suited to the climate, but as it is likely to pack, annual or cultivated 

crops will prove most profiable. 

Acres. 
Imperial, Cal c34i,056 

Imperial clay. — This is a heav}^ clay soil with a depth of 6 feet or 
more. The surface is usualh^ level, though in places small dunes are 
seen. It is derived from deposition of the finest river sediment. When 

a See also Gila fine sand, p. 226. 

*> See also Gila fine sandy loam, p.226. 

c Mapped as Imperial loam. 



230 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

dry and in its natural state, it exists in hard cakes and lumps. In dry- 
ing after irrigation the soil becomes very hard and cracks intersect the 
surface in all directions. It is difficult to till and is often filled with 
alkali and is but little cultivated. It is best adapted to the production 
of sorghum and millet, 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (9) 3 10 3.5 50 

Subsoil (9) 5 5 35 56 

Acres. 

Imperial, Cal 33,792 

Indlo, Cal 13,120 

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST. 

Pecos conglomerate. — This is a sandy loam to a depth of 2 feet con- 
taining a high percentage of rounded gravel, resting upon conglomerate 
or gravel beds. The type occupies bench lands and bluffs. The soil is 
derived from disintegration of conglomerate beds, is well drained and 
free from alkali salts, and readily transmits seepage waters. It is not 
adapted to agriculture at present. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 13 43 19 18 

Acres. 
Pecos Valley, N. Mex 11,680 

Yuma sand. — The soil is a rather compact, coarse to medium or fine 
sand containing sufficient finer material to give it a slightly loamy char- 
acter. When dry it has the appearance of a sand, but upon irrigation it 
becomes almost a sandy loam. It is underlain at a depth of from 2 to 6 
feet by a succession of layers in which the soil particles are slightly ce- 
mented, the binding material being calcium carbonate, nodules of which 
are also found in the subsoil. The subsoil to a great depth is of the 
same sandy nature as the surface. This soil is found on mesa lands and 
is generally level, smooth, and well drained, but where the texture is 
finer small dunes may be found. Nearly all of this mesa soil contains 
some alkali, but not usually in harmful quantities. It is adapted to cit- 
rus fruits, figs, grapes, garden vegetables, melons, etc. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 7 10 55 16 2 3 

Acres. 
Yuma area, Ariz 94,400 



Soils of the Arid Southwest. 231 

Pecos sandy loam. — The soil is a fine-grained gray sandy loam 30 
inches deep. The subsoil is a gray light loam, slightly heavier than the 
soil. The type occupies high, level valley land, is derived from lacus- 
trine deposits, and is well drained and generally free from alkali. This is 
recognized as the best general farming land of the localities in which it 

occurs. 

1 2 3 4 r, 6 7 

Soil (7) 2 11 42 25 18 

Acres. 

Pecos Valley, N. Mex 24,770 

Roswoll, N. Mex 11, .540 

Roswell fine sandy loam. — The soil is a heavy gray fine sandy loam 
about 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a light loam underlain by clay at 
a depth of 5 feet. The type occupies level second-bottom land derived 
from lacustrine deposits, is poorly drained, and often contains alkali. 
Where drained and free from alkali it is considered a good farming soil. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 15 32 24 16 

Acres. 
Pecos Valley, N. Mex a 9, 090 

Roswell loam. — The type consists of a loam about 4 feet deep, under- 
lain by a clay loam and clay. It is formed of old lacustrine deposits occur- 
ring upon low, level bench land. The soil is naturally poorly drained 
and contains alkali, but when well drained and free from alkali it is 
recognized as well adapted to general farm crops. 

Acres. 
Pecos Valley, N. Mex 2, 730 

Glendale clay loam. — The soil is a clay loam 6 feet or more in depth, 
of fine texture, eroding vertically, and of compact, adobelike structure. 
The type occupies the level plain forming a low divide between Salt 
River and Agua Fria River, Arizona, and has been formed by wash from 
Cave Creek. The soil is generally well drained and free from alkali. It 
is adapted to grain and alfalfa, and the lighter phases to fruit. 

1 

Soil (7) 

Subsoil (2) 



2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


1 


2 


5 21 


42 


23 


2 
iz .. 


2 


8 34 

Acres. 
. 6 52,040 


39 


12 



a Mapped as Roswell sandy loam. b Mapped as Glendale loess. 



232 Boil Sitrvey Field Booh. 

SOILS OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 

The soils of the Pacific coast, including those of the coastal and inte- 
rior mountain ranges, foothills, and valleys, have been classified into a 
number of series varying in field characteristics, topography, origin and 
mode of formation, and agricultural importance. They range from 
residual and colluvial soils of the mountain sides, foot slopes and foot- 
hills, to deep and extensive river flood plain and delta sediments, 
and ancient and modern shore and marine and lacustrine deposits. 
While some of these series are confined to a single coastal or interior 
mountain range or valley, others are of wider range and extend over 
several different physiographic regions. The value of these soils and 
their adaptation to crops is dependent largely upon the possibihties of 
irrigation and upon local climatic conditions of rainfall and temperature, 
all of which are to a great extent dependent upon topography. They 
range in agricultural importance from those devoted only to extensive 
grain farming to the most valuable and intensively cultivated lan^s 
devoted to citrus and deciduous fruits, vines, small fruits, and other 
special crops. 

SIERRA SERIES. 

These are residual soils derived from weathering in place of granitic 
rocks, diabase, and more or less altered rocks, such as amphibolites, 
slates, serpentine, and volcanic materials, with a slight admixture of 
colluvial and alluvial material from the same sources. They are pre- 
vailingly of light-red to deep-red color, and generally of somewhat com- 
pact structure. They are underlain by parent rocks sometimes sepa- 
rated from the overlying soil by a thin stratum of adobelike material. 
The soils are frequently very shahow and marked by abundant rock 
outcrops, bowlders, and rough, rocky areas unsuitable for agriculture. 
The soils ol this scries occupy rolling and frequently mountainous dis- 
tricts and foothills, usually support, a more oi less heavy growth of 
brush and forest trees, and are generally well drained. This series cov- 
ers large areas of valuable fruit and grazing lands along the western 
slope and base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. 

Sierra stony ioam. — This type is derived from volcanic andesitic 
breccias and mud flows. The soil is a heavy loam of smooth silty tex- 
ture and compact structure, frequently gravelly, generally dark in color 
at the surface, but sometimes grading into light red below. The soil is 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 233 

from 6 to 30 inclios deep, and is underlain by volcanic muds and brec- 
cias. The type generally occupies flat-topped ridges or elevated, nearly 
level table-lands. The surface is generally strewn with rounded ande- 
sitic cobblrs and bowlders. The type sometimes supports a sparse 
growth of brush or timber, but is usually treeless. It is frequently 
poorly drained in local depressions. The soil is usually shallow and 
unproductive, and is u.^ed for grazing purposes. 



1 


2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


Soil (3) 5 


9 


5 


15 11 


32 


23 


Subsoil (1) 10 


30 


9 


18 4 
Acres. 


19 


20 


Sacramento, Cal . . 






. 30,080 







Sierra sandy loam. — The soil is a coarse sandy loam of granitic origin 
marked by the presence of a large proportion of light-colored angular 
rock particles of the size of fine gravel. It is generally plastic when wet 
and has a somewhat compact structure, but is friable under cultivation. 
The color of the soil is light red or reddish gray. The soil is generally 
underlain at a depth of from a few inches to several feet by a thin zone of 
dark-red adobe similar in texture to the overlying soil and grading into 
underlying parent granitic rock. The type occupies rolling foothills 
and sometimes precipitous mountain slopes and is frequently marked by 
rounded masses of the outcropping rock. The areas of this type 
are generally well di-ained, except for occasional small local spots. The 
type is well adapted to citrus fruits, peaches, cherries, plums, small 
fruits, and grapes. 



1 


2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


Soil (2) 13 


24 


10 


18 7 


15 


13 


SubsoU (2) 12 


22 


10 


16 7 
Acres. 


14 


19 


Sacramento, Cal . . . 






.. 64,448 







Sierra clay loam. — The soil is a bright to dark red clay loam of fine, 
smooth, silky texture, sticky and plastic when wet and slightly given to 
puddling, but is generally friable under cultivation. The soil varies in 
depth from a few inches to several feet, the average depth being about 
36 inches. It is frequently gravelly, the gravel consisting of rather fine 
flat or angular rock fragments and chips. The type is derived chiefly 
from the weathering of diabase, limestone, and amphibolites, which 
underlie the soil. It covers extensive areas of foothill slopes and is fre- 
quently precipitous and marked by rock outcrop and mountainous 



234 Soil Survey Field Booh 

topography. The type is often quite heavily timbered. Drainage is 
generally good, although in local depressions occurring along ravines the 
soil is frequently cold and wet. The type is devoted to grazing and 
growing hay and grains. In favorable locations it is well adapted to 
peaches, cherries, and other deciduous and small fruits. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 6 4 9 8 47 24 

Subsoil (2) 3 9 4 10 6 43 25 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal 128, 183 

Sierra sandy adobe. — The soil is a red adobe of compact, close struc- 
ture, tenacious when wet and checking upon exposure. It is subject to 
much variation in depth and is underlain by disintegrating granite. 
This type is similar in origin, texture, topography, drainage features, 
etc., to the Sierra sandy loam. The soil is adapted to dry farming to 
grain along lower and less pronounced slopes and is excellent for fruits 
when irrigated. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (11) 3 3 7 2.5 31 20 9 

Acres. 
Fresno Cal al3,376 

Sierra loam adobe. — The soil is a dark-red heavy loam of close, com- 
pact adobe structure, very sticky when wet, readily puddled, and check- 
ing upon exposure. The soil varies in depth from only a few inches to 
several feet, the adobe structure being more pronounced in the lower 
depths. The type owes its origin generally to the weathering of gabbro- 
diorite rock, which underlies the soil and frequently outcrops in angular, 
rugged ledges over extensive areas. It usually occurs on high, rugged 
hills and intervening valleys and is frequently covered with a dense 
growth of brush or small timber. In favorably located areas where the 
soil is deep it possesses well-developed moisture-retaining properties 
and is adapted to grains, hay, and grapes with or without irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 6 14 7 16 11 25 21 

Subsoil (2) 6 15 7 15 9 24 24 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal 610, 944 



"Mapped as Sierra adobe. b Mapped as Sierra loam. 



Soils of the Paciiic Coast. 235 



MARICOPA SERIES. 



The Maricopa series consists of unassorted colluvial and only partially 
assorted alluvial material formed by soil creep and direct wasliing from 
the mountain sides and by the deposits of intermittent, shifting, torren- 
tial streams. The soils of this series are derived from a variety of rocks, 
but generally from those of granitic and volcanic character. They 
occupy mountain-foot slopes, delta cones or fans, debris aprons, and 
sloping plains of filled valleys and also occur in stream valleys as the 
product of a series of minor secondary fans or cones emerging from 
adjacent more elevated slopes or mesa lands. They are generally tree- 
less and support only a desert vegetation, except when irrigated, are 
frequently cut by arroyos, and the lighter members are usually gravelly 
and often strewn with bowlders. These soil bodies vary from small 
areas of irregular outline to broad, extensive, uniform sheets. The soils 
are generally of dark color and loose, porous structure. They are gen- 
erally well drained and free from alkali, and where capable of irrigation 
are generally well adapted to fruits, vines, and general farm crops. 

Maricopa gravelly sand. — This soil consists of a rather light to dark- 
gray sand of medium to fine texture, usually carrying an appreciable 
quantity of coarse, sharp particles. It is generally 6 feet or more in 
depth. In its virgin condition the soil is often of a somewhat com- 
pact structure, but under cultivation it becomes of a loose and permea- 
ble character and washes readily under irrigation. The soil carries a 
large quantity of fine or small gravel of angular or subangular outline, 
usually occurring as fine angular granitic chips. This soil frequently 
packs firmly in roads and forms a natural macadamized surface. The 
type is formed largely of unassorted colluvial granitic material distrib- 
uted by torrential and intermittent mountain streams as broad, gently to 
abruptly sloping fans and debris aprons. The soil is generally well 
drained and free from alkali and when favorably situated for irrigation 
is well adapted to vine, citrus, and deciduous fruits. It is sometimes 
adapted to the production of vines and grains without irrigation. 

1 '2 3 4 ") 6 7 

Soil (4) 14 14 10 24 17 14 6 

Acres. 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal a 7 ,600 

San Bernardino, Cal 157,056 

San Gabriel, Cal b30,230 



a Mapped as Soledad gravelly sand. 
b Mapped as San Gabriel gravelly sand. 



236 Soil Survey Field Booh 

Maricopa gravelly loam. a — The soil of the Maricopa gravelly loam 
consists of a light-brown to dark-brown, almost black sandy loam, 
grading in texture from coarse to rather fine, and is gei.erally 6 feet or 
more in depth. It is usually of loose, porous, permeable, and some- 
what leachy structure, although over limited areas it sometimes assumes 
a somewhat compact structure in its virgin condition. It carries a 
considerable quantity of fine, subangular, or waterworn gravel, and 
when less than 6 feet in depth is underlain by sands and gravel or cob- 
bles, sometimes cemented by lime into a hardpan. The type gener- 
ally occurs as extensive soil bodies covering mountain foot slopes, roll- 
ing foothills, and broad, abrupt to gently sloping debris aprons and 
fan-shaped plains consisting of colluvial and partially assorted allu- 
vial wash and material distributed by torrential streams. It some- 
times occurs as narrow bodies following the courses of minor intermit- 
tent streams. The surface is sometimes irregidar and is often cut by 
arroyos and strewn with angular or rounded bowlders. It is derived 
mainly from rocks of granitic character and is well drained and free 
from alkali. Owing to its elevated position and its irregularities of 
surface, it is often incapable of irrigation and is devoted only to grazing 
or is dry-farmed to grains or vines. In California extensive areas are 
irrigated and produce heavy yields of grains, grapes, and citms and 

stone fruits. 

1 2 3 4 5 (J 7 

Soil (9) 11 12 9 18 21 18 8 

Acres. Acres. 

Lower ISalinas Valley, Cal ^9,570 San Gabriel, Cal dl5,3G0 

Salt River Valley, Ariz 51 ,0(56 San Jose, Cal b 7,010 

San Bernardino, Cal ^10,304 Ventura, Cal ^4,310 

Maricopa sand. « — The soil consists of a light-gray to reddish-gray 
sand of medium texture, usually 6 feet or more in depth, carrying con- 
siderable coarse, sharp sandy particles, and sometimes marked in the 
lower part of the soil section by partially stratified layers of fine sands 
and loams. The soil is of a loose, porous structure and usually carries 
more or less rounded or partially rounded gravel, the fragments grad- 
ing in size from pebbles to cobbles. The type consists of colluvial and 

a See also Bingham gravelly loam, p. 186; Bridger gravelly loam, p. 196; Mari- 
copa fine sandy loam, p. 238; Maricopa loam, p. 238. 
'' Mapped as Arroyo Seco sandy loam, 
c Mapped as Maricopa sandy loam. 
d Mapped as San Gabriel gravelly loam. 
« See also Colorado sand, p. 209. 



1 



Soils of the Pacific Coast, 237 

partially assorted alluvial material distributed by intermittent streams 
and occurring as small, narrow bodies extending along the course of 
arroyos, or as broader sheets covering mountain debris aprons or 
smaller secondary fans, or as fan-shaped plains bordering bluff lines 
and mesa lands. The surface is usually gently sloping, but is some- 
times broken or hilly, slightly wind-drifted, or traversed by intermit- 
tent stream channels or arroyos. The soil is adapted to fruits, vines, 
and general farm crops when favorably situated for irrigation. 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 

Soil (3) 3 10 15 29 20 18 7 

Subsoil (Ij 1 7 10 35 19 21 7 

Acres. 

Solomonsville, Ariz 17 ,728 

Ventura, Cal a 6,430 

Yuma, Ariz.-Cal b 4,160 

Maricopa sandy loam, c — The soil is a light-gray to reddish-brown 
sandy loam of medium to rather fine texture, usually 6 feet or more in 
depth, generally carrying an appreciable quantity of coarse, sharp sand 
particles, and underlain by compact sandy loam of adobelike structure, 
or marked in the lower depths by layers of sands, sandy loams, or silt 
loam. It is sometimes of compact structure, but is loose and friable 
under cultivation. The type consists of colluvial and partially assorted 
alluvial material covering mountain foot slopes, sloping plains, debris 
aprons, and sloping valley plains formed by wash from minor secondary 
fan deltas. The soil is usually well drained and free from alkali, and 
under irrigation is generally adapted to fruits and general farm and 
truck crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 6 13 9 21 18 20 13 

Subsoil (3) 6 11 7 19 15 27 15 

Acres. 

Los Angeles, Cal 13 ,888 

San Bernardino, Cal d 23,424 

Solomonsville, Ariz 10,368 

o Mapped as Fresno sand, gravelly piiase. 
b Mapped as Fresno gravelly sand. 

c See also Bridger loam, p. 197; Colorado sandy loam, p. 210; Maricopa fine 
sandy loam, p. 238; Maricopa gravelly loam, p. 236. 
d Mapped as San Gabriel sandy loam. 



6 


7 


20 


13 


19 


12 



238 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

Maricopa fine sandy loam. — The soil is a light-brown to dark-brown 
fine sandy loam, from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, usually containing 
considerable waterworn gravel varying in size from small pebbles to 
cobbles. The soil is generally of loose, porous structure, and is under- 
lain by sands and rounded gravels, sometimes cemented into a calcare- 
ous hardpan. The type consists of torrential stream deposits occur- 
ring upon mountain foot slopes, mesa lands, and upper valley plains, 
and is frequently more or less modified by subsequent weathering and 
the addition of alluvial wash. The soil is well drained, free from alkali, 
and adapted under irrigation to alfalfa, grains, and citrus, deciduous, 
and small fruits. 

1-2345 

Soil (10) 3 6 8 16 32 

Subsoil (2) 5 11 8 25 20 

Acres. 

Los Angeles, Cal a 5,952 

Salt River Valley , Ariz b 106 ,906 

Maricopa loam, c — The soil is a chocolate-brown or dark-brown loam 
generally 6 feet or more in depth, of rather compact structure, sticky 
when wet. and somewhat given to puddling and baking, and is under- 
lain by heavier loams of compact adobe structure or by gravelly lime 
hardpan. It usually, but not always, carries considerable rather fine 
angular or partially worn gravel. The type usually occurs as exten- 
sive soil bodies covering mesa lands, the lower margins of colluvial 
mountain foot slopes, or lower sloping valley plains, over which it has 
been distributed by intermittent streams traversing secondary fans. 
The surface of the higher areas is often marked by domelike elevations, 
])luffs, or terrace lines thickly strewn with cobbles and gravel or deeply 
cut by torrential stream channels. The lower lying areas are some- 
times poorly drained and filled with alkali. Where capable of irriga- 
tion the soil is adapted to fruits and general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (4) 2 4 5 10 19 27 28 

Subsoil (3) 1 3 5 15 24 26 22 

Acres. 

Salt River Valley, Ariz 20, 650 

Solomonsvlllo, Ariz oJ2.864 

a Mapped as Maricopa gravelly loam. 
b Mapped as Maricopa sandy loam. 
cSee also Fresno loam, p. 256. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 239 

Maricopa silt loam. — The soil is a heavy brownish silt loam with a 
depth of 6 feet or more. The soil has an exceedingly fine texture, 
crumbling to an impalpable powder when dry, but becoming very 
stick}^ when wet. It is easily puddled, bakes upon exposure to the 
sun, and somewhat resembles an adobe in physical characteristics. 
It erodes into vertical walls, washes, and gullies. Except as very 
small particles the occurrence of gravel on the surface is rare. The 
type occurs in valleys and along streams, and is generally level except 
where cut by washes. The native vegetation is sparse and often want- 
ing on wind-swept areas. Both surface and subdrainage is apt to 
be deficient. Some alkali accumulations occur where the soil is irri- 
gated. This soil is best adapted to alfalfa, wheat, barley, sorghum, 
Egyptian and Indian corn, and sugar beets. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 2 5 68 25 

Subsoil (2) 5 14 56 25 

Acres. 
Solomonsvillo, Ariz 11,648 

Maricopa clay loam.o — The soil is a reddish clay loam 6 feet or 
more in depth, of dense, impervious structure. The type occurs upon 
the lower level valley plains, and consists of fine colluvial material 
modified by subsequent weathering and alluvial wash from higher soil 
bodies. It is generally adapted to grains, but is rather heavy and 
compact for alfalfa. 

Acres. 
Salt River Valley, Ariz 8,713 

PLACENTIA SERIES. 

The soils of the Placentia series vary considerably in origin, mode 
of formation, and topographic position. In general, however, they 
consist of colluvial waste and of alluvial and colluvial deposits of 
intermittent or torrential mountain streams, though in some cases 
they are composed essentially of residual material. In nearly all 
cases they have been subject to considerable modification subsequent 
to their formation by weathering and alluvial wash from heavy rains 
or minor streams. They occur upon undulating hills, mountain foot 
slopes, mesa lands, and broad, uniformly sloping fan deltas and higher 

a See also Colorado clay loam, p 211. 



240 Soil Survey Field Book. 

valley plains. They are distinguished from the soils of the Maricopa 
series, of somewhat similar topographic position and mode of forma- 
tion, by the prevailing reddish-gray to reddish-brown color and by 
being underlain by indurated sands, shaly sandstones, disintegrated 
granite, or more generally by heavy, compact red loams or clay loams 
of tough, impervious adobe structure. The soils of this series are 
derived mainly from granitic rocks, shaly sandstones, and sandstones 
carrying a large amount of granitic material. They are generally 
well drained, free from alkali, and frequently of somewhat refractory 
nature. They are tilled with difficulty, but possess marked moisture- 
retaining properties and include large areas of valuable lands devoted 
to grains, general farm crops, citrus and deciduous fruits, beans, and 
other special crops. 

Placentia sandy loam. a — The soil is a reddish-gray or reddish-brown 
sandy loam of rather coarse texture and compact structure, contain- 
ing considerable sharp sand and fine gravel, and is sticky when wet. 
The soil is generally underlain at from 12 inches to 4 feet by a red 
sandy loam or heav}^ loam of rather coarse, sharp texture and com- 
pact, adobelike structure, and in the lower part of the soil section it 
sometimes grades into a sandy loam of looser structure. The type 
occurs in rolling or hilly to gently sloping or nearly level areas, some- 
times only slightly ebvated above more recent alluvial deposits. The 
soil is adapted to alfalfa and fruits under irrigation. 

1 

SoU (4) 13 

Subsoil (1) 6 

Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal 4,928 

San Bernardino, Cal 6 61, 760 

Placentia fine sandy loam, c — The soil is a light-yellowish or grayish- 
brown to reddish-brown, sticky, somewhat plastic loam of fine sandy 
texture and of rather compact structure, sometimes puddling, baking, 
and checking slightly, and breaking into clods when dry, but friable 
under cultivation when in proper moisture condition. It usually car- 
ries an appreciable quantity of rather coarse sharp sand and sometimes 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


17 


9 


19 


17 


16 


9 


11 


6 


17 


23 


15 


21 



oSee also Placentia fine sandy loam, p. 240, and Placentia loam, ix 241. 
'> Mapped as Placentia coarse sandy loam, 
c Mapped as Placentia sandy loam. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 241 

a small to moderate quantity of rather fine angular or partially rounded 
gravel. The soil is generally from 15 inches to 3 feet in depth, and 
IS underlain by stiff, tenacious, and relatively impervious sandy or 
heavier loams, reddish in color and of a compact hardpan or adobe- 
like structure. This subsoil checks cubically upon exposure, is some- 
tmies penetrated with diflSculty by tender roots, sometimes has a 
gray or drab color, and frequently reaches the surface and gives rise 
to the adobe soils of the Placentia series. Occasionally the soil reaches 
a depth greater than 3 feet or is underlain by sandy loams or loams 
of less dense, compact structure. This soil consists mainly of coliu- 
vial soil creep and of colluvial and alluvial products of torrential and 
mtermittent streams, and occasionally over small areas of residual 
material. The type generally occurs as extensive areas covering sand- 
stone and granitic foothills and mountain foot slopes, delta fans, and 
sloping valley plains. Considerable modification by subsequent 
weathering, by the addition of alluvial wash, or by seolian agencies has 
generally taken place. The higher lying bodies are frequently rough, 
broken by rock outcrop, deeply cut by ravines and arroyos, and lie 
above the reach of irrigation waters. The soil is productive, easily 
irrigated, and is devoted to grains, citrus and deciduous fruits, wal- 
nuts, grapes, alfalfa, and general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (13) 4 8 7 19 19 28 12 

Susboil (9) 3 6 6 20 19 30 15 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 74, 000 San Gabriel, Cal 48, 820 

Los Angeles, Cal. 66,048 San Jose Cal Gl'^BS 

San Bernardino, Cal 87, 040 | Santa Ana, Cal '.'.'.'."' i6,' 857 

Placentia loam. o— The soil is a light-brown or reddish-brown loam, 
usually from 1 to 6 feet or more in depth, sometimes gravelly, and usually 
of somewhat compact structure. It is underlain by reddish-brown 
heavy loams of compact, dense, adobelike structure, or in small residual 
areas by disintegrating rock. The type is sin.ilar in topography, origin , 
mode of formation, and crop adaptation to the Placentia fine sandy 
loam, but has a somewhat finer and heavier texture. 



oSee also Placentia clay loam, p. 242. 
32075—06 16 



242 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 2 4 5 19 11 40 17 

Subsoil (2) 1 6 6 20 17 37 13 

Acres. 

Los Angoles, Cal a9,024 

Ventura. Cal 6 23, 880 

Placentia clay loam. — The soil is a reddish-brown, sticky, plastic clay 
loam, usually 6 feet or more in depth, of compact structure, puddling 
readily when wet and baking upon drying. It consists of the finer mate- 
rial washed from higher adjacent soil types and generally occurs in 
small areas occupying local depressions or lower valley islopes. It is 
sometimes poorl}^ drained and contains alkali, but is otherwise adapted 
to the same crops as the Flacentia fine sandy loam. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 4 21 44 29 

Acres. 
San Bernardino. Cal c2,816 

Placentia sandy adobe. — This is a reddish-brown or red, dense, com- 
pact adobe soil of tenacious, refractory nature and sandy loam texture, 
generally carrying a noticeable quantity of rather coarse, angular, sand}^ 
or fine gravell}'^ fragments. The soil checks into small cubical blocks 
upon exposure. It is usually from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth and is 
underlain by lighter loams or sands of loose, porous structure, or by disin- 
tegrating sandstone or shaly sandstone. The soil is sometimes overlain 
by a few inches of sticky, compact, sandy loam, which grades into the 
stiff, dense adobe structure of the typical soil. It occurs in small to 
extensive areas covering rolling foothills, mesa lands, and remnants of 
elevated sloping valley plains. It sometimes contains a small quantity 
of alkali. The soil is generally well drained and retentive of moisture, 
f and is dry farmed to grains or irrigated to alfalfa or fruits. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 3 9 26 38 20 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 9 18 48 23 

Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal d.5, 120 

Santa Ana. Cal «31,334 

« Mapped as Los Angeles sandy loam, 
ft Mapped as Placentia sandy loam, 
c Mapped as Placentia loam, 
d Mapped as Maricopa sandy adobe. 
« Mapped as Fiillerton sandy adobe. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 243 

Placentia loam adobe. a — This consists of a dark-brown, compact, 
plastic, sticky adobe soil of loam texture, possessing the usual adobe 
structural characteristics, checking upon exposure, and being difficult 
to cultivate. The soil is from 2 to 6 feet or more in depth and is under- 
lain by light-colored loams of compact adobe structure or by indurated 
sand or disintegrating granitic material. The type consists mainly of 
colluvial material modified by recent weathering, erosion, and the addi- 
tion of fine alluvial material washed from adjacent soils. It occupies 
rolling hills and sloping plains and is generally devoted to citrus and 
other fruits, grains, olives, walnuts, etc. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

SoU (4) 1 3 2 16 19 .31 28 

Subsoil (2) 2 5 6 24 21 24 18 

Acres. 

Los Angeles. Cal 7, 040 

San Bernardino, Cal 9, 280 

Placentia clay loam adobe. — This consists of a reddish-brown or 
brown compact adobe soil of clay loam texture, generally from 2 to 6 
feet or more in depth, underlain by compact, heavy loam, coarse granitic 
sand, and fine angular gravel or disintegrating sandstone. Below the 
surface foot of the soil section the color is often of a more pronounced 
red and the adobe structure more evident. The type consists mainly of 
colluvial material derived from disintegrating granitic rock and of 
residual and colluvial material from sandstones, subsequently modified 
by weathering and by alluvial wash. It usually occurs upon rolling hills 
and sloping, elevated, and somew^hat dissected valley plains, is well 
drained and free from alkali, and is usually dry farmed to grains or 
devoted to fruits under irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 2 14 12 46 21 

Subsoil (2) 2 3 2 11 16 39 28 

Acres. 

Los Angeles. Cal 6 6, 976 

Ventura, Cal a 1, 940 

a Mapped as Fullerton sandy adobe. & Mapped as Sierra adobe. 



244 Soil Survey Field Boole. 

OXNARD SERIES. 

The soils of the Oxnard series cohsist of alluvial delta plain deposits, 
colluvial and alluvial wash from foothills and higher adjacent soil 
bodies, and occasional small areas of residual material. They are derived 
mainly from sandstones, shaly sandstones, and shales, and occur upon 
rolling hills, sloping, elevated, and dissected mesa lands and plains, 
and lower nearly level valley and delta plains. They usually occupy a 
less elevated position than the soils of the Maricopa series, are generally 
derived from less elevated foothills and ranges, and are lacking in the 
granitic material of the former series. They are generally of dark color 
and are most frequently underlain by heavier subsoils, which, however, 
are wanting in the red color and adobe structure of the subsoils of the 
Placentia series, occupying a similar topographic position. 

Oxnard gravelly loam. a — The soil consists of a heavy silt loam or a 
light clay loam of dark-brown, drab, or gray color, generally 6 feet or 
more in depth, the lower portion of the section usually being of light- 
gray color. The soil is frequently gravelly and usually carries consider- 
able coarse sandy and fine gravelly particles. It is sometimes of rather 
compact structure in the virgin condition, but is light and friable under 
cultivation. The type consists mainly of colluvial and alluvial material 
deposited over sloping plains by torrential mountain streams and is 
derived largel}^ from siliceous and bituminous shales, the gravel being 
made up of light or light-brown chalky or flinty fragments. The soil is 
very light in weight and is well drained, free from alkali, and is generally 
devoted to grains and beans. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 2 1 7 14 51 20 

Acres. 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 13, 730 

Ventura, Cal 2,544 

Oxnard sand. — The soil is a yellowish-gray to brownish sand of 
porous, often incoherent structure, and of medium to fine texture. It 
is generally 6 feet or more in depth and is underlain by indurated sand, 
or in low, level delta plains by heavier soils. The type occupies delta 
plains, mesa lands, and undulating hills. In exposed districts the soil 
is often wind-blown, and wind-breaks are sometimes necessary to suc- 
cessful cultivation. The soil is well adapted to lima beans and English 

o Mapped as Salinas shale loam. 



'Soils of the Pacific Coast. 245 

walnuts. On areas containing alkali sugar beets are successfully 

grown, while in southern California grapes and citrus and deciduous 

fruits are also produced. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (5) 1 9 23 33 16 11 6 

Subsoil (2) 1 17 32 24 7 11 8 

Acres. 

Los Angeles, Cal 35, 840 

San Bernardino, Cal 4,480 

Ventura, Cal 16, 200 

Oxnard sandy loam. — The soil consists of a brown to black sandy 
loam, generally of loose, open structure, but sometimes compact and 
with a tendency to break up into clods. It is from 4 to 5 feet in depth 
and is underlain by a heavy sandy loam or a loam. The type is de- 
rived mainly from waste from sandstone and shale hills and occupies 
gently sloping delta plains, elevated plains, and rolling hills, small 
gravelly areas sometimes occurring in the more elevated locations. 
The soil in the lower areas is generally rich in organic matter. Where 
free from alkali it is adapted to lima beans, grains, and sugar beets, and 
where favorably located it is a good soil for fruits. Where the soil con- 
tains alkali it is adapted to sugar beets and barley. It is generally well 
drained, except in local areas, but frequently contains a harmful quan- 
tity of alkali salts. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (10) 2 4 19 26 34 10 

Subsoil (2) 1 4 6 20 18 25 18 

Acres. 

San Bernardino, Cal 22, 400 

Ventura, Cal 53, 200 

Oxnard fine sandy loam. — The soil is a greenish-gray, rather sticky, 
micaceous fine sandy loam 12 to 24 inches in depth, underlain by a 
rather heav}^ sticky gray sandy loam or loam. The sand particles are 
fine and the sand has a greasy, soft feel. If plowed dry the soil breaks 
up into large clods, but when moist it is loamy and easily cultivated. 
The surface is smooth and level. The type is derived from the weather- 
ing of an argillaceous, incoherent sandstone. The greater part is well 
drained, but some portions contain alkali, owing to inadequate drainage. 

The soil is well adapted to wheat, and with irrigation alfalfa would do 
well. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 6 7 33 19 25 9 

Acres. 
San Bernardino, Cal 22,848 



246 Soil Survey F'uM Bool. 

Oxnard loam." — The soil consists of a gray or dark-colored sticky loam 
3 to 6 feet or more in depth, sometimes of a compact, refractory struc- 
ture. The type consists of the finer material derived from shales and 
sandstones and the wash from adjacent higher lying soil types or 
deposits from stream flood waters, and occupies level fiood plains and 
higher sloping plains adjacent to foothills. The soil is generally well 
drained, except where subject to overflow. It sometimes contains 
alkali. It is generally devoted to lima beans and English walnuts. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (.3) 2 2 . 2.3 16 39 16 

Acres. 

San Bernardino, Cal 6,912 

Ventura, Cal ^ 12, 9()0 

Oxnard silt loam. ^ — The soil is a brown, sticky silt loam, frequentlt 
of somewhat compact structure and possessing puddling and baking 
tendencies, but friable under cultivation. The soil is usually 6 feet or 
more in depth and is generally derived from the finer sediments of 
streams draining sandstone areas. It is usually rich in organic matter 
and occupies nearly level or slightly undulating flood and delta plains. 
It is sometimes poorly drained and underlain by heavy impervious sub- 
soils. When well drained and favorably situated it is devoted to lima 
beans, corn, and barley without irrigation, and to lima beans, walnuts, 
and fruits under irrigation. 

1 

Soil (4) 

Subsoil (4) 

Acres. 

SanJose,.Cal 25,920 

Ventura, Cal 5, 320 

Oxnard clay loam.c^ — This is a rather tenacious clay loam of brown 
or nearly black color. The soil is generally of a somewhat compact 
structure, but is usually fnal)le under cultivation, is often gravelly, 
and is underlain at from 2 to 4 feet by a compact and heavier phase of 
the same material. The type is derived mainly from sandstone and 
shale material and occupies stream. flood, and delta plains, or more ele- 
vated sloping or undulating colluvial and alluvial plains. It is usually 

a See also Oxnard clay loam p. 24i) . cSec also Hanford clay loam, p. 260. 
''Mapped as Fresno fine san()y loam, d Mapped .-is Oxnard loam. 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 





1 


8 


11 


56 


20 


1 


1 


11 


12 


51 


20 



2 


3 


4 


5 





7 


2 


2 


11 


15 


40 


28 


2 


2 


10. 


13 


37 


34 



/(S6>'i7« (9/ the Pacific Coast. 24Y 

rich in organic matter, is sometimes poorly drained, and occasionally 
contains alkali. Under favorable conditions it is well adapted to 
barley, sugar beets, fruits, small fruits, and vegetables. 

1 

Soil (9) 

Subsoil (7) 1 

Acres. 

Los Angeles, Cal 19,520 

San Jose. Cal 4,224 

Ventura. Cal 6, 8-30 

Oxnard clay loam adobe. & — This is a heavy, dense, compact black or 
dark-brown, plastic, adhesive adobe soil of clay loam texture, usually 
from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth and underlain by heavy loams, sands, 
and sandy loam, or by decomposing rock. It occurs as alluvial, col- 
luvial, or residual deposits, occupying level or sloping valley plains and 
rolling foothills. It is derived mainly from shales or crystalline rocks. 
The soil is difficult to till, but is retentive of moisture and productive. 
It is usually dry farmed to grains or is devoted to the production of 
fruits, sugar beets, small fruits, or vegetables under irrigation. 

1 

Soil (12) 1 

Subsoil (12) 1 

Acres. 

Los Angeles, Cal 37,440 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 11,580 

San Bernardino, Cal 11 ,200 

San Gabriel. Cal 23,650 

SAN JOAQUIN SERIES. 

The soils of the San Joaquin series are of prevailingly red color, 
frequently gravelly, both gravel and soil particles consisting largely of 
well-worn quartzose material. They are commonly underlain at a 
depth of 2 or 3 feet by red or reddish-brown indurated clay or sandy 
layers cemented by iron salts into a firm, impervious, impenetrable hard- 
pan, which may, how^ever, more deeply underlie the soil or may outcrop 
at the surface. The reddish color of the soils and subsoils and the oc- 
currence of the underlying red hardpan are readily distinguished charac- 
teristics marking this series. The soils are generally of compact struc- 
ture, sticky, and quite readily puddled when wet and frequently sepa- 
rated from the underlying hardpan by subsoils of true adobe structure. 

a Mapped as San Joaquin black adobe. 



2 3 4 


5 


6 


7 




2 2 7 


10 


37 


38 




1 1 7 


11 


41 


35 


Acres. 


San Jose, Cal. . . 








30,400 


Santa Ana, Cal. 








16,038 


Ventura, Cal ... 








4,290 



248 Soil Survey Field Book. 

They consist of old sediments deposited in the waters and about the 
shores of ancient lakes or bays of early Pleistocene age, modified by 
more recent reworking or by alluvial wash from adjacent formations. 
They occupy valley plains extending from lower rolling foothills down 
to level valle}^ floors and margins of present stream flood plains. The 
soils are usually treeless, except in the immediate vicinity of stream 
channels. The soils generally occur as extensive areas. The natural 
drainage is usually restricted by topographic position, deficient slope, 
and the presence of underlying impermeable hardpan, except in case of 
the lighter deeper members and areas occupying higher well-developed 
slopes. The soils of this series are generally devoted to dry farming to 
grains, but the lighter, deeper, and better drained members are some- 
times devoted to citrus and stone fruits, grapes, small fruits, and truck 
crops, and give excellent yields under proper irrigation, drainage, and 
cultivation. The heavier members are frequently marked by an adobe- 
like structure. Soils, subsoils, and hardpan are usually free from 
alkali, frequently marked by the presence of small surface ''hog wal- 
low" mounds. 

San Joaquin sand.a — The soil is a reddish-brown or dark-brown sand 
of coarse to medium texture, slightly sticky, and of rather compact 
structure, but loose and friable under cultivation. It is generally un- 
derlain at from 18 inches to 6 feet or more by compact, sticky sandy 
loam or sandy adobe of red color, grading into red sandy or clay iron 
hardpan. The type generally occurs along treeless ridges and summits 
of lower foothills or higher undulations of the valley plain. The soil is 
usually well drained and free from alkali, and in certain sections is well 
adapted to grapes and citrus and deciduous fruits. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (7) 3 16 23 28 12 9 6 

Subsoil (2j 5 33 12 14 6 12 20 

Acres. 

Fresno, Cal 43,776 

Sacramento, Cal 1 ,920 

San Joaquin sandy loam. — The soil consists of a light-red to dark-red 
sticky sandy loam of medium texture and compact structure. It is 
underlain by red hardpan, usually at a depth of about 30 inches, but the 
hardpan sometimes lies deeper and occasionally outcrops. The hard- 

o Mapped as Fresno red sand. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast 249 

pan is frequently separated from the overlying soil by a thin stratum ot 

adobelike structure. The type covers extensive areas of high, treeless 

valley plains. It is free from alkali. The higher lying and deeper soil 

bodies are generally well drained and adapted to grapes and other 

fruits, and grain. The drainage of the lower h'ing areas is usually 

deficient. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (12) 4 9 11 18 22 23 11 

Subsoil (3) 1 10 7 19 15 31 20 

Acres. 

Fresno, Cal 74,547 

Sacramento, Cal 265, 216 

Stockton, Cal 5, 824 

San Joaquin fine sandy loam. — The soil is a yellowish-red or red sandy 
loam of fine, smooth, and somewhat silty texture and compact struc- 
ture, and is sticky when wet. The soil is subject to considerable varia- 
tion in depth, but is generally underlain at about 36 inches by a heavy 
red loam or clay grading to red iron hardpan of a clay or sandy clay tex- 
ture. The type covers extensive areas on the lower treeless valley 
slopes. The drainage is usually somewhat restricted. The soil is gen- 
erally devoted to dry farming to grains, but in favorable locations where 
the hardpan does not too closel}^ approach the surface it produces valua- 
ble crops of table and wine grapes and of bramble and other small fruits. 

1 2 3 4 5 e 7 

Soil (2) 1 5 4 26 18 28 17 

Subsoil (2) 1 6 5 23 16 29 19 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal 30, 208 

San Joaquin loam. a — The soil is a red plastic loam of fine silty tex- 
ture and compact structure, with marked puddling tendencies, extend- 
ing in depth from only a few inches to 3 feet or more. Belov,' the first 
foot a heavy adobehke structure usually prevails and merges into the 
underlying indurated sandy clay iron hardpan. The type covers exten- 
sive areas of the lower valley plains and is generally treeless, except in 
the vicinity of stream channels and flood plains. The drainage is 
usually poor. Hardpan frequently approacnes the surface too closely 
to allow of profitable crop production. The soil is generally devoted 
to grazing and dry farming to grains. 

a See also San Joaquin fine sandy loam, p. 249, and San Joaquin sandy loam, 
p. 248. 



250 Soil Survey Field Book. 

12 3 4 6 6 7 

Soil (11) 1 7 6 17 15 36 19 

Subsoil (11) 1 8 6 16 17 33 20 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal 5, 440 

San Joaquin sandy adobe. — The soil is similar in color, texture, depth, 
topography, drainage, and other general features to the San Joaquin 
fine sandy loam, but has a dense, compact, adobe structure, puddles 
readily, and checks upon exposure. It becomes heavier below the first 
foot, and is underlain by the red hardpan of the San Joaquin series. 
The soil is generally devoted to grain under a system of dry farming. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 5 12 23 22 24 14 

Subsoil (1) 4 11 19 17 26 19 

Acres. 
Fresno, Cal al2, 691 

San Joaquin clay loam adobe.— The soil is a red adobe with the tex- 
ture of a heavy loam or clay loam of dense, compact structure, puddling 
readily, and checking upon exposure. It is generally about 3 feet in 
depth and is underlain by the dense red hardpan of the San Joaquin 
series. The soil possesses well-developed moisture-retaining prt)perties. 
The drainage of the type is restricted. The soil is generally devoted to 
dry farming to grains. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (11) 1 3 1 5 10 45 35 

Subsoil (1) 1 5 4 12 9 35 34 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal a 3, 776 

STOCKTON SERIES. 

The lighter members of this series are a buff to reddish or chocolate- 
brown color. The heavier members generally exhibit pronounced adobe 
structure, are usually free from gravel, and are dark-brown to black in 
color. The soils are underlain by heavy loams or clay loams of lighter 
color and are frequently separated from the overlying soil by a thin 
crust or zone of wliite calcareous clay hardpan free from alkali. They 
consist in part of alluvium and of wash from more elevated adjacent 
soils and are generall}'^ of older origin than the Hanford series. The 

o Mapped as San Joaquin red adobe. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 251 

heavier members have probably been greatly modified by weathering 
and by the incorporation and decomposition of organic matter resulting 
from swamp or marsh conditions. This series occupies extensive areas 
of the lower, nearly level valley plains traversed by minor foothill 
streams. The soils are treeless, or are marked by occasional groves 
of valley oaks. The drainage is usually restricted. The heavier mem- 
bers are generallv tilled with difficulty, owing to their heavy texture 
and structure, and are generally devoted to grains and hay. 

Stockton fine sandy loam. — The soil consists of a reddish-brown mi- 
caceous fine sandy loam, generally 6 feet or more in depth, of friable 
and porous structure, and sometimes gravelly. The type is derived from 
rather recent alluvial material deposited from foothill streams and oc- 
curs as small bodies about minor stream sinks or flood plains or gently 
sloping valley plains. Its drainage is fairly good. It is an excellent 
soil for fruits and general crops. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 1 4 12 23 25 23 11 

Acres. 
Fresno, Cal a 12, 832 

Stockton loam. — Typically the soil is a light chocolate-brown to 
dark colored loam, generally free from gravel, 6 feet or more in depth, 
the lower portion of the section grading somewhat lighter in color and 
texture. The soil has a fine silt}^ texture, and is frequently of a com- 
pact, adobelike structure. The type consists of a mixture of recent 
and older alluvial material deposited from streams in flood, and occu- 
pies level or only slightly sloping valley plains. The areas are either 
treeless or else support an occasional grove and scattered specimens of 
valley oaks. The drainage is fair and the soil is productive and usually 
devoted to grains, hay, and general farm crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 5 8 25 19 22 20 

Subsoil (1) 7 13 31 17 19 13 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal 26, 176 

Stockton silt loam. — The soil is a light-brown silt loam of fine, smooth, 
micaceous texture, generally 6 feet or more in depth. The structure is 
frequently rather compact, but the soil is friable under cultivation. 

a Mapped as Fancher sandy loam. 



1 



252 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

The type is derived from rather recent stream-borne sediments. It 
occupies nearly level valley plains and slopes, frequently in the vicinity 
of minor streams, and sometimes supports a light timber growth. 
The soil is generally underlain at a depth greater than 6 feet by light- 
colored calcareous clay hardpan and heavy sediments. The drainage 
is fair, except in a few small lower lying areas. This is an excellent 
soil for fruits, vines, grains, and general farming. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 .5 19 52 21 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 5 20 53 21 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal 16, 512 

Stockton loam adobe. — The soil is usually black in color, but is fre- 
quently marked by the presence of small grayish-colored spots. It is 
generally about 30 inches in depth, and not infrequently contains 
small angular rock fragments and coarse sand of light color. The soil 
is underlain by a silty clay loam of light-yellow or buff color. The soil 
is of a very dense, refractory structure, puddling readily and checking 
upon exposure, and exceedingly sticky and of waxlike consistency 
when wet. The type is derived from old stream alluvium modified by 
the incorporation of large quantities of organic matter and by alluvial 
wash from adjoining soil areas. It occupies the lower, level valley 
plains, and is sometimes partially timbered. The drainage of the soil 
is generally deficient. However, it produces fair yields of general 
farm crops under careful and timely cultivation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 3 3 15 22 31 26 

Subsoil (1) 1 3 3 15 21 43 15 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal 2,560 " 

Stockton clay loam adobe. — The soil is a black heavy clay loam of 
fine silty texture and of exceedingly stiff, dense, adobe structure. It is 
usually about 3 feet in depth, and is underlain by a light -brown or 
yellowish silty clay loam frequently separated from the overlying soil 
by a thin layer of white calcareous clay hardpan free from alkali. The 
soil puddles readily and bakes and checks upon exposure when not 
properly cultivated. It is exceedingly sticky and of a stiff, waxy con- 
sistency when wet. The soil contains a large quantity of organic mat- 
ter and under proper cultivation is capable of absorbing and retaining 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 253 

a large supply of moisture throughout long periods of drought. The 
type is composed of old alluvium sediments modified by weathering and 
the addition of organic matter. It occupies extensive areas of the 
lower valley plains, and is either treeless or else supports occasional 
groves of valley oak and light timber. The surface is nearly level and 
is generally marked b}:' arrested drainage. The soil is moderately 
friable and produces excellent yields of grains, hay, and general farm 
crops under careful and proper cultivation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 2 4 8 16 42 18 

Subsoil (1) 2 3 18 8 60 23 

Acres. 

Fresno, Cal a5,664 

Hanford, Cal a5,470 

Stockton, Cal 53,312 

Stockton clay adobe. — The soil consists of a chocolate-brown or 
nearly black heavy clay loam or clay adobe similar to the Stockton clay 
loam adobe in depth, character of underlying material, structure, 
drainage, and general phj^sical and agricultural features. It differs 
from the Stockton clay loam adobe in its somewhat lighter color and 
lower organic matter content, and is also frequently less friable and 
productive under cultivation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 2 8 12 36 40 

Subsoil (2) 1 3 3 9 11 34 39 

AcrpS. 
Stockton, Cal 40, 832 

FRESNO SERIES. 

The soils of the Fresno series are characterized by prevailing light- 
gray colors, but are sometimes light brown or reddish brown. They 
are generally underlain by subsoils of fine ashy texture, light color, and 
compact,, close structure, usually separated from the overlying soil 
by an alkali carbonate hardpan of white or light-gray color. The 
hardpan softens slowly upon the application of irrigation water, but is 
normally impenetrable to the roots of growing plants. The series is 
composed of old delta deposits formed by shifting streams and moun- 
tain torrents and occurring as broad, low alluvial delta cones occupying 

a Mapped as San Joaquin black adobe. 



254 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

gently sloping plains or slightly rolling valley slopes, generally treeless, 
and l3^ing above present stream flood plains. The soil material of this 
series is mainly of granitic origin, although in part derived from vol- 
canic and sedimentary rocks. The lighter members occupying higher 
positions are generally well drained. The lower lying areas are fre- 
quently poorly drained, subject to the influence of seepage water from 
irrigation, and contain alkali. The soil is adapted to alfalfa, vines, 
and fi-uits under proper irrigation, cultivation, and drainage. 

Fresno sand.o — The soil is a medium to coarse micaceous sand of 
light-gray or light-brown color and porous, loose, incoherent structure. 
The soil is usually 6 feet or more in depth and is generally underlain 
by loams or sandy loams of light color. The type is composed of old 
alluvial sediments, usually covering extensive areas. It occupies the 
higher treeless valley plains, with a nearly level or slightly rolling sur- 
face. The soil is generally well drained, free from alkali, and usually 
without gravel. It is adapted to alfalfa, truck, and stone fruits under 

irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

SoU (8) 2 19 21 24 19 12 3 

Subsoil (3) 4 28 17 24 13 9 3 

Acres. 

Fresno, Cal 163, 200 

Hanford. Cal 20, 790 

Stockton, Cal 9, 536 

Fresno fine sand. ^ — The soil is a gray, buff, or light-brown micaceous 
fine sand of smooth texture, slightly sticky when wet, and generally of 
loose porous structure. The soil is generally 6 feet or more in depth, 
but is sometimes less, and is underlain by light-gray loams or sandy 
loams of fine ashy texture, frequently cariying alkali carbonate concre- 
tions or hardpan. The surface is smooth or slightly broken and uneven. 
The type covers broad, extensive areas or occurs as long, narrow bodies. 
Drainage is generally good. The soil is well adapted to alfalfa, truck, 

and fruits under irrigation. 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 

Soli (1) 1 6 9 35 28 16 6 

Subsoil (1) 1 6 9 35 29 16 5 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal •. 8, 128 

a See also Colorado sand, p. 209; Hanford sand, p. 257; Indio sand, p. 224; .lordan 
sand, p. 190; Maricopa sand, p. 236. 

b See also Hanford fine sand, p. 258; Hanford fine sandy loam, p. 259; Laurel fine 
sand, p. 219. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 255 

Fresno sandy loam.o — The soil consists of a light-brown or gray 
sandy loam containing considerable coarse sand. The soil is generally 
from 3 to 6 feet deep, but the depth of soil is subject to considerable 
variation. It is of rather compact structure, is sticky when wet, and 
has marked puddling tendencies, but is friable if cultivated when in 
proper condition. The soil is underlain by fine sandy or silty loam of 
ashy texture, gray color, and compact structure, grading to white 
alkali carbonate hardpan. The type usually occurs in extensive areas 
with nearly level or slightly sloping surface, and is locally known as 
"white ash" land. The lower lying bodies are frequently poorly 
drained. It is subject to influences of seepage waters from over irriga- 
tion and is strongly impregnated with alkali. It is an excellent soil for 
alfalfa, vines, and fruits when well drained and irrigated. 

12 3 4 o 6 7 

Soil (1) 3 13 7 17 17 31 12 

Subsoil (1) 3 12 6 16 16 33 14 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal 5. 952 

Fresno fine sandy loam. & — This is a light-gray fine sandy loam of 
ashy texture and compact structure, sticky when wet and readily pud- 
dled. The soil is generally 6 feet or more in depth, with the lower por- 
tion of the soil section frequently of a somewhat lighter texture. It is 
generally marked at a depth of from 2 to 4 feet by a stratum of heavy, 
dense, white calcareous hardpan containing alkali carbonates and by 
concretions of the same material. The type usually occurs as irregular 
bodies near the margin of valley plains. The surface is nearly level and 
slightly depressed. The soil is usually poorly drained and contains 
alkali. When well drained and properly irrigated and cultivated, it is 
adapted to fruits and alfalfa where the underlying hardpan does not too 
closely approach the surface. 

o See also. Fresno fine sandy loam, p. 25'i, and Indio fine sand, p. 225. 

b See also Hanford fine sandy loam, p. 259; Hanford silt loam, p. 259; Indio fine 
sandy loam, p. 225; Marshall silt loam, p. 144; Oxnard loam, p. 246; Weber fine 
sandy loam, p. 195. 



256- Soil Survey Field Book. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

SoU (8) 2 7 27 28 26 8 

Subsoil (8) 1 2 6 24 30 28 9 

Acres. 

Fresno, Cal o 69, 811 

Hanford, Cal o lo, 860 

Stockton, Cal 10, 304 

Fresno loam. — ^The soil is a gray or reddish-brown compact, sticky, 

heavy loam of very fine, smooth texture, generally about 3 or 3^ feet in 

depth. The lower portion of the soil section is marked by concretions 

and dense, impenetrable hardpan strata of calcareous, alkali-carbonate 

nature, underlain by loam of fine ashy texture and light-gray color. 

The type occupies lower valley plains and slight depressions of smooth, 

level surface. It is frequently strongly charged with alkali and is 

poorly drained. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 3 3 10 23 35 26 

Subsoil (1) 5 7 5 10 15 33 23 

Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal b5,824 

HANFORD SERIES. 

The soils of the Hanford series consist of recent alluvial materials de- 
rived from a great variety of rocks and deposited as river and delta 
plains. The lighter members sometimes consist largely of mining debris 
and overlie Pleistocene sediments and hardpan. They are generall}^ light- 
gray to buff in color, but become dark drab, brown, or nearly black in the 
case of some of the heavier members occupying low-lying positions. All 
the members of the series are subject to much variation in depth, color, 
and character of underlying material. The surface is generally level, 
slightly sloping or sometimes uneven, and is frequently marked by sloughs 
or the interlacing channels of streams, many of which carry water only 
in times of flood and disappear in sandy washes. The heavier members 
are frequently marked by an adobe structure and the soils are generally 
free from gravel or bowlders. The soil bodies frequently occur as small, 
irregular, broad and extensive or long narrow areas extending in the direc- 
tion of drainage, and are frequently elevated above or depressed below 
the surface of adjacent soil types. The lighter members and higher- 

o Mapped as Fresno sandy loam. '' Mapped as Maricopa loam. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 257 

lying soil bodies are usually well drained and are not subject to the 
influence of seepage waters caused by irrigation, while natural drainage 
is sometimes deficient in the case of lower lying areas occupying present 
stream flood or overflowed delta plains, where protection by levees 
becomes necessary. While similar to the soils of the Fresno series in 
origin and mode of formation, they generally occupy a lower topographic 
position, are of more recent origin, are frequently subject to overflow, 
and, unlike the former, often support a growth of swamp vegetation, 
brush and willow thickets, and timber in the river bottoms and lower 
valley plains. The heavier members are also usually of darker color, 
while the underlying white hardpan and subsoils of ashy texture com- 
mon in the Fresno series are wanting here. The soils are usually pro- 
ductive and are especially adapted to fruits, vines,- vegetables, and 
truck crops when well drained, free from alkali, and irrigated. 

Hanford gravel. — This type consists of gravels, cobbles, and small 
bowlders mixed with river sands, underlain by river sands or earlier 
Pleistocene sediments and frequently greatly disturbed and modified by 
mining operations. It is composed of recent stream wash, is subject to 
overflow, and has but little agricultural value except for the scant pas- 
ture it affords. 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal a 4, 544 

Hanford sand.& — The soil is a light-gray or brown, micaceous, loose, 
porous, incoherent sand of medium fine to coarse texture, generally 6 
feet or more in depth, underlain by stratified alternating stream deposits. 
The type is composed of recent stream sediments and generally occurs 
as irregular or elongated bodies, frequently slightly elevated or depressed, 
marking former stream channels, or as broad, extensive bodies covering 
lower stream terraces and delta plains. The surface soil is sometimes 
more or less di'ifted by winds. It is generally free from gravel and is 
usually well drained, except where subject to overflow from adjacent 
streams. It is a fair fruit and truck soil when well irrigated, but is fre- 
quently of a leachy character and deficient in organic matter. 



a Mapped as Fresno gravel. 
6 See also Fresno sand, p. 254. 



32075—06 17 



258 Soil Survey Field Book. 

12 3 4 5 (5 7 

Soil (14) 4 12 15 39 IS 8 3 

Subsoil (4) 4 16 19 29 12 13 7 

Acres. Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal o 43, 2G4 I San Bernardino, Cal « 15, 296 

Los Angeles, Cal « 58, 112 San Gabriel, Cai « 15, 190 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal & 25, 030 Santa Ana, Cal & G6, 380 

Sacramento Cal •. « 1, 408 I 

Hanford fine sand. — Soil is a light-bud, yellowish, or light-brov, n 
micaceous fine sand, usuall}^ 6 feet or more in depth, but sometimes less. 
It is generally underlain by sand, fine sandy loam, or loam. The soil is 
usually free from gravel or other coarse material, ha,s a loose, porous 
structure, and often has a peculiar smooth, greasy feel imparted by the 
high content of mica. The type consists of recent river deposits cover- 
ing low delta plains or occurring as irregular, elongated, and sometimes 
slightly elevated ridges near former or present stream channels. The 
low-lying areas are sometiiiies poorly drained and marked by willow and 
timber growth in the vicinity of streams. The higher areas are usually 
well drained and generally require irrigation. It is a valuable soil for 
alfalfa, potatoes, root crops, and fruits under proper irrigation, cultiva- 
tion, and drainage. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (9) 1 5 7 34 27 20 5 

Subsoil (8) 1 6 6 32 24 23 7 

Acres. Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal c 33, 920 1 Los Angeles, Cal c i6, 128 

Ilanford. Cal 51,250 I Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 17,040 

Hanford sandy loam. — The soil is a grayish micaceous sandy loam of 
medium to rather fine texture, usually 6 feet or more in depth. It pos- 
sesses slight puddling and clodding tendencies, but is friable and easily 
cultivated when moist. The type consists of a mixture of the coarser 
sandy materials of the Hanford sand with finer alluvium and occurs 
as irregular bodies or narrow strips. It is sometimes slightly impreg- 
nated with alkali and injured by seepage or overirrigation, but is in gen- 
eral a valuable soil for the production of grapes, pears, prunes, etc. 

o Mapped as Fresno sand. A colluvial phase should have been mapped as Pla- 
centia sand. 

'^ Mapped as Fresno sand, but includes upland terraces and foothill colluvial 
and residual phases, which should have been mapped as separate soil types. 

c Mapped as Fresno fine sand. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 259 



12 3 

Soil (2) 2 12 8 

Subsoil (3) 1 12 13 



Hanford Cal al9, 860 



4 5 


6 


7 


22 23 


20 


9 


25 21 


19 


() 


Arces. 







2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


2 


3 


19 


27 


30 


10 


3 


4 


19 


26 


36 


9 



Hanford fine sandy loam. — The soil is a light-gray, light-brown, or buff 
to dark drab micaceous fine sandy loam, 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, 
with a porous to moderately compact structure, but friable under culti- 
vation. The underlying material grades from loose sands to heavy loams. 
The type is composed of recent deposits occurring along river flood and 
delta plains. The surface is generally low, level, and frequently tim- 
bered or covered with willows and brush. In the vicinit}" of lower depres- 
sions and flood plains of larger streams it is sometimes deficiently 
drained or subject to overflow when not protected b}^ levees. The soil 
is generally productive under cultivation when well drained and free 
from alkali. When favorably situated, it is adapted to alfalfa, general 
farm crops, fruits, English walnuts, small fruits, asparagus, celery, and 
truck crops. 

1 

Soil (15) 1 

Subsoil (11) 1 

Acres. Acres- 

Bakersfield, Cal b 23, 744 Sacramento, Cal c6,6.56 

Hanford, Cal 30,010 San Bernardino, Cal bli,4.56 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal b 18, 330 San Gabriel, Cal b lo, 790 

Los Angeles, Cal ft 38,6.50 i Santa Ana, Cal 6 11,. 5.52 

Hanford silt loam. — The soil is a brown, gray, or buff" fine, smooth silt 
loam, often micaceous, free from gravel, and underlain by dark-colored 
silty clay loam or by light river sands. It is sticky when wet and has a 
compact structure, but is friable and easily cuftivated when in proper 
moisture condition. The .soil is sometimes puddled by improper culti- 
vation. The type consists of recent or present sediments occurring 
along river flood and delta plains, is frequentl}^ subject to overflow, and 
is sometimes poorly drained and filled with alkali. It frequently sup- 
ports a dense growth of willows or small timber. It is an excellent soil 
for fruits, potatoes, beans, sugar beets, asparagus, hops, alfalfa, and gen- 
eral farm crops when protected from overflow and drained. 

n Mapped as Fancher sandy loam. 
i> Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam, 
c Mapped as Fresno fine sand. 



200 Soil Survey Field Book. 



1 i 

Soil (10) 1 

Subsoil (8) 2 

Acres. Acres. 



3 


4 


5 


(i 


7 


1 


7 


15 


56 


18 


4 


14 


18 


46 


16 



Los Angeles, Cal a39, 360 

Sacramento, Cal & 9, 024 

San Gabriel, Cal 05, 220 



San Jose, Cal ^5, i84 

Santa Ana, Cal a 14, 349 



2 


3 


4 





ti 


7 


1 


1 


9 


16 


47 


24 


2 


1 


11 


IS 


47 


20 



Hanford clay loam. — This is a clay loam of very fine, smooth texture 
and moderately porous structure, buff or gray to dark brown in color, 
containing; considerable micaceous material and generally 2 to 6 feet in 
depth. It is underlain usually by fine sand or fine sandy loam or is 
streaked with micaceous stream-deposited sediments of fine texture. 
The soil is usually friable, hut is very sticky w^ien wet and has marked 
puddling tendencies. The type is composed of recent stream sediments 
and covers low, level areas over stream flood and delta plains. The soil 
sometimes contains alkali and is poorly drained. It is usually free from 
gravel and is rich in organic matter. It is productive under proper culti- 
vation, irrigation, and drainage. 

1 

Soil (4) 

Subsoil (4) 1 

Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal d 1, 664 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal o 14, 120 

San Bernardino, Cal 02, 112 

Hanford clay adobe. — The soil is a gray to black clay adobe, usually 
without gravel 01 coarse material, generally about 3 feet in depth, and 
underlain by heavy loam or clay loam of lighter color. It sometimes 
occurs as a thin mantle overlying adjacent soil bodies. The soil has a 
heavy, refractor}^, compact structure, puddling readily and checking 
upon exposure. This is an alluvial type modified by subsequent 
weathering, and occurs along river flood plains and minor stream sinks. 
The surface is generally level and is frequently slighth' depressed. The 
type is treeless, or else covered with an occasional growth of willows 
or oaks. The soil is poorly drained, and is generally subject to over- 
flow. It is generally devoted to grain production and grazing. 

a Mapped as Santiago silt loam. 
b Mapped as Sacramento silt loam. 
c Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam, 
d Mapped as Oxnard silt loam. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 261 



1 2 3 4a 

Soil (2) 12 3 9 8 

Subsoil (2) 3 2 7 8 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal o 12, 672 

SALEM SERIES. 



6 


7 


42 


35 


35 


45 



The Salem series occurs upon rolling hills as residual soils, upon 
sloping plains as alluvial and coUuvial soils, and upon level valley 
plains and stream bottoms as recent alluvial deposits. The soils of 
this series are derived from sandstones, crystalline and schistose rocks, 
and a dense, highly ferruginous basalt. They are from red to dark 
brown or black in color, and are generally devoted to grains, fruits, 
truck crops, and hops. 

Salem gravelly loam. — The soil is a brown or black loam containing 
a large quantity of gravel, varying in size from fine gravel to pebbles 
2 or 3 inches in diameter. The soil varies in depth from a few inches 
to several feet, and grades imperceptibly into a subsoil of the same 
material, but containing more gravel, the whole resting on a bed of 
waterworn gravel. It is a bottom-land soil derived as a stream wash 
from the same material as the Salem clay. It is generally well drained, 
but occasionally the drainage is poor. The soil usually supports a 
growth of brush, scrub oaks, etc. Where not too gravelly it is fairly 
well adapted to grain and fruit. 

Acres. 
Salem, Oreg 13,120 

Salem fine sandy loam. — ^This is a brown sandy loam of fine texture 
about 12 inches deep, underlain to 3 feet by a coarse sandy loam grad- 
ing into sand and gravel. The soil generally contains considerable 
organic matter. It is a bottom-land soil intersected by stream chan- 
nels and subject to frequent overflow. It is well drained when not 
overflowed by streams in flood. It is an excellent truck soil and gives 
large yields of hops, but the hops grown on this soil are more sub- 
ject to disease than upon higher lying types. 

a Mapped as Salinas gray adobe, but includes a residual foothill phase which 
should have been mapped as a distinct type. 



262 Soil Survey Field Book. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 44 28 15 11 

Subsoil (1) 1 4 47 19 16 13 

Acres. 
Salem, Oreg 13, 648 

Salem silt loam. — The soil is a brown to black silt loam 18 to 24 
inches deep, which contains considerable organic matter, and is usually 
quite silty. The subsoil is a yellowish or red clay loam, often mottled 
with gray and j^ellow, becoming heavier with depth. The type occu- 
pies gently rolling or level valley land and is derived from transported 
sandstone material, with the addition of some material derived from 
basaltic and schistose rocks. Drainage is generally good, except in a 
few local depressions. The soil is well adapted to general crops, as 
well as to hops and small fruits. Wheat produces from 25 to 30 
bushels, oats from 35 to 50 bushels, and hops about 1,500 pounds 
per acre. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 1 2 9 62 25 

Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 8 65 24 

Acres. 
Salem, Oreg b 78, 656 

Salem clay. — The soil consists of a heavy red clay loam or clay 12 
to 15 inches deep, resting upon a red clay which is underlain by partly 
decomposed rocks. The type is derived from red sandstone, argilla- 
ceous and schistose rocks, and a dense, close-grained ferrous basalt 
all highly ferruginous. It is mainly residual, and is frequently marked 
by rock outcrop. It occupies rolling and dissected hills; is generally 
well drained, and in its virgin condition usually supports a considerable 
growth of timber. The soil is productive and is adapted to wheat, 
oats, hops, apples, prunes, and peaches. The grain is of fine quality. 
Wheat yields from 25 to 30 bushels and oats from 30 to 60 bushels per 
acre. Hops yield about 1,200 pounds per acre. The hops are less 
subject to mold and insect pests than those grown on the bottom soils. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 5 3 8 10 26 45 

Subsoil (1) 2 4 3 8 9 24 49 

Acres. 
Salem, Oreg 86,400 

« Mapped as Salem sandy loam. 
'' Mapped as Salem loam. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 263 

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 

Sheridan sandy loam. — The soil consists of a black friable sandy loam 
of medium texture, varying considerably in depth, the average depth 
being about 3 feet, and underlain by granitoid rocks. The type usually 
occupies the lower valley slopes along foothills and extends into local 
drainage depressions. The soil is of residual or colluvial origin, result- 
ing from the weathering of dark -colored, fine-textured phases of gab- 
brodiorite and granodiorite rock. A characteristic feature of this rock 
is the large proportion of black hornblende and biotite mica which it 
bears, the plates and particles of which give rise to the black color of the 
soil. In the low-lying areas the material washed from the slopes has 
been subsequently modified by alluvial material. When adequately 
drained this soil is adapted to grains, hay, forage crops, and fruit. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 11 9 30 19 17 11 

Subsoil (1) 4 18 10 28 13 15 12 

Acres. 
Sacramento, Cal 1,792 

Puget fine sandy loam. — The surface soil consists of 12 inches of drab 
fine sandy to silty loam, and generally rich in organic matter. This rests 
upon a subsoil of gray or yellow sand extending to a depth of 36 inches 
or more. The topography is low and flat, as the type occupies depressed 
areas along streams. The drainage is poorh" established and must 
be improved by artificial means before cultivation is practicable. It is 
an intermediate type between the Puget silt loam and the Snohomish 
sand. The type is mostly devoted to pasturage, though on well-drained 
areas oats and grasses yield well. Truck crops would probably do 
equally well upon reclaimed areas. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 3 2 20 16 37 21 

Subsoil (2). 2 19 IG 33 13 11 6 

Acres. 
Everett, Wash 4,928 

Santiago fine sandy loam. — The soil is a fine sandy loam 3 feet deep, 
underlain to a depth of 5i feet by sand, which is in turn underlain by 
sand and gravel. In the more elevated areas the soil is underlain by 
sandy adobe. Over a considerable area the gravel comes to the surface 
and increases in size and quantity in the lower depths. The type occu- 
pies lower delta plains of the foothill streams and foothill slopes. The 



264 Soil Survey Field Book. 

soil is dry-farmed to wheat and barley, and under irrigation is adapted 
to truck crops and fruits. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Subsoil (1) 2 5 5 26 27 27 7 

Acres. 
Santa Ana, Cal a 17 ,100 

Santiago loam. — The soil is a red loam, 3 feet deep, underlain to a 
depth of 4 feet by a sandy loam, which in turn is underlain by a gravelly 
sandy loam. It is a harsh, compact soil washed from foothills by 
streams, and occurs along the margins of the coastal plain near the foot- 
hills in southern California. The soil is considered unproductive and is 
at present little used for agricultural purposes. 

12 3 4 5 7 

Soil (1) 3 2 9 25 43 10 

Subsoil (1) 3 1 6 24 42 21 

Acres. 
Santa Ana, Cal 1 ,830 

Puget silt loam — Tne soil consists of a drab-colored very fine sandy 
to light silty loam about 15 inches deep. The subsoil consists of a drab 
to yellow compact fine silty sand. The type is of alluvial origin and 
occurs as the immediate banks or as narrow, low-lying, nearly level first 
bottoms along the courses of streams. The drainage is excellent and 
the type is fairly well adapted to general farming, and especially well 
suited to the production of early vegetables, potatoes, berries, and hops. 
Oats yield from 75 to 100 bushels, hay from 2\ to S^ tons, potatoes from 
300 to 400 bushels, and hops from 1 to I5 tons per acre. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 5 23 58 13 

Subsoil (2) 2 36 36 20 6 

Acres. 
Everett, Wash 8,448 

Sacramento clay loam. — This is a dark-brown or nearly black heavy 
silty clay loam, containing much well-decomposed organic matter. The 
soil is generally about 30 inches in depth, and is underlain by light-buff 
fine sandy loam, and silt loams. It is free from gravel and has a dense, 
adobelike structure, but is generally friable under cultivation. The 
type has been formed by an intimate mixture of fine river sediments 

o Mapped as Santiago sandy loam. 



Soils of the Pacific Coast. 265 

with well-decomposed peaty and other organic matter. It covers exten- 
sive areas of level swamp and overflow lands of stream deltas, and grades 
insensibly into adjacent peat and adobe lands. It supports a heavy 
growth of trees, willows or tules, or other swamp vegetation. The soil 
is very productive when artificially drained and protected from tidal or 
flood waters. It is devoted to grains, grain hay, timothy or other 
grasses, potatoes, onions, beans, etc. 

13 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 2 6 40 50 

Subsoil (1) 1 1 9 26 46 17 

Acres. 
Stockton, Cal 41,088 

Puget clay. — The soil of the Puget clay consists of 15 inches of a 
drab clay containing a high percentage of partially decomposed organic 
matter which gives to the soil a loamy, silty feel. The subsoil is a 
bluish-gray silty clay or clay. The surface is very flat and the culti- 
vated areas are under dike to keep out the high tides and storm floods. 
The soil has been formed by the deposition of fine alluvial sediments 
as river bottom or delta tide flats with addition of organic matter from 
the growth of salt grass, etc. The type is planted almost exclusively 
to oats, and remarkably large yields are secured. Hay and potatoes 
also do well. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 1 1 2 4 48 44 

Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 5 54 38 

Acres. 

Everett, Wash 25, 792 

Island County, Wash 768 

Salinas gray adobe, a — The soil is a dark -gray, dark-brown or nearly 
black adobe, generally of fine silty clay loam texture, sometimes carrying 
considerable fine gravel. It is from 30 inches to 6 feet or more in depth, 
and is usually underlain by a fine sandy loam or fine sand, and occa- 
sionally by coarse sand and gravel or disintegrating rock. The type 
occurs about the edge of foothills and extends into the bottom lands. 
It seems to be derived largely from granitic material, is retentive of mois- 
ture, and is adapted to barley and other grains and sugar beets. Where 
favorably situated it is adapted to grapes, fruits, vegetables, etc. This 
is an excellent, loose, friable soil, if irrigated and properly cultivated, but 



a See, also, Ilanford clay adobe, p. 260. 



2 


3 


4 


5 





7 


3 


3 


9 


11 


36 


33 


3 


11 


18 


10 


30 


27 



266 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

assumes a dense, compact, refractor}^ structure if allowed to bake. It 
generally free from alkali. 

1 

Soil (7) 1 

Subsoil (5) 1 

Acres. 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 18,400 

San Bernardino, Cal 6,912 

San Jose, Cal -. 39,232 

HUMUS SOILS. 

Peat. — This is vegetable matter consisting of roots and fibers, moss, 
etc., in various stages of decomposition, occurring as turf or bog, usualty 
in low situations, always more or less saturated with water, and repre- 
senting an advanced stage of swamp with drainage partially established. 

Acres. I Acres. 

Bigflats, N. Y 576 i Santa Ana, Cal 787 

Island County, Wash 4,096 Stockton, Cal 107,584 

Los Angeles, Cal 1,088 : Tangipahoa Parish, La 59,200 

Newton County, Ind 10,368 Tazewell County, 111 1,664 

San Bernardino, Cal 704 I Wooster, Ohio 4, 480 

Muck, a — This type consists of black more or less thoroughly decom- 
posed vegetable mold from 1 to 3 feet or more in depth and occupying 
low, damp places, with little or no natural drainage. Muck may be con- 
sidered an advanced stage of peat brought about by the more complete 
decomposition of the vegetable fiber and the addition of mineral matter 
through deposition from water or from seolian sources, resulting in a 
finer texture and closer structure. When drained, muck is very pro- 
ductive and is adapted to corn, potatoes, cabbage, onions, celery, pep- 
permint, and similar crops. 

a See also Meadow, p. 270. 



Unclassified Materials. 



267 



Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich 33, 770 

Alma, Mich 10, 816 

Auburn, N.Y 512 

Binghamton, N. Y 128 

Carlton, Minn 17, 408 

Cleveland, Ohio 768 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 12, 096 

Everett, Wash 11, 968 

Gainesville, Fla 128 

Grand Forks, N. Dak 6,592 

Janesville, Wis 10, 368 

Lyons, N. Y 3, 840 

Madison County, Ind 1, 152 

Madison, County, Ky 320 



Acres. 

Marshall County, Ind 24, 768 

Munising, Mich 20, 480 

New Orleans, La 21, 056 

Owosso, Mich 6, 400 

Oxford, Mich 15, 424 

Pontiac, Mich 3,904 

Portage County, Wis 128, 640 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 623 

Saginaw, Mich 30, 784 

Superior, Wis 47, 808 

Syracuse, N. Y 16, 960 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 1, 664 

Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 384 

Winnebago County, 111 2, 176 



UNCLASSIFIED MATERIALS. 

There are certain conditions of soil, or in many areas even local absences 
of true soil, which do not readily fall into any general classification. 
They may be due to excessive erosion, to overflow, to insufficient drain- 
age, or to wind action,-or the soils may be nonagricultural on account of 
their texture or their present topographic position. Areas of this kind 
are embraced under the following headings : 

Rock ontcrop. — This term is used to designate areas consisting of 
rock ridges, exposed rock outcrops, or accumulations of stone entirely 
unfit for cultivation and incapable of becoming agricultural land. 



Acres. 

Mount Mitchell, N. C 5, 184 

Parsons, Kans 2, 368 

Pikeville, Tenn 14, 016 

Superior, Wis 5, 632 

Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 43, 008 

Waco, Tex 2, 880 

York County, S. C 128 



Acres. 

Allen County, Kans 870 

Ashevihe, N. C 1, 856 

Austin, Tex 25, 408 

Baker City, Oreg 192 

Bedford, Va 17, 140 

Campobello, S. C 1, 997 

Carlton, Minn 3, 840 

Island County, Wash 256 

Rough stony land. — Under this heading have been classed areas so 
stony and broken as to be nonarable, although permitting timber growth 
and use for pasturage. These areas frequently consist of steep moun- 
tain ridges, bluffs, or narrow strips extending through definite soil types. 
These areas differ from rock outcrop by supporting vegetation of eco- 
nomic value and from the stony loams in being nonarable. 



268 



Soil Survey Field Booh. 



Acres. 

Adams County, Pa 30, 976 

Allen County, Kans 12, 211 

Austin, Tex "896 

Brown County, Kans 17,088 

Chester County, Pa 8,320 

Carlton, Minn 5, 440 

Dubuque, Iowa *> 60, 672 

Garden City, Kans 8, 768 

Johnson County, 111 16, 384 

Madison County, Ky 1 , 728 

Montgomery County, Pa 6, 656 



Acres. 

Munising, Mich 17, 344 

O'Fallon, Mo 30, 208 

Sacramento, Cal 19, 839 

Salt River Valley, Ariz c i, 804 

Superior, Wis 6, 592 

Tompkins County, N. Y 17, 856 

Upshur County, W. Va 48, 512 

Warren County, Ky 2, 176 

Webster County, Mo 3, 200 

Wichita, Kans b 4, 352 

Yuma, Ariz.-Cal 6, 080 



Dunesand. — The Diinesand consists of loose, incoherent sand forming 
hillocks, rounded hills, or ridges of various heights. The dunes are 
found along the shores of lakes, rivers, or oceans and in desert areas. 
They are usually of no agricultural value on account of their irregular 
surface, the loose, open nature of the material, and its consequent low 
water-holding capacity. The dunes are frequently unstable and drift 
from place to place. The control of these sands by the use of wind-breaks 
and binding grasses is frequently necessary for the protection of adjoin- 
ing agricultural lands. In certain regions, when leveled and placed 
under irrigation, the Dunesand is adapted to the production of truck 
crops and small fruits. 



s 


4 


5 


6 


7 


27 


55 


10 





3 


10 


72 


14 





3 



Soil (7) 

Subsoil (3) 

Acres. 

Allegan County, Mich 3, 130 

Garden City, Kans 83, 200 

Imperial, Cal 116, 288 

Indio, Cal 8, 256 

Kearney area, Nebr 21, 312 

Los Angeles, Cal 3, 264 

Sandhill. — This term is used to describe ridged and uneven areas of 
sand not in motion, cither on account of partial consolidation or because 
of the sand being fixed by a natural growth of trees or grasses. Such 
areas sometimes represent old shore lines of the oceans or large lakes and 
are sometimes formed by river action and by wind. The material is 



1 

Acres. 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . 3, 328 

Munising, Mich 7, 424 

Rhode Island 128 

Superior, Wis 1,536 

Ventura, Cal 2, 020 



o Mapped as Yakima stony clay. 
& Mapped as Clarksville s,tony loam. 
"^Mapped as Salt River gravel. 



Unclassified Materials. 



269 



incoherent and is generally so thoroughly drained as to be of little agri- 
cultural value. Included valleys and low areas, where organic matter 
and sufficient moisture are present, are capable of producing fair crops of 
vegetables. 



Soil (3) 4 

Subsoil (1) 5 

Acres. 

Darlington, S. C 30,656 

Leon County, Fla 42, 752 



2 3 4 


5 


u 


7 


25 25 34 


8 


3 


2 


28 28 29 


5 


2 


2 

Acres. 


Orangeburg, S 


C... 




256 



Raleigh to Newbern. N. C 5, 320 

Riverwash. — Sand, gravel, and bowlders, generally in long, narrow 
bodies, but occasionally spread out in fan-shaped areas. These areas 
occupy river bottoms or fiood channels, and occur where the streams are 
intermittent or liable to torrential overflow. Of no agricultural value. 



Acres. 

Bakersfield, Cal 6, 464 

Blackfoot, Idaho 1, 792 

Fresno, Cal 480 

Jamestown, N. Dak 17,408 

Kearney, Nebr 33, 984 

Laramie, Wyo 1, 792 

Los Angeles, Cal 1,664 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . . 12, 800 

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 10, "60 

Madison County, Ky 128 

Sacramento. Cal 778 



Acres. 
Salt River Valley, Ariz. (No 
measurement.) 

San Bernardino. Cal 27, 008 

San Gabriel, Cal 16, 230 

San Jose, Cal 128 

Sevier Valley, Utah 1, 300 

Solomonsville, Ariz 256 

Tippecanoe County, Ind 832 

Ventura, Cal 13, 610 

Webster County, Mo 1, 856 

Yakima, Wash 3,580 



Gypsum. — The surface consists of a light-brown or reddish-brown 
sandy loam or loam underlain by soft saccharoidal gypsum at a depth 
of from a few inches to 6 feet. Gypsum is often present at the surface. 
The type occupies level bench land. It is derived from disintegration 
of gypsum deposits and possesses remarkable power of transmitting 
seepage waters by capillary and gravitational flow. Where the irriga- 
tion water possesses a high salt content this is not a desirable land for 
agricultural purposes. It often contains large quantities of alkali. 

1 

Soil (3) 

Subsoil (6) 

Acres. 

Laramie, Wyo 2, 304 

Pecos Valley, N. Mex o 11, 630 



2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


i 





2 


9 


30 


29 


25 


1 


2 


8 


18 


18 


48 



a Mapped as Pecos gypsvun. 



270 



Soil Survey Field Boole. 



Madeland. — Areas are occasionally encountered where filling has 
taken place over considerable tracts. The arrangement of the materials 
in these places is artificial and does not fit into any soil classification. 
In many instances such areas are extensive, and although they are 
usually of no present agricultural value they should be represented by 
a color on the map. 

Acres. 
Syracuse, N. Y 576 

Meadow. — This term is used to designate low-lying, flat, usually 
poorly drained land, such as may occur in any soil type. These areas 
are frequently used for grass, pasturage, or forestry, and can be changed 
to arable land if cleared and drained. The present character of 
Meadow is due to lack of drainage, and the term represents a condition 
rather than a classification according to texture. Textural variations 
frequently occur in Meadow areas on a scale too small to permit of de- 
tailed mapping. In many areas the term "Meadow " has also been used 
to represent small bodies of bottom land occasionally or frequently sub- 
ject to overflow, which are normally placed under cultivation and con- 
stitute land of high value for the production of various general farm 
crops. Within these bottoms the soils vary frequently in texture, even 
within small areas, and on account of occasional overflow the character 
of the soil at any one point is subject to change. The use of this term 
should be avoided wherever it is possible to separate such areas into dis- 
tinct soil types. 



Acres. 

Abbeville, S. C 6, 336 

Adams County, Pa 3, 648 

Alamance, N. C 4, 960 

Albemarle, Va 40, 640 

Allegan County, Mich 15, 510 

Alma, Mich 6,592 

Anderson County, Tex 56, 640 

Appomattox County, Va 5, 760 

Asheville, N . C 7, 808 

Ashtabula, Ohio 12,160 

Auburn, N. Y 8, 000 

Bainbridge, Ga 14, 336 

Baker City, Oreg a 12, 352 

Bear River, Utah 448 



Acres. 

Bedford, Va 3, 530 

Bigflats, N. Y 1, 920 

Biloxi, Miss 17,600 

Blount County, Ala 9, 216 

Calvert, Md 15, 800x 

Campobello, S. C 8,691 

Carlton, Minn 5,248 

Carrington. N. Dak 16,064 

Cary, N. C 3, 180 

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 3, 456 

Cherokee County, S. C 6, 208 

Chester County, Pa 20, 480 

Cleveland, Ohio 704 

Cobb County, Ga 30, 280 



o Mapped as muck. 



Unclassified Materials. 



271 



Acres. 
Connecticut Valley,Conn.-Mass a 74, 852 

Covington, Ga 16, 410 

Crystalsprings, Miss 3, 328 

Dallas County, Ala 11,584 

De Soto Parish. La ' 72, 448 

Dodge County, Ga 19,584 

Dover, Del 4, 096 

Dubuque, Iowa 4, 160 

East Baton Rouge Parish. La. 17,408 

Fort Valley, Ga 4,800 

Fresno, Cal 5, 478 

Gadsden County, Fla 52, 224 

Grand Island, Nebr 28, .544 

Greeneville, Tenn 17,216 

Hanover County, Va 15, 552 

Harford County, Md 4,440 

Hickory, N. C 23, 872 

Houston Countj', Tex 52, 864 

Huntsville, Ala 42, 240 

Jackson, Miss 60, 736 

Jacksonville, Tex 2, 624 

Jamestown, N. Dak 4,992 

Janesville, Wis 18,112 

Kearney, Nebr 46, 272 

Kent County, Md 49, 230 

Lancaster County, Pa 6, 000 

Lancaster County, S. C 11, 392 

Lebanon, Pa 4,780 

Lee County, Tex 13, 760 

Leesburg, Va 18, 048 

Leon County, Fla 25,216 

Lockhaven, Pa 896 

Long Island, N. Y 16,768 

Louisa County, Va 11, 520 

Lufkin, Tex 4, 288 

Lyons, N. Y 35, 008 

Macon County, Ala 19, 328 

McNeill, Miss 6, 976 

Madison County, Ind 10, 816 

Marshall, Minn 448 

Marshall County, Ind 6, 784 

Mason County, Ky 832 



Mobile, Ala 

Montgomery County, Ala 10 

Montgomery County, Ohio 7 

Montgomery County, Pa 3 

Mount Mitchell, N. C 6 

Nacogdoches, Tex 5 

Ouachita Parish, La 13 

Owosso, Mich 2 

Oxford, Mich 4 

Perry Countj^ Ala ■ 53 



Acres. 

528 



Pontiac, Mich 4 

Prince Edward, Va 19 

Prince George County, Md .30 

Pecos Valley, N. Mex & 7 

Raleigh to Newbem, N. C... . 6 

Rhode Island 1 

Saginaw, Mich 16 

St. Mary County, Md 54 

Salem, N. J .52 

Saline County, Mo 3 

Salt Lake, Utah c6 

Sevier Valley, Utah 10 

Shelby, Mo 36 

Smedes, Miss 17 

Spalding County, Ga 9 

Statesville, N. C 18 

Story County, Iowa 18 

Sumter County, Ala 21 

Tangipahoa Parish, La .55 

Tompkins County, N. Y 8 

Trenton, N. J 44 

Upshur County, W. Va 11 

Vergennes, Vt. and N. Y 3 

Viroqua, Wis 7 

Weber County, Utah 7 

W^estfield, N. Y 4 

Willis, Tex 1 

Winnebago County, 111 44 

Woodville, Tex 5 

Yakima, Wash 15 

Yazoo, Miss 4 

York County, S. C 14 



944 
200 
328 
976 
056 
440 
688 
992 
696 
032 
830 
870 
940 
330 
920 
000 
200 
250 
584 
840 
200 
416 
408 
472 
850 
048 
952 
936 
128 
800 
008 
968 
104 
700 
990 
510 
800 
56S 
060 
760 
720 



o Mapped as Connecticut meadows. Should probably have been given a type 
name, as it is an alluvial soil rather than Meadow in the sense in which this term 
is used. 

6 Mapped as Hondo meadows. This name will not be used hereafter. 

c Mapped as Jordan meadows. This name will not be used hereafter. 



272 



Soil Su7'vcy Field Book, 



Swamp. — This term is used to designate areas too wet for any crop 
and covered with standing water for much or all of the time. Varia- 
tions in texture and in organic matter content may occur. Swamp 
frequently occupies areas which are inaccessible, so that detailed map- 
ping is impossible. The native vegetable growth consists of water- 
loving grasses, shrubs, and trees. Many areas of swamp are capable of 
drainage, and when this is properly accomplished they not infrequently 
constitute lands of high agricultural value. Wherever small areas of 
swamp occur within a definite soil type and the texture of the soil is 
known to be the same as that of the surrounding type, they should be 
mapped with the type and the swampy condition shown by symbol. 



Acres. 

Acadia Parish, La 1, 728 

Billings, Mont 3,008 

Binghamton, N. Y 1,024 

Calvert County, Md 3, GOO 

Craven, N. C 188, 288 

Crystalsprings, Miss 3, 072 

Connecticut Valley, Conn.-Mass a39, 686 

Dallas County, Ala 8, 192 

Darlington County, S. C 14, 144 

De Soto Parish, La 2,048 

Duplin County, N. C 109, 824 

Dover, Del 3, 712 

Everett, Wash 6,080 

Hanover County, Va 6, 208 

Leon County, Fla 2, 816 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. 640 



Miller County, Ark 

Newton County, Ind 

Norfolk, Va 

Orangeburg, S. C 

Perquimans and Pasquotank 

counties, N. C 

Pontiac, Mich 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 

Rhode Island 

St. Mary County, Md. 

Saginaw, Mich 

Syracuse, N. Y 

Vergennes, Vt. and N. Y 

Worcester County, Md 

Yorktown, Va 



Acres. 

2,240 

3, 648 

12, 928 

40,448 

57, 536 

704 

& 77, 440 

27,008 
2,200 
1,344 

12, 480 
2, 048 

26, 048 

26, 368 



Marsh. — This term is used to designate low, wet, treeless areas, 
usually covered by standing water and supporting a growth of coarse 
grasses and rushes. These marsh areas occur around the borderslof 
fresh-water lakes and the lower courses of streams. They can seldor 
be drained without diking and pumping. When this is done the soil is 
usually productive. 

Acres. 

Munising, Mich 704 

Tangipahoa Parish, La 3, 072 

a Mapped as Connecticut swamp. 

b Part of this mapped as Pocoson and part Savanna in the original report. 



Porto Rican Soils. 273 

PORTO KICAN SOILS. 

Riverwash. — Coarse sand, gravel, and bowlders, generally in long, 
narrow areas, but occasionally spread out in fan-shaped areas, subject 
to overflow in times of flood. Of little or no agricultural value. 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 970 

Portugues stony loam. — Dark loam 14 inches in depth, derived 
from igneous and volcanic rocks. Contams 5 to 70 per cent of angular 
stones, and is underlain by cracked and broken volcanic and igneous 
rock partly decomposed. Occupies steep slopes of hills and mountains, 
covering a large area between Ponce and Adjuntas. Used for pasture 
during the rainy season. Some coffee, bananas, and plantains are pro- 
duced on favored areas. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Sail(2) 15 15 7 12 9 24 18 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R .■ 15, 600 

Tanama stony loam. — Soil is a red clay loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, 
derived from limestone. Occupies large areas of broken and rugged 
country between Arecibo and Utuado, characterized by local, swampy 
sink holes. Subsoil is a stiff red clay containing limestone fragments. 
Bananas and plantains are the principal crops, and some coffee, oranges, 
and a little tobacco are produced. 

1 

Soil (3) 

Subsoil (2) 



2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


3 


3 


11 7 


31 


44 


3 
R.. 


8 


27 6' 

Acres. 
.. 41,680 


IG 


40 



Arecibo sand. — A loose, incoherent red to white coral and quartz 
sand, 12 to 36 inches or more deep. Occupies slightly rolling land. 
Soil is probably derived from wind-blown beach sand. JSaturally 
poor soil. Similar to the Florida pineapple land. Produces some 
pasturage and a few cocoanuts. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 13 41 36 6 3 1 

Subsoil (1) 8 27 49 8 4 4 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 7, 580 

32075—06 18 



274 Soil Survey Field Booh, 

Coral sand. — Drifted, incoherent beach sand, 24 to 36 inches deep, 
formed from coral and shells by wind and wave action, underlain by a 
slightly loamy sand. Occupies low-lying lands on coast, occasionally 
forming slight hills 15 to 20 feet above sea level. Adapted to cocoanut 
trees. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (3) 3 27 33 25 f) 4 4 

Subsoil (1) 4 20 22 2G 9 9 10 

Acres. 
Arocibo to Ponce, P. R 2, 620 

Arecibo sandy loam. — Heavy red sandy loam, with an average 
depth of 10 inches, underlain to a depth of 36 inches by a rather tena- 
cious clay loam. Found in valleys between outlying limestone hills. 
Elevation between 30 and 100 feet. Naturally well drained. Used 
for truck and fruit. Small area devoted to tobacco and sugar cane. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 5 18 51 G 6 14 

Subsoil (1) 4 14 42 6 9 25 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2, 690 

Ponce sandy loam. — Brown sandy loam 14 to 36 inches or more in 
depth. An alluvial soil occupying river deltas in the vicinity of Ponce. 
The subsoil is a sandy loam heavier and darker than soil. Sugar cane 
is the principal crop. Cocoanuts and Guinea grass also grown. There 
is a stony phase containing rounded stone fragments, sometimes as 
large as 2 or 3 feet in diameter. This phase is used only for pasture and 
at present has little value. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (6) 2 4 5 21 21 35 12 

Subsoil (2) 7 16 57 20 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 6, 550 

TJtuado sandy loam. — Coarse yellow sandy loam, 7 inches deep, 
representing soil of deforested area on steep slopes of the lower moun- 
tains around Utuado. Residual soil derived from igneous rocks. 
Subsoil is a shallow yellow sandy loam, grading into decomposed 
granite and other igneous rocks. Little natural fertility, and but little 
used, as a great part of the areas are too steep for cultivation. 



Porto Rican Soils. 275 

Should be reforested. Produces a few bananas, some plantains, and 
coffee. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 20 20 9 15 9 19 8 

Subsoil (1) 18 21 9 15 11 17 8 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 25. 100 

Vivi sandy loam. — Yellowish-brown sandy loam, 10 inches deep, 
forming tracts of alluvial deposits along the larger streams in the 
mountains near Adjuntas. Subsoil is a yellow-brown sandy loam. 
Soil is mellow and rich and easy to cultivate. Considered the best 
tobacco soil in the area. Also adapted to sweet potatoes, beans, and 
other minor crops. Used to a small extent in the production of sugar. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 9 18 35 15 14 9 

Subsoil (2) ■. . . 5 8 26 18 25 18 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 1,060 

Arecibo loam. — A dark waxy loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, resting on 
a yellow sticky loam containing fragments of limestone. The soil is 
shallow as a rule, but fairly productive. Principally used for pasture 
near the coast. Inland areas devoted to bananas, plantains, and to 
som.e extent to coffee. A few orange trees were noticed, and appeared 
to be thrifty. Hardly 10 per cent of the area is in crops. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 5 11 10 21 10 25 19 

Subsoil (2) 4 9 9 18 8 26 26 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 17, 700 

Pastillo loam. — White, reddish, or brown loam, about 4 inches in 
depth, resting on porous limestone, fragments of which occur in soil. 
Affords scanty pasturage. Produces small amount of Guinea grass on 
areas of deeper and more fertile soil. Occurs west of Ponce, in the 
southern part of the Porto Rican area. Among the poorest soils of 
the area. 

1 2 

Soil (2) 5 5 

Arecibo to Ponce. P. R 



3 


4 5 


6 


7 


3 


8 9 
Acres. 
.. 16,040 


45 


25 



270 Soil Survey Field Booh. 

Ponce loam. — Is composed of a dark-brown alluvial loam, 3 feet or 
more in depth. Originally swampy in part. When drained, well 
adapted to sugar cane and Guinea grass, also to bananas and plantains. 
Best sugar land of the area. All under cultivation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (1) 1 1 5 15 ri7 20 

Acres. 
Arecil)o to Ponce, P. R 2, 480 

Utuado loam. — Dark-brown or yellowish loam, 7 inches deep, fri- 
able and free from stones, underlain by yellow loam, becoming lighter 
in texture at lower depths. Derived from igneous and volcanic rocks. 
Occupies hilly country in vicinity of Utuado. Some areas adapted to 
coffee and fruit, but the greater part used for pasture. 

12 8 4 o 6 7 

Soil (1) 2 5 5 16 11 28 34 

Subsoil (1) 1 3 6 20 10 30 30 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 7, 880 

Arecibo silt loam. — Dark-brown silt loam, 12 to 36 inches deep, 
underlain by dark loam or silt loam. Alluvial deposit occupying low, 
level areas along or near the coast. In the vicinity of Arecibo excel- 
lent cane land, producing from 30 to 40 tons per acre. Around Ponce 
low lying and too alkaline for crops, on account of occasional inunda- 
tion by sea water. 

Soil (4) 

Subsoil (3) 



1 2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


1 1 


1 


8 10 


55 


24 


1 1 


1 


6 8 
Acres. 


52 


31 


ce, P. R.. 




... 8,960 







Alonso clay. — Dark purplish-red clay loam, 8 to 28 inches deep, 

underlain by dark to purplish-red tenacious clay 36 inches or more 

in depth. Derived from igneous and volcanic rocks. Heavy, stiff, 

and hard to cultivate. Rough, mountainous topography. The small 

area southwest of Adjuntas is well adapted to oranges and coffee. 

The other areas are lower and produce chiefly bananas and plantains, 

with some coffee. 

1 

Soil (5) 3 

Subsoil (2) 

Arecibo to Ponce. P. 



2 


3 


4 5 


(( 


7 


4 


4 


10 11 


31 


37 


2 


2 


9 7 
Acres. 


37 


43 


R.. 




.. 13,690 







2 


3 


4 5 


6 


7 


1 


1 


4 5 


36 


52 


1 
R.. 


1 


5 6 
Acres. 
. 29,890 


44 


43 



Porto Bican Soils. 277 

Adjuntas clay. — A red or dark-brown clay, 3 to 15 inches deep, 
Underlain by red clay 36 inches or more in depth. Derived from vol- 
canic and igneous rocks. Occupies steep slopes. Difficult or impos- 
sible to till, requiring great care to prevent washing. The principal 
and most important coffee soil of the Arecibo to Ponce area. Also 
adapted to the growth of bananas, plantains, and oranges where there 
is a sufPcient depth of soil. 

1 

Soil (3) 1 

Subsoil (2) 

Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 

Penuelas adobe. — Brown loam, with marked adobe properties, 13 

to 15 inches deep, underlain by cracked and broken volcanic tufa. 

Derived from disintegrated volcanic tufa. Occupies hills and gentle 

slopes around Penuelas. Too dry except for pasture. Some bananas 

grown on moist spots. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 4 6 4 9 9 27 41 

Subsoil (1) 30 21 8 13 9 9 9 

Acres. • 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 6, 680 

Portugues adobe. — Heavy, dark-brown or black loam resembling 
adobe, 6 to 17 inches deep, formed from decomposed limestone. Occu- 
pies parting valleys and gentle slopes around limestone hills in southern 
part of area. Soil is underlain by heavy light-brown loam, becoming 
lighter in color with increasing depth. Devoted chiefly to pasture, but 
produces sugar cane and bananas where irrigation is practicable. A 
large part of the area lies too high for irrigation. 

12 3 4 5 6 7 

Soil (2) 1 3 2 7 13 41 33 

Subsoil (2) 1 3 1 4 10 43 38 

Acres. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 4, 010 



INDEX 



Page. 
Acadia silt loam 79 

Afton fine sandy loam. (See Miami fine sand, p. 137.) 

Alamance silt loam. (See Cecil silt loam, p. 103.) 

Allegan black clay. (See Clyde loam, p. 157.) 

Allegan clay. (See Miami clay loam, p. 140.) 

Allegan fine sandy loam. (See Miami fine sand, p. 79.) 

Allegan gravelly loam. (See Miami gravelly sandy loam, p. 136; Miami 

gravelly sand, p. 135.) 
Allegan sand. (See Miami sand, p. 137.) 
Allegan sandy loam. (See Miami sandy loam, p. 138.) 
Allegan stony loam. (See Miami stony loam, p. 134.) 

Alloway clay 82 

Almyra silt loam. (See Crowley silt loam, p. 79.) 

Alton stony loam. (See Miami stony sandy loam, p. 134.) 

Amite loam 77 

Amite sandy loam 75 

Arkansas fine sandy loam. (See Wabash fine sandy loam, p. 85.) 
Arkansas loam. (See Laurel loam, p. 220.) 
Arroyo Seco sandy loam. (See Maricopa gravelly loam, p. 236.) 
Austin clay. (See Houston clay, p. 65.) 

Austin fine sandy loam 93 

Ayden fine sandy loam. (See Norfolk fine sandy loam, p. 51.1 

Barnum loam 172 

Barnum stony loam I(i7 

Benton loam. (See Houston clay, p. 65.) 

Bernardston loam 172 

Billings clay 215 

Billings clay loam 214 

Billings fine sandy loam 213 

Billings gravelly loam 213 

Billings loam 213 

Billings sandy loam. (See Billings fine sandy loam, p. 213.) 

Billings silt loam 214 

Bingham gravelly loam 186 

Bingham loam 187 

279 



280 Index. 

Page. 

Bingham ston j' loam 186 

Boise loam 205 

Boise sandy loam. (See Boise silt loam, p. 205.) 

Boise silt loam 205 

Bozeman silt loam 205 

Brandywine loam 112 

Bridger clay loam 197 

Bridger gravelly loam 196 

Bridger loam 197 

Calcasieu fine sand 75 

Calcasieu fine sandy loam 76 

Calcasieu loam 78 

Caldwell loam. (See Gallatin silt loam, p. 203.) 

Caldwell sandy loam. (See Gallatin fine sandy loam, p. 202.) 

Cardiff slate loam Ill 

Carrington clay loam 96 

Cassadaga sand 168 

Cecil clay 104 

Cecil clay loam 103 

Cecil fine sandy loam 102 

Cecil gravelly loam 100 

Cecil loam 103 

Cecil mica loam. (See Chester mica loam, p. 109.) 

Cecil sand 101 

Cecil sandy loam 101 

Cecil silt loam 103 

Cecil stony clay 100 

Cecil stony loam 100 

Chattooga loam t3 

Chester fine sandy loam 109 

Chester loam 109 

Chester mica loam • 109 

Chester stony loam 108 

Chicopee gravel loam. (See Norfolk gravelly loam, p. 47.) 
Clarksville clay. (See Waverly clay, p. 90.) 

Clarksville clay loam 129 

Clarksville fine sandy loam 128 

Clarksville loam. (See Wahash silt loam, p. 80.) 

Clarksville silt loam 128 

Clarksville stony loam 127 

Clyde clay 158 

Clyde fine sand 156 

Clyde fine sandy loam 157 

Clyde gravelly sand 155 

Clyde gravelly sandy loam 155 

Clyde loam 157 

Clyde sand 156 

Clyde sandy loam 156 



. Index. 281 



Clyde silt loam 158 

Clyde stony sand j' loam 154 

CoUington sandy loam 76 

Colorado adobe. (See Colorado loam adobe, p. 212; Laurel loam adobe, 
p. 221.) 

Colorado clay loam 211 

Colorado fine sandy loam 210 

Colorado gravelly loam 209 

Colorado loam 211 

Colorado loam adobe ^ 212 

Colorado sand 209 

Colorado sandy loam 210 

Colton stony clay. (See Crawford stony day, p. ISO.) 

Columbia silt loam 206 

Conestoga clay 132 

Conestoga loam , 130 

Congaree clay 97 

Congaree loam 93 

Connecticut meadows. (See Meadow, p. 270 ) 
Connecticut swamp. (See Swamp, p. 272.) 

Conowingo barrens 110 

Conowingo clay 114 

Crawford clay 182 

Crawford gravelly loam 181 

Crawford loam 181 

Crawford silt loam 181 

Crawford stony clay 180 

Crockett clay loam 81 

Crowley silt loam 79 

Cumberland loam 130 

Dauphin sandy loam. (See Dekalh sandy loam, p. 119.) 

Davidson loam. (See Hagerstown loam, p. 126.) 

Davie clay loam. (See Cecil loam, p. 103; Cecil fine sandy loam, p. 102.) 

Decatur clay. (See Hagerstown clay, p. 127.) 

Deer Flat fine sandy loam 204 

Deer Flat sandy loam. (See Deer Flat tine sandy loam, p. 204.) 

Dekalb clay 121 

Dekalb clay loam. (See Lickdale clay loam, p. 131 ) 

Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 

Dekalb gravelly loam 119 

Dekalb loam 120 

Dekalb sandy loam 119 

Dekalb shale loam 118 

Dakalb silt loam 120 

Dekalb stony loam _ 118 

Delavan silt loam. (See Sioux silt loam, p. 161.) 

Derby loam 184 

Donegal gravelly loam. (See Norfolk gravelly loam, p. 47.) 



282 Index. 

Page. 

Dunesand 288 

Dunkirk clay 154 

Dunkirk clay loam 153 

Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 

Dunkirk gravel 150 

Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 

Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 151 

Dunkirk loam 152 

Dunkirk sandy loam. (See Dunkirk fine sandy loam, p. 152.) 

Dunkirk shale loam - 150 

Dunkirk silt loam 153 

Dunkirk stony clay 150 

Durham sandy loam. (See Cecil sand, p. 101.) 
Edgemont stony loam. (See Dekalb stony loam, p. 118.) 
Edgerton silt loam. (See Miami silt loam, p. 139.) 
Elkhorn silt loam. (See Wabash silt loam, p. 86.) 
Elkton clay. (See Portsmouth silt loam, p. 57.) 
Elmira fine sandy loam. (See Wabash loam, p. 85.) 
Elmira shale loam. (See Dunkirk shale loam, p. 150.) 
Elmira silt loam. (See Dunkirk silt loam, p. 153.) 

Elmwood loam " 173 

Elsinboro fine sand. (See Norfolk fine sand, p. 49.) 

Elsinore fine sandy loam 195 

Elsinore sand 194 

Elsinore sandy loam. (See Elsinore fine sandy loam, p. 195.) 
Enfield sandy loam. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 50.) 
Fairview sandy loam. (See Marshall sandy loam, p. 142.) 
Fancher sandy loam. (See Stockton fine sandy loam , p. 251 ; llanford sandy 
loam, p. 258.) 

Fargo clay 177 

Fargo gravelly loam. (See Marshall gravelly loam, p. 141.) 
Fargo loam. (See Marshall loam, p. 143.) 

Finney clay 223 

Finney sandy loam 222 

Fort Collins loam 222 

Fort Payne clay. (See Conestoga clay, p. 132.) 

Fort Payne clay loam ^ 131 

Fort Payne loam. (See Hagerstown loam, p. 12G.) 

Fort Payne sandy loam 129 

Fort Payne stony loam. (See Clarksville stony loam p. 127.) 

Fresno fine sand 254 

Fresno fine sandy loam 255 

Fresno gravel. (See Hanford gravel, p. 257.) 
Fresno gravelly sand. (See Jfarzcopa sfwid, p. 230.) 

Fresno loam 256 

Fresno red sand. (See San Joaquin sand, p. 248.) 

Fresno sand 254 

Fresno sandy loam 255 



Index, 283 

Page. 
FuUerton sandy adobe. (See Placentia loam adobe, p. 243; Placentia sandy 

adobe, p. 242.) 

Fruita fine sandy loam 215 

Fruita loam 216 

Gadsden loam 70 

Gadsden sand 69 

Gadsden sandy loam 70 

Gainesville sand 74 

Gallatin clay loam 204 

Gallatin fine sandy loam 202 

Gallatin gravelly loam 201 

Gallatin loam , 203 

Gallatin silt loam 203 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston coarse sand 61 

Galveston fine sand 62 

Galveston sand 61 

Galveston sandy loam 62 

Garner stony loam. (See Susquehanna gravelly loam, p. 71.) 

Gasconade silt loam 130 

Gila clay 228 

Gila clay loam 228 

Gila fine sand 226 

Gila fine sandy loam 226 

Gila loam 227 

Gila silt loam 227 

Glendale clay loam 231 

Glendale loess (See Glendale clay loam, p. 231.) 
Glenwood loam. (See Bingham loam, p. 187.) 

Gloucester stony loam 167 

Goldsboro compact sandy loam. (See Portsmouth sandy loam, p. 55.) 

Griff en clay 97 

Guthrie clay 132 

Gypsum 269 

Hagerstown clay 127 

Hagerstown clay loam 126 

Hagerstown loam 126 

Hagerstown sandy loam 125 

Hagerstown shale loam. {See Dekalb shale loam, p. 118; Volusia silt loam, 

p. 148.) 
Hagerstown silt loam. (See Clarksville silt loam, p. 128.) 

Hagerstown stony clay 125 

Hagerstown stony loam 124 

Hammond silt loam 80 

Hanford clay adobe 260 

Hanf ord clay loam 260 

Hanford fine sand 258 

Hanford fine sandy loam 259 



284 Index. 

Page. 

Hanford gravel 257 

Hanford sand 257 

Hanford sandy loam 258 

Hanford silt loam 259 

Hanover sand. (See Miami sandy loam, p. 138.) 
Hartford sandy loam. (See Norfolk sand, p. 48.) 
Hempfield stony loam. (See Cecil stony loam, p. 100.) 
Hempstead gravelly loam. (See Hempstead loam, p. 78.) 

Hempstead loam 78 

Herndon stony loam. (See Porters stony loam, p. 115.) 

Hobart clay 178 

Holyoke stony loam 168 

Hondo meadows. (See Meadow, p. 270.) 

Houston black clay 65 

Houston black clay loam 64 

Houston clay 65 

Houston gravelly clay 63 

Houston loam 64 

Houston silt loam. (See Houston loam, p. 64.) 

Imperial clay 229 

Imperial clay loam 229 

Imperial fine sandy loam. (See Gila loam, p. 227.) 

Imperial gravelly loam. (See India gravelly loam, p. 224.) 

Imperial loam. (See Imperial clay loam, p. 229; Gila clay loam, p. 228.) 

Imperial sand 229 

Imperial sandy loam 229 

Imperial silt loam. (See Gila silt loam, p. 227.) 

Indio fine sand 225 

Indio fine sandy loam 225 

Indio gravelly loam 224 

Indio sand 224 

Iredell clay loam 113 

Jackson loam 94 

Janesville loam. (See Sioux silt loam, p 161.) 
Janesville silt loam. (See Marshall silt loam, p. 144.) 

Jordan clay 192 

Jordan clay loam 192 

Jordan fine sand 191 

Jordan fine sandy loam 191 

Jordan loam 192 

Jordan meadow. (See Meadow, p. 270.) 

Jordan sand 190 

Jordan sandy loam. (See Jordan fine sandy loam, p. 191; Jordan loam, 

p. 192.) 
Kalamazoo gravelly loam. (See Clyde gravelly sand, p. 155.) 
Kaskaskia loam. (See Wabash silt loam, p. 86.) 

Lacasine clay loam 81 

Lake Charles fine sandy loam 77 

Lake Charles loam 78 



Index. 285 

Page. 

Landry silt loam 80 

Lansdale silt loam 113 

Laramie gravelly loam 207 

Laramie sandy loam 208 

Laurel clay loam 221 

Laurel fine sand 219 

Laurel fine sandy loam . . . .Jino^ 220 

Laurel loam W. 220 

Laurel loam adobe 221 

Laurel sandy loam 220 

Leon fine sand 75 

Leon sand 74 

Leonardtown gravelly loam. (See Leonardtown loam, p. 79.) 

Leonardtown loam 79 

Lexington silt loam 174 

Lickdale clay loam 131 

Lincoln sandy loam. (See Laurel fine sandy loam, p. 220.) 

Lintonia loam 94 

Los Angeles sandy loam. (See Placentia loam, p. 241.) 

Loudoun sandy loam Ill 

Luf kin clay 68 

Lufkin clay loam. (See Luf kin clay, p. 68.) 

Lufkin fine sand 67 

Lufkin fine sandy loam 68 

Lufkin gravelly loam 66 

Lufkin loam 68 

Lufkin sand 66 

Lufkin sandy loam 67 

Mackinaw gravel. (See Miami gravel, p. 135.) 

Madeland 270 

Madison loam 173 

Malade fine sand 189 

Malade fine sandy loam 1S9 

Malade loam 190 

Malade sandy loam 189 

Manchester sandy loam 170 

Manor loam 112 

Manor stony loam 110 

Maricopa clay loam 239 

Maricopa fine sandy loam 238 

Maricopa gravelly loam 236 

Maricopa gravelly sand 235 

Maricopa loam 238 

Maricopa sand 236 

Maricopa sandy adobe. (See Colorado loam adobe, p. 212; Placentia sandy 

adobe, p. 242.) 

Maricopa sandy loam 237 



286 Index, 



Page. 

Maricopa silt loam 239 

Maricopa stony loam. (See Bingham stony loam, p. 186.) 

Marion silt loam 174 

Marsh 272 

Marshall clay ' 1 46 

Marshall clay loam 145 

Marshall fine sand ^^ 142 

Marshall fine sandy loam Jk^ 143 

Marshall gravel 141 

Marshall gravelly loam 141 

Marshall loam ' 143 

Marshall sand 141 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Marshall silt loam .- 144 

Marshall stony loam 140 

McLean silt loam. (See Marshall loam, p. 143.) 

Meadow 270 

Memphis silt loam 175 

Mesa clay 217 

Mesa clay loam 217 

Mesa fine sandy loam 216 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami clay loam 140 

Miami fine sand : 137 

Miami fine sandy loam 138 

Miami gravel 135 

Miami gravelly loam 136 

Miami gravelly sand 135 

Miami gravelly sandy loam 136 

Miami loam 139 

M iami sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami silt loam 139 

Miami stony loam .* 134 

Miami stony sand 134 

Miami stony sandy loam 134 

Miller clay 92 

Miller fine sand 90 

Miller fine sandy loam 91 

Miller heavy clay. (See Miller clay, p. 92.) 

Miller silt loam 91 

Mobile clay 83 

Monroe fine sandy loam. (See Miller fine sandy loam, p. 91.) 

Monroe silt loam 81 

Morse clay 83 

Muck 206 



Index, 287 

Page. 

Murrill clay loam 131 

Murrill sandy loam. (See Hagerstown sandy loam, p. 125.) 
Murrill stony loam. (See Hagerstown stony loam, p. 124.) 

Myatt fine sandy loam 77 

Neosho silt loam 95 

Neuse clay 98 

Newton fine sand 170 

Norfolk clay 53 

Norfolk clay loam 53 

Norfolk coarse sand 47 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam 48 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk gravel 46 

Norfolk gravelly loam 47 

Norfolk loam ST 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Norfolk sandy soil. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 50.) 

Norfolk silt loam 52 

Oakland sandy loam. (See Miami fine sandy loam, p. 138.) 

Ocklocknee clay 98 

Orangeburg clay 60 

Orangeburg fine sand 58 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam 59 

Orangeburg loam. (See Orangeburg sandy loam, p. 59; Orangeburg fine 
sandy loam, p. 59.) 

Orangeburg sand 58 

Orangeburg sandy loam : 59 

Orangeburg silt loam. (See Miller silt loam, p. 91.) 

Oswego fine sandy loam 179 

Oswego loam. (See Oswego silt loam, p. 179.) 

Oswego silt loam 179 

Oxnard clay loam '. . . 246 

Oxnard clay loam adobe 247 

Oxnard fine sandy loam 245 

Oxnard gravelly loam 244 

Oxnard loam 246 

Oxnard sand , 244 

Oxnard sandy loam 245 

Oxnard silt loam 246 

Peat 266 

Pecos conglomerate 230 

Pecos gypsum. (See Gypsum, p. 269.) 

Pecos sand. (See Gila fine sandy loam, p. 226; Gila fine sand, p. 226.) 

Pecos sandy loam 231 

Penn clay 107 

Penn gravelly loam 106 



288 Index, 

Page. 

Penn loam IOC) 

Perm sandy loam 106 

Penn shale loam 105 

Penn silt loam 107 

Penn stony loam 105 

Placentia clay loam 242 

Placentia clay loam adobe 243 

Placentia coarse sandy loam. (See Placentia sandy loam, p. 240.) 

Placentia fine sandy loam 240 

Placentia loam 241 

Placentia loam a dobe 243 

Placentia sandy adobe 242 

Placentia sandy loam 240 

Plainwell stony loam. (See Miami stony sand, p. 134.) 

Pocoson. (See Swamp, p. 272.) 

Podunk fine sandy loam. (See Norfolk fine sand, p. 49.) 

Portage sandy loam 171 

Portage silt loam 175 

Portage stony sandy loam 167 

Porters black loam 116 

Porters clay 117 

Porters loam 117 

Porters red clay. (See Porters clay, p. 117.) 

Porters sand , 115 

Porters sandy loam 116 

Porters stony loam 115 

Portsmouth clay. (See Portsmouth loam, p. 56.) 

Portsmouth clay loam 57 

Portsmouth fine sand 54 

Portsmouth fine sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth loam 56 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Puget fine sandy loam 263 

Puget silt loam 264 

Puget clay 265 

Quinton sandy loam. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 50.) 

Redfield clay loam 188 

Redfield fine sandy loam 187 

Redfield loam 188 

Redfield sandy loam. (See Redfield fine sandy loam, p. 187.) 

Rio Grande loam. (See Laurel clay loam, p. 221.) 

Rio Grande sandy loam. (See Laurel sandy loam, p. 220.) 

Riverwash 269 

Rock outcrop 267 

Roswell fine sandy loam 231 



Indeoc, 289 

Page. 

Roswell loam .v 231 

Roswell sandy loam. (See Roswell fine sandy loam; p. 231.) 

Rough stony land 267 

Sacramento clay loam 264 

Sacramento silt loam. (See Hartford silt loam, p. 259.) 

Safford silt loam 176 

Saginaw sandy loam 171 

Salem clayf 262 

Salem fine sandy loam 261 

Salem gravelly loam 261 

Salem loam. (See Salem silt loam, p. 262.) 

Salem sandy loam. (See Salem, fine sandy loam, p. 261.) 

Salem silt loam 262 

Salinas gray adobe 265 

Salinas shale loam. (See Oxnard gravelly loam, p. 244.) 

Salt Lake clay loam 194 

Salt Lake loam : . , 194 

Salt Lake sand 193 

Salt Lake sandy loam "193 

Salt River adobe. (See Gila clay, p. 228.) 

Salt River gravel. (See Rough stony land, p. 267.) 

San Antonio clay loam 82 

San Gabriel gravelly loam. (See Maricopa gravelly loam, p. 236.) 

San Gabriel gravelly sand. (See Maricopa gravelly sand, p. 235.) 

San Gabriel sandy loam. (See Maricopa sandy loam, p. 237.) 

San Jacinto clay. (See Houston black clay, p. 65.) 

San Joaquin black adobe. (See Oxnard clay loam adobe, p. 247; Billings 

clay, p. 215; Stockton clay loam adobe, p. 252.) 

Sail Joaquin clay loam adobe 250 

San Joaquin fine sandy loam 249 

San Joaquin loam 249 

San Joaquin red adobe. (See San Joaquin clay loam adobe, p. 2.50; San 

Joaquin sandy adobe, p. 250.) 

San Joaquin sand 248 

San Joaquin sandy adobe 250 

San Joaquin sandy Icam 248 

San Luis loam 219 

San Luis sand 218 ■ 

San Luis sandy loam 218 

Sanders loam 94 

Sandhill 268 

Santiago fine sandy loam 263 

Sa,ntiago loam 264 

Santiago sandy loam. (See Santiago fine sandy loam, p. 263.) 

Santiago silt loam. (See Hanford clay loam, p. 260; Gila silt loam, p. 227; 

Hanford silt loam, p. 259; Laurel loam, p. 220.) 

32075—06 19 



290 Index. 

Page. 

Sarpy clay loam 96 

Sassafras gravelly loam. (See Norfolk silt loam, p. 52.) 
Sassafras loam. (See Norfolk silt loam, p. 52.) 
Sassafras sandy loam. (See Norfolk loam, p. 52.) 

Saugatuck sand 169 

Savanna. (See Swamp, p. 272.) 

Scottsburg silt loam 176 

Sedgwick black clay loam 185 

Sedgwick clay loam. (See Marshall silt loam, p. 144; Crawford silt loam, 

p. 181.) 
Sedgwick gravelly loam. (See Crawford gravelly loam, p. 181.) 
Sedgwick loam. (See Colorado loam, p. 211.) 
Sedgwick sandy loam. (See Colorado sandy loam, p. 210.) 
Selma clay. (See Norfolk clay, p. 53.) 
Selma heavy slit loam. (See Portsmouth sandy loam, p. 55; Portsmouth 

fine sandy loam, p. 55.) 
Selma silt loam. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 50.) 

Sharkey clay 98 

Shelby clay. (See Shelby loam, p. 173.) 

Shelby loam 173 

Shelby sand 169 

Shelby silt loam 177 

Sheridan sandy loam 263 

Sierra adobe. (See Sierra sandy adobe, p. 234; Placentia clay loam adobe, 

p. 243.) 

Sierra clay loam 233 

Sierra loam. (See Sierra loam adobe, p. 234.) 

Sierra loam adobe 234 

Sierra sandy adobe 234 

Sierra sandy loam 233 

Sierra stony loam 232 

Sioux clay 161 

Sioux fine sandy loam 160 

Sioux loam 161 

Sioux sand 159 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Sioux silt loam 161 

Snake River sand. (See Yakima fine sand, p. 198.) 

Snohomish fine sandy loam 172 

Snohomish sand 169 

Snohomish silt loam 177 

Soledad gravelly sand. (See Maricopa gravelly sand, p. 235.) 

Stockton clay adobe 253 

Stockton clay loam adobe 252 

Stockton fine sandy loam '. 2 Jl 

Stockton loam 251 

Stockton loam adobe 252 



Index. g91 



Page. 

Stockton silt loam 251 

Sturgis fine sandy loam. (See Norfolk fine sandy loam, p. 51.) 

Suffield clay 83 

Superior clay 163 

Superior sandy loam 162 

Superior silt loam 162 

Sunnyside sand. (See Yakima fine sand, p. 198.) 

Susquehanna clay 72 

Susquehanna clay loam 71 

Susquehanna fine sandy loam 71 

Susquehanna gravel. (See Norfolk gravel, p. 46.) 

Susquehanna gravelly loam 71 

Swamp 272 

Tazewell silt loam. (See Miami silt loam, p. 139.) 

Travis gravelly loam 73 

Triassic stony loam. (See Penn stony loam, p. 105.) 

Upshur clay 123 

Upshur loam 122 

Upshur sandy loam 122 

Vergennes black clay 166 

Vergennes clay 166 

Vergennes fine sand 164 

Vergennes gravelly loam 164 

Vergennes loam 165 

Vergennes sandy loam 165 

Vergennes stony loam 164 

Vernon clay 184 

Vernon fine sand. (See Miller fine sand, p. 90.) 

Vernon fine sandy loam 183 

Vernon loam. (See Vernon silt loam, p. 184.) 

Vernon sand 183 

Vernon sandy loam 183 

Vernon silt loam 184 

Volusia clay loam 148 

Volusia gravelly loam 147 

Volusia loam 147 

Volusia sandy loam. (See Volusia loam, p. 147.) 

Volusia silt loam 148 

Volusia stony loam 146 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash fine sandy loam 85 

Wabash heavy clay 87 

Wabash loam 85 

Wabash sandy loam 84 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Waldo loam. (See Wabash silt loam, p. 86.) 

Walla Walla loam. (See Walla Walla silt loam, p. 206.) 

Walla WaUa sUt loam 206 



292 Index, 

* 

Page. 

Warners loam 174 

Warsaw sandy loam 76 

Warwick sandy loam. (See Norfolk coarse sandy loam, p. 48.) 

Waverly clay 90 

Waverly clay loam 89 

Waverly fine sandy loam 88 

Waverly loam 88 

Waverly silt loam 89 

Weber fine sandy loam 195 

Westphalia sand. (See Norfolk fine sand, p. 49.) 

Wheatland sand 170 

Wheatland sandy loam 171 

Wickham clay loam 73 

Wickham sand 72 

Wickham sandy loam 72 

Willis sand. (See Norfolk fine sandy loam, p. 51.) 
Windsor sand. (See Norfolk coarse sand, p. 47.) 
Winnebago sandy loam. (See Marshall sandy loam, p. 142.) 

Worsham sandy loam 112 

Yakima fine sand 198 

Yakima fine sandy loam 199 

Yakima gravelly loam. (See Gallatin gravelly loam, p. 201.) 

Yakima loam 199 

Yakima sand 198 

Yakima sandy loam. (See Yakima silt loam, p. 200; Yakima loam, p. 199; 
Yakima fine sandy loam, p. 199.) 

Yakima silt loam 2(X) 

Yakima stony clay. (See Rough stony land, p. 267.) 

Yakima stony loam 198 

Yazoo clay. (See Waverly clay, p. 90; Crawford clay, p. 182; Wabash clay 

p. 87.) 
Yazoo heavy clay. (See Wabash heavy clay, p. 87.) 

Yazoo loam 95 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Yazoo silt loam. (See Wabash silt loam, p. 87.) 

Yuma sand 230 

PORTO RICAN SOILS. 

Adjuntas clay 277 

Alonso clay 276 

Arecibo loam 275 

Arecibo sand 273 

Arecibo sandy loam 274 

Arecibo silt loam 276 

Coral sand - 274 

Pastillo loam 275 

Penuelas adobe 277 



Index. 293 

Page. 

Ponce loam 276 

Ponce sandy loam 274 

Portugnes adobe 277 

Portugues stony loam 273 

Riverwash , 273 

Tanama stony loam 273 

Utuado loam ' 276 

Utuado sandy loam 274 

Vivi sandy loam 275 

SOILS ARRANGED BY GROUPS AND SERIES. 

Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains 44 

Norfolk series 46 

Norfolk gravel 46 

Norfolk gravelly loam 47 

Norfolk coarse sand 47 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam 48 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk sandy loam , 50 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk loam 52 

Norfolk silt loam 52 

Norfolk clay loam 53 

Norfolk clay 53 

Portsmouth series 54 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Portsmouth fine sand 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth fine sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth loam 56 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Portsmouth clay loam 57 

Orangeburg series 58 

Orangeburg sand '. 58 

Orangeburg fine sand 58 

Orangeburg sandy loam 59 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam 59 

Orangeburg clay 60 

Galveston series : CO 

Galveston coarse sand 61 

Galveston sand 61 

Galveston fine sand e2 

Galveston sandy loam 62 

Galveston clay 62 

Houston series 63 

Houston gravelly clay ....::......... 63 

Houston loam '. . : . 1 . . . : . ". . ; 1 . . ;. . .• 64 



294: Index. 

Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains— Continued. Page. 

Houston series— Continued. 

Houston l)lack clay loam .' 64 

Houston black clay 65 

Houston clay. 65 

Lufkin scries 66 

Lufkin gravelly loam 66 

Lufkin sand 66 

Lufkin fine sand 67 

Lufkin sandy loam 67 

Lufkin fine sandy loam 68 

Lufkin loam 68 

Lufkin clay 68 

Gadsden series 69 

Gadsden sand 69 

Gadsden sandy loam 70 

Gadsden loam 70 

Susquehanna series 70 

Susquehanna gravelly loam 71 

Susquehanna fine sandy loam 71 

Susquehanna clay loam 71 

Susquehanna clay 72 

Wickham series 72 

Wickham sand 72 

Wickham sandy loam 72 

Wickham clay loam '. 73 

Miscellaneous soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains 73 

Travis gravelly loam 73 

Gainesville sand 74 

Leon sand 74 

Calcasieu fine sand 75 

Leon fine sand 75 

Amite sandy loam 75 

Collington sandy loam 76 

Warsaw sandy loam 76 

Calcasieu fine sandy loam 76 

Lake Charles fine sandy loam 77 

Myatt fme sandy loam •. 77 

Amite loam 77 

Calcasieu loam 78 

Hempstead loam 78 

Lake Charles loam 78 

Leonardtown loam 79 

Acadia silt loam 79 

Crowley silt loam 79 

Hammond silt loam 80 

Landry silt loam 80 

Monroe silt loam 81 

Crockett clay loam 81 



Index. 295 

Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains— Continued. Page. 

Miscellaneous soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains— Cont'd. 

Lacasine clay loam 81 

San Antonio clay loam 82 

Alloway clay 82 

Mobile clay 83 

Morse clay 83 

Suffield clay 83 

Soils of the flood plains of the Mississippi and other rivers 84 

Wabash series 84 

Wabash sandy loam 84 

Wabash fine sandy loam 85 

Wabash loam 8.5 

Wabash slit loam 86 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash heavy clay 87 

Waverly series 88 

Waverly fine sandy loam 88 

Waverly loam 88 

Waverly silt loam 89 

Waverly clay loam. 80 

Waverly clay 90 

Miller series 90 

Miller fine sand 90 

Miller fine sandy loam 91 

Miller silt loam 91 

Miller clay 92 

Miscellaneous soils of the flood plains of the Mississippi and other 

rivers 92 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Austin fine sandy loam 9.3 

Chattooga loam 93 

Congaree loam 93 

Jackson loam 94 

Lintonia loam 94 

Sanders loam 94 

Yazoo loam 95 

Neosho silt loam 95 

Carrington clay loam 96 

Sarpy clay loam 96 

Congaree clay 97 

Griffen clay 97 

Neuse clay 98 

Ocklocknee clay 98 

Sharkey clay 98 

Soils of the Piedmont Plateau 99 

Cecil series 99 

Cecil stony loam 100 

Cecil stony clay , 100 



296 Inde, 



X. 

Soils of tlic Piedmont Plateau— Continued. Page. 

Cecil series— Continued. 

Cecil gravelly loam lOO 

Cecil sand 101 

Cecil sandy loam 101 

Cecil fine sandy loam 102 

Cecil loam 103 

Cecil silt loam 103 

Cecil clay loam ... 103 

Cecil clay 104 

Penn series 105 

Penn stony loam 105 

Penn shale loam 105 

Penn gravelly loam 106 

Penn sandy loam 106 

Penn loam 106 

Penn silt loam 107 

Penn clay 107 

Chester series \ 108 

Chester stony loam 108 

Chester fine sandy loam 109 

Chester mica loam 109 

Chester loam 109 

Miscellaneous soils of the Piedmont Plateau 110 

Manor stony loam 110 

Conowingo barrens .' 110 

Cardiff slate loam Ill 

Loudoun sandy loam Ill 

Worsham sandy loam 112 

Brandywine loam 112 

Manor loam 112 

tansdale silt loam 113 

Iredell clay loam 113 

Conowingo clay 114 

Soils of the Appalachian Mountains and Allrghrny Plateaus 114 

Porters series 115 

Porters stony loam 115 

Porters sand 115 

Porters sandy loam 116 

Porters black loam 116 

Porters loam 117 

Porters clay 117 

Dekalb series 117 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Dekalb shale loam 118 

Dekalb gravelly loam 119 

Dekalb sandy loam 119 

Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 



Index, 297 

Soils of the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateaus— Con. Page. 

Dekalb series— Continued. 

Dekalb loam 120 

Dekalb silt loam 120 

Dekalb claj- 121 

Upshur series 122 

Upshur sand)" loam 122 

Upshur loam 122 

Upshur clay 123 

Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands •. 123 

Hagerstown series 124 

Hagerstown stony loam 124 

Hagerstown stony clay 125 

Hagerstown sandy loam 125 

Hagerstown loam 126 

Hagerstown clay loam 126 

Hagerstown clay , 127 

Clarksville series 127 

Clarksville stony loam 127 

Clarksville fine sandy loam 128 

Clarksville silt loam 128 

Clarksville clay loam 129 

Miscellaneous soils of the limestone valleys and uplands 129 

Fort Payne sandy loam 129 

Cumberland loam 130 

Conestoga loam 130 

Gasconade silt loam 130 

Fort Payne clay loam ; 131 

Lickdale clay loam 131 

Murrill clay loam 131 

Conestoga clay 132 

Guthrie clay 132 

Soils of the glacial and loessial regions 133 

Miami series 133 

Miami stony sand 134 

Miami stony sandy loam 134 

Miami stony loam 134 

Miami gravel 135 

Miami gravelly sand 135 

Miami gravellv sandy loam 136 

Miami gravelly loam 136 

Miami sand 137 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami fine sandy loam 138 

Miami loam 139 

Miami silt loam 139 

Miami clay loam 140 



298 Index. 

Soils of the glacial and loessial regions— Continued. Page. 

Marshall series 140 

Marshall stony loam 140 

Marshall gravel 141 

Marshall gravelly loam 141 

Marshall sand 141 

Marshall fine sand 142 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Marshall fine sandy loam 143 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Marshall clay loam 145 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Marshall clay 146 

Volusia series 146 

Volusia stony loam 146 

Volusia gravelly loam 147 

Volusia loam 147 

Volusia silt loam 148 

Volusia clay loam 148 

Soils of the glacial lakes and terraces 149 

Dunkirk series 149 

Dunkirk stony clay 150 

Dunkirk shale loam 150 

Dunkirk gravel 150 

Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 151 

Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 

Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 

Dunkirk loam 152 

Dunkirk silt loam 153 

Dunkirk clay loam 153 

Dunkirk clay 154 

Clyde series 154 

Clyde stony sandy loam 154 

Clyde gravelly sand 155 

Clyde gravelly sandy loam 155 

Clyde sand 156 

Clyde fine sand 156 

Clyde sandy loam 156 

Clyde fine sandy loam 157 

Clyde loam 157 

Clyde silt loam 158 

Clyde clay 158 

Sioux series 159 

Sioux sand 159 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Sioux fine sandy loam 160 

Sioux loam 161 

Sioux silt loam 161 

Sioux clay 161 



Lidex. 299 

Soils of the glacial lakes and terraces— Continued. Page. 

Superior series 162 

Superior sandy loam 162 

Superior silt loam 162 

Superior clay 163 

Vergennes series 163 

Vergennes stony loam 164 

Vergennes gravelly loam 164 

Vergennes fine sand 164 

Vergennes sandy loam 165 

Vergennes loam 165 

Vergennes black clay 166 

Vergennes clay 166 

Miscellaneous soils of the glacial and loessial regions 167 

Portage stony sandy loam 167 

Barnum stony loam 167 

Gloucester stony loam 167 

Holyoke stony loam 168 

Cassadaga sand 168 

Saugatuck sand 169 

Shelby sand 169 

Snohomish sand 169 

Wheatland sand 170 

Newton fine sand 170 

Manchester sandy loam 170 

Portage sandy loam 171 

Saginaw sandy loam 171 

Wheatland sandy loam 171 

Snohomish fine sandy loam 172 

Barnum loam 172 

Bernardston loam 172 

Elmwood loam 173 

Madison loam 173 

Shelby loam 173 

Warners loam 174 

Lexington silt loam 174 

Marion silt loam 174 

Memphis silt loam 175 

Portage silt loam 175 

Safford silt loam 176 

Scottsburg silt loam 176 

Shelby silt loam 177 

Snohomish silt loam 177 

Fargo clay 177 

Hobart clay 178 

Residual soils of the western prairie region 178 

Oswego series 179 

Oswego fine sandy loam 179 

Oswego silt loam 179 



300 Index. 

Page. 
Residual soils of the western prairie region— Continued. 

Crawford series 180 

Crawford stony clay 180 

Crawford gravelly loam 181 

Crawford loam 181 

Crawford silt loam 181 

Crawford clay 182 

Vernon series 182 

Vernon sand 183 

Vernon sandy loam 183 

Vernon fine sandy loacm 183 

Vernon silt loam 184 

Vernon clay 184 

Miscellaneous residual soils of the western praine region 184 

Derby loam 184 

Sedgwick black clay loam 185 

Soils of the G reat Basin 185 

Bingham series 185 

Bingham stony loam 186 

Bingham gravelly loam 18fi 

Bingham loam 187 

Redfield series 187 

Redfield fine sandy loam 187 

Redfield loam 188 

Redfield clay loam 188 

Malade series 188 

Malade fine sand 189 

Malade sandy loam 189 

Malade fine sandy loam 189 

Malade loam 190 

Jordan series 190 

Jordan sand 190 

Jordan fine sand 191 

Jordan fine sandy loam 191 

Jordan loam 192 

Jordan clay loam 192 

Jordan clay 192 

Salt Lake series 193 

Salt Lake sand 193 

Salt Lake sandy loam 193 

Salt Lake loam 194 

Salt Lake clay loam 194 

Miscellaneous soils of the Great Basin 194 

Elsinore sand 194 

Elsinore fine sandy loam 195 

Weber fine sandy loam , • 195 



Index. ^ 301 

Page. 

Soils of the northwestern intermountain region 195 

Bridger series 196 

B ridger gravellj' loam 196 

Bridger loam 197 

Bridger clay loam 197 

Yakima series 197 

Yakima stonj- loam 198 

Yakima sand 198 

Yakima fine sand 198 

Yakima fine sandy loam 199 

Yakirna loam 199 

Yakima silt loam 200 

Gallatin series 201 

Gallatin gravelly loam 201 

Gallatin fine sandy loam 202 

Gallatin loam 203 

Gallatin silt loam 203 

Gallatin clay loam 204 

Miscellaneous soils of the northwestern intermountain region 204 

Deer Flat fine sandy loam r 204 

Boise loam 205 

Boise silt loam 205 

Bozeman silt loam 205 

Columbia silt loam 206 

Walla Walla silt loam 206 

Soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains 207 

La ramie series 207 

Laramie gravelly loam 207 

Laramie sandy loam 208 

Colorado series 208 

Colorado gravelly loam 209 

Colorado sand 209 

Colorado sandy loa m 210 

Colorado fine sandy loam 210 

Colorado loam • 211 

Colorado clay loam 2II 

Colorado loam adobe 212 

Billings series 212 

Billings gravelly loam 213 

Billings fine sandy loam 213 

Billings loam 213 

Billings silt loam 214 

Billings clay loam 214 

Billings clay 215 

Fruita series 215 

Fruita fine sandy loam 215 

Fruita loam 216 



302 Index. 

Page. 
Soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains— Continued. 

Mesa series 216 

Mesa fine sandy loam 216 

Mesa clay loam 217 

Mesa clay 217 

San Luis series 217 

San Luis sand 218 

San Luis sandy loam 218 

San Luis loam 219 

liaurel series 219 

Laurel fine sand 219 

Laurel sandy loam 220 

Laurel fine sandy loam 220 

Laurel loam 220 

Laurel clay loam 221 

Laurel loam adobe 221 

Miscellaneous soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains 222 

Finney sandy loam 222 

Fort Collins loam 222 

Finney clay 223 

Soils of the arid Southwest 223 

Indio series 223 

Indio gravelly loam 224 

Indio sand 224 

Indio fine sand 225 

Indio fine sandy loam 225 

Gila series 225 

Gila fine sand 226 

Gila fine sandy loam ." 226 

Gila loam 227 

Gila silt loam 227 

Gila clay loam 228 

Gila clay 228 

I mperial series 228 

Imperial sand 229 

Imperial sandy loam 229 

Imperial clay loam 229 

Imperial clay 22G 

Miscellaneous soils of the arid Southwest 230 

Pecos conglomerate 230 

Yuma sand 230 

Pecos sandy loam 231 

Roswell fine sandy loam 231 

Roswell loam 231 

Glendale clay loam 231 



Index. 303 

Page. 

Soils of the Pacific coast 232 

Sierra series 232 

Sierra stony loam *. 232 

Sierra sandy loam 233 

Sierra clay loam 233 

Sierra sandy adobe , 234 

Sierra loam adobe 234 

Maricopa series 235 

Maricopa gravelly sand 235 

Maricopa gravelly loam 236 

Maricopa sand 236 

Maricopa sandy loam 237 

Maricopa fine sandy loam 238 

Maricopa loam 238 

Maricopa silt loam 239 

Maricopa clay loam 239 

Placentia series 239 

Placentia sandy loam 240 

Placentia fine sandy loam 240 

Placentia loam 241 

Placentia clay loam 242 

Placentia sandy adobe 242 

Placentia loam adobe 243 

Placentia clay loam adobe 243 

Oxnard series 244 

Oxnard gravelly loam 244 

Oxnard sand 244 

Oxnard sandy loam 245 

Oxnard fine sandy loam 245 

Oxnard loam 246 

Oxnard silt loam 246 

Oxnard clay loam 246 

Oxnard clay loam adobe 247 

San Joaquin series 247 

San Joaquin sand., % 248 

San Joaquin sandy loam 248 

San Joaquin fine sandy loam 249 

San Joaquin loam 249 

San Joaquin sandy adobe 250 

San Joaquin clay loam adobe 250 

Stockton series 250 

Stockton fine sandy loam 251 

Stockton loam 251 

Stockton silt loam 251 

Stockton loam adobe 252 

Stockton clay loam adobe 252 

Stockton clay adobe 253 



304 Index, 

Soils of the Pacific coast— Continued. , Page. 

Fresno series 253 

Fresno sand ^ . 254 

Fresno fijie sand 254 

Fresno sandy loam 255 

Fresno fine sandy loam 255 

Fresno loam 256 

Hanfo'-d series 256 

Hanford gravel 257 

Hanf ord sand 257 

Hanford fine sand 258 

Hanford sandy loam 258 

Hanford fine sandy loam 259 

Hanford silt loam 259 

Hanford clay loam 260 

Hanford clay adobe 260 

Salem series 261 

Salem gravelly loam 261 

Salem fine sandy loam 261 

Salem silt loam 262 

Salem clay 262 

Miscellaneous soils of the Pacific coast 263 

Sheridan sandy loam 263 

Puget fine sandy loam 263 

Santiago fine sandy loam 263 

Santiago loam 264 

Puget silt loam 264 

Sacramento clay loam 264 

Puget clay 265 

Salinas gray adobe 265 

Humus soils 266 

Peat 266 

Muck 266 

Unclassified material 267 

Rock outcrop 267 

Rough stony land # 267 

Dunesand ■} 168 

Sandhill 268 

Riverwash 269 

Gypsum 269 

Madeland 270 

Meadow 270 

Swamp 272 

Marsh 272 



Index. 



305 



SOILS ARRANGED BY STATES. 



Alabama: Page. 

Chattooga loam 93 

Clarksville fine sandy loam. . 128 

Clarksville silt loam 128 

Clarksville stony loaui 127 

Congaree loam 93 

Dekalb clay 121 

Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 

Dekalb sandy loam 119 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Guthrie clay 132 

Hagerstown clay 127 

Hagerstown loam 126 

Hagerstown sandy loam 125 

Hagerstown stony clay 125 

Hagerstown stony loam .... 124 

Houston black clay 65 

Houston clay 65 

Lufkin clay 68 

Meadow 270 

Mobile clay 83 

Norfolk clay. .' 53 

Norfolk coarse sand 47 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk gravelly loam 47 

Norfolk loam 52 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Orangeburg clay 60 

Orangeburg fine sand £8 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam 5^ 

Orangeburg sand .-8 

Orangeburg sandy loam 53 

Susquehanna clay 72 

Susquehanna gravelly loam . 71 

Swamp 272 

Upshur loam 122 

Upshur sandy loam 122 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Warsaw sandy loam 76 

Waverly claj^ 90 

Waverly loam 88 

laska. (No surve5'.) 



Arizona: Page. 

Gila clay loam 228 

Gila fine sand 220 

Gila fine sandy loam 226 

Gila loam 227 

Gila silt loam 227 

Glendale clay loam 231 

Maricopa clay loam 239 

Maricopa fine sandy J am . . . 238 

Maricopa gravelly Lam 236 

Maricopa loam 238 

Maricopa sand 236 

Maricopa sandy loam 237 

Maricopa silt loam 239 

Riverwash 269 

Rough stony land 267 

Yuma sand 230 

Arkansas: 

Crowley silt loam 79 

Guthrie clay 132 

Miller clay 92 

Miller fine sand 90 

Miller fine sandy loam 91 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 

Swamp 272 

California: 

Dunesand 268 

Fresno fine sand 254 

Fresno fine sandy loam 255 

Fresno loam 256 

Fresno sand 254 

Fresno sandy loam 255 

Galveston clay 62 

Gila clay 228 

Gila clay loam 228 

^ Gila fine sand 226 

Gila loam 227 

Gila silt loam 227 

Hanford clay adobe 200 

Hanford clay loam 260 

Hanford fine sand 258 

Hanford fine sandy loam 259 

Hanford gravel 257 

Hanford sand 257 

Hanford sandy loam 258 



32075—06- 



-20 



306 



Index. 



California— Continued. Page. ' 

Hanford silt loam 259 

Imperial clay 229 

Imperial clay loam 229 

Imperial sand 229 

Imperial sandy loam 229 

Indio fine sand 225 

Indio fine sandy loam 225 

Indio gravelly loam 224 

Indio sand 224 

Maricopa fine sandy loam . . . 238 

Maricopa gravelly loam 236 

Maricopa gravelly sand 235 

Maricopa sand 236 

Maricopa sandy loam 237 

Meadow 270 

Oxnard clay loam 246 

Oxnard clay loam adobe 247 

Oxnard fine sandy loam 245 

O xnard gravelly loam 244 

Oxnard loam 246 

Oxnard sand 244 

Oxnard sandy loam 245 

Oxnard silt loam 246 

Peat 266 

Placentia clay loam 242 

Placentia clay loam adobe. . . 243 \ 

Placentia fine sandy loam . . . 240 i 

Placentia loam 241 

Placentia loam adobe 243 [ 

Placentia sandy adobe 242 \ 

Placentia sandy loam 240 \ 

Riverwash 269 i 

Rough stony land 267 \ 

Sacramento clay loam 264 

Salinas gray adobe 265 

San Joaquin clay loam adobe. 250 

San Joaquin fine sandy loam . 249 

San Joaquin loam 249 

San Joaquin sand 248 

San Joaquin sandy adobe . . . 250 

San Joaquin sandy loam 248 

Santiago fine sandy loam . . . 263 

Santiago loam 264 

Sheridan sandy loam 263 

Sierra clay loam 233 

Sierra loam adobe 234 

Sierra sandy adobe 234 



California— Continued. Page. 

Sierra sandy loam 233 

Sierra stony loam 232 

Stockton clay adobe 253 

Stockton clay loam adobe. .. 252 

Stockton fine sandy loam . . . 251 

Stockton loam 251 

Stockton loam adobe 252 

Stockton silt loam 251 

Colorado: 

Billings clay 215 

Billings clay loam 214 

Billings fine sandy loam 213 

Billings loam 213 

Billings silt loam 214 

Colorado clay loam 211 

Colorado fine sandy loam 210 

Colorado gravelly loam 209 

Colorado loam 211 

Colorado loam adobe 212 

Colorado sand 209 

Colorado sandy loam 210 

Dunesand 268 

Fort Collins loam 222 

Fruita fine sandy loam 215 

Fruita loam .'. . . 216 

Laurel clay loam 221 

Laurel fine sand 219 

Laurel loam 220 

Laurel sandy loam 220 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Mesa clay 217 

Mesa clay loam 217 

Mesa fine sandy loam 216 

Riverwash 269 

San Luis loam 219 

San Luis sand 218 

San Luis sandy loam 218 

Swamp 272 

Connecticut: 

Chicopee gravel loam (Nor- 
folk gravelly loam) 47 

Elmwood loam 173 

Enfield sandy loam (Norfolk 

sandy loam) 50 

Hartford sandy loam (Nor- 
folk sand) 48 

Holyoke stony loam 168 



Index. 



307 



Connecticut— Continued. Page. 

Manchester sandy loam 170 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 

Norfolk nne sand 49 

Suffield clay 83 

Swamp 272 

Triassic stony loam (Penn 

stony loam) 105 

Windsor sand (Norfolk 

coarse sand) 47 

Delaware: 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston sand 61 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk loam Wl 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk silt loam 52 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Swamp 272 

District of Columbia (no survey). 

Florida: 

Gadsden sand 69 

Gadsden sandy loam 70 

Gainesville sand 74 

Leon fine sand 75 

Leon sand 74 

Meadow 270 

Muck 266 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Ocklocknee clay 98 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 

Orangeburg sand 58 

Portsmouth fine sand 54 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Sandhill 268 

Swamp 272 

Georgia: 

Cecil clay 104 

Cecil sand 101 

Cecil sandy loam 101 

Gadsden sand 69 



Georgia— Continued. Page. 

Meadow gro 

Norfolk coarse sand 47 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Orangeburg clay 60 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 

Orangeburg sand 58 

Porters stony loam 115 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Idaho: 

Boise loam 205 

Boise silt loam 205 

Deer Flat fine sandy loam. . . 204 

Gallatin fine sandy loam 202 

Gallatin loam 203 

Gallatin silt loam 203 

Riverwash 269 

Yakima fine sand 198 

Yakima loam 199 

Yakima sand 198 

Yakima silt loam 200 

Illinois: 

Lintonia loam 94 

Marion silt loam 174 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Memphis silt loam... • 175 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami fmp sand 137 

Miami fine sandy loam 138 

Miami travel 135 

Miami loam 139 

Miami silt loam liig 

Muck 266 

Peat 266 

Rough stony land 267 

Sioux loam 161 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Sioux silt loam 161 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash loam 85 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Waverly clay loam 89 

Waverly fine sandy loam 88 



308 



Index. 



Illinois — Continued. Page. 

* Waverly silt loam 89 

Yazoo loam 95 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Indiana: 

Clyde fine sand 156 

Clyde loam 157 

Dekalb silt ioam 120 

Griffin clay 97 

Lintonia loam 94 

Madison loam 173 

Marshall fine sand 142 

Marshall fine sandy loam 143 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall sand 141 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam : 145 

Miami clay loam 140 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami gravelly sandy loam . 136 

Miami loam 139 

Miami sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami silt loam 139 

Muck 266 

Newton fine sand 170 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Peat 266 

Riverwash 269 

Scottsburg silt loam 176 

Sioux loam 161 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Sioux silt loam 161 

Swamp 272 

Volusia silt loam 1 48 

Wabash fine sandy loam 85 

Wabash sandy loam 84 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Waverly clay.' 90 

Waverly clay loam 89 

Waverly fine sandy loam 88 

Waverly loam 88 

Waverly silt loam 89 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Iowa: 

Marshall clay loam 145 

Marshall fine sand 142 



Iowa— Continued. Page. 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall sand 141 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami clay loam . . . ■ 140 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami silt loam 139 

Muck 266 

Rough stony land 267 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Kansas: 

Colorado loam 211 

Colorado sand 209 

Colorado sandy loam 210 

Crawford clay 182 

Crawford gravelly loam 181 

Crawford silt loam 181 

Derby loam 184 

Dunesand 268 

Finney clay 223 

Houston clay 65 

Laurel fine sandy loam 220 

Laurel loam 220 

Laurel loam adobe 221 

Laurel sandy loam 220 

Marshall gravelly loam 141 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami sand 137 

Oswego fine sandy loam 179 

Oswego silt loam 179 

Rock outcrop 267 

Rough stony land 267 

Sedgwick black clay loam . . . 185 

Sharkey clay ...'. 98 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Yazoo loam 95 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Kentucky : 

Clarksville clay loam 129 

Clarksville silt loam 128 

Cumberland loam 130 

Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 

Dekalb loam 120 



Index. 



309 



Kentucky— Continued. Page. 

Dekalb shale loam 118 

Dekalb silt loam 120 

Guthrie clay 132 

Hagerstown clay 127 

Hagerstown loam 12G 

Hagerstown stony clay 125 

LeonardtowTi loam ,. . . 79 

Lintonia loam 94 

Meadow 270 

Memphis silt loam 175 

Miami silt loam 139 

Muck 266 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk loam 52 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Riverwasii 269 

Rough stony land 267 

Sharkey clay 98 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Waverly clay 90 

Waverly fine sandy loam 88 

Waverly silt loam 89 

Louisiana: 

Acadia silt loam 79 

Amite loam 77 

Amite sandy loam 75 

Calcasieu fine sand 75 

Calcasieu fine sandy loam ... 76 

Calcasieu loam 78 

Crowley silt loam 79 

Galveston clay 62 

Hammond silt loam 80 

Lacasine clay loam 81 

Lake Charles fine sandy loam 77 

Lake Charles loam 78 

Landry silt loam 80 

Lufkin clay... 68 

Marsh 272 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Memphis silt loam 175 

Miller clay 92 

Miller fine sandy loam 91 

Miller silt loam 91 

Monroe silt loam 81 

Morse clay 83 

Muck 266 



Louisiana— Continued. Page. 

Myatt fine sandy loam 77 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk sand 48 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam . 59 

Orangeburg sandy loam 59 

Peat 266 

Sharkey clay 98 

Susquehanna clay loam 71 

Susquehanna fine sandj- 

loam 71 

Swamp 272 

Wabash clay 87 

Yazoo loam 95 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Maine (no survey). 
Maryland : 

Cardiff slate loam Ill 

Cecil clay 104 

Chester loam 109 

Chester mica loam 109 

CoUington sandy loam 76 

Conowingo barrens 110 

Conowingo clay 114 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston sand 61 

Leonardtown loam 79 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk silt loam 52 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Sassafras loam (Norfolk silt 

loam) 52 

Sassafras sandy loam (Nor- 
folk loam) 52 

Susquehanna clay 72 

Susquehanna clay loam 71 

Susquehanna gravel (Nor- 
folk gravel) 46 

Swamp 272 

Westphalia sand (Norfolk 

fine sand) 49 

Windsor sand (Norfolk 

coarse sand) 47 



310 



Index. 



Massachusetts: Page. 

Bernardston loam 172 

Chicopee gravel loam (Nor- 
folk gravelly loam) 47 

Elmwood loam 173 

Enfield sandy loam (Norfolk 

sandy loam) 50 

Hartford sandy loam (Nor- 
folk sand) 48 

Holyoke stony loam 168 

Manchester sandy loam 170 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Suffieldclay 83 

Swamp 272 

Triassic stony loam (Penn 

stony loam) 105 

Windsor sand (Norfolk 

coarse sand) 47 

Michigan : 

Clyde clay 158 

Clyde fine sandy loam 157 

Clyde gravelly sand 155 

Clyde loam 157 

Clyde sand 156 

Clyde sandy loam 156 

Clyde silt loam 158 

Clyde stony sandy loam 154 

Dunesand 268 

Elmwood loam 173 

Fort Payne sandy loam 129 

Marsh 272 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami clay loam 140 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami fine sandy loam 138 

Miami gravel 135 

Miami gravelly loam 136 

Miami gravelly sand 135 

Miami gravelly sandy loam. . 136 

Miami sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami stony loam 134 

Miami stony sand 134 

Muck 266 

Rough stony land 267 



Michigan— Continued. Page. 

Saginaw sandy loam 171 

Saugatuck sand 169 

Superior clay 163 

Swamp 272 

Wabash loam 85 

Minnesota: 

Barnum loam 172 

Barnum stony loam 167 

Dunesand 268 

Marshall gravel 141 

Marshall gravelly loam 141 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami gravelly sandy loam. . 136 

Miami sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami stony loam 134 

Muck 266 

Rock outcrop 267 

Rough stony land 267 

Superior clay 163 

Superior silt loam 162 

Wabash loam. 85 

Mississippi: 

Gadsden loam 70 

Lintonia loam 94 

Lufkin clay 68 

Meadow 270 

Memphis silt loam 175 

Neuse clay 98 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk gravelly loam 47 

Norfolk loam 52 

Norfolk sand 48 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 

Orangeburg sandy loam 59 

Portsmouth loam 56 

Sharkey clay 98 

Swamp 272 

Wabash clay 87 

Waverly fine sandy loam 88 

Waverly silt loam 89 

Yazoo loam 95 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 



Index. 



311 



Missouri: Page. 

Clarksville silt loam 128 

Clarksville stony loam 127 

Gasconade silt loam 130 

Jackson loam 94 

Marion silt loam 174 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Memphis silt loam 175 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami silt loam 139 

Riverwash 269 

Rough stony land 267 

Shelby loam 173 

Shelby sand 169 

Shelby silt loam 177 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Waverly clay loam 89 

Waverly silt loam 89 

Yazoo loam 95 

Montana: 

Billings clay 215 

Billings clay loam 214 

Billings fine sandy loam 213 

Billings gravelly loam 213 

Bozeman silt loam 205 

Bridger clay loam 197 

Bridger gravelly loam 196 

Gallatin clay loam 204 

Gallatin fine sandy loam 202 

Gallatin gravelly loam 201 

Gallatin silt loam 203 

Laurel sandy loam 220 

Swamp 272 

Yakima silt loam 200 

Nebraska: 

Dunesand 268 

Laurel fine sand 219 

Laurel fine sandy loam 220 

Marshall fine sand 142 

Marshall fine sandy loam 143 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami sand 137 



Nebraska— Continued. Page. 

Miami silt loam 139 

Riverwash 269 

Sarpy clay loam 96 

Sioux fine sandy loam 160 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash fine sandy loam 85 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Nevada. (No survey.) 

New Hampshire. (No survey.) 

New Jersey: 

Alloway clay 82 

Cecil stony loam 100 

Collington sandy loam 76 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk sand 48 

Penn loam 106 

Penn sandy loam 106 

Penn stony loam 105 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Quinton sandy loam (Norfolk 

sandy loam) 50 

Sassafras gravelly loam (Nor- 
folk silt loam) 52 

Sassafras loam (Norfolk silt 

loam) _. .. 52 

Susquehanna gravel (Norfolk 

gravel) 46 

Westphalia sand (Norfolk fine 

sand) 49 

Windsor sand (Norfolk coarse 

sand) 47 

New Mexico: 

Gila fine sand 226 

Gypsum 269 

Meadow 270 

Pecos conglomerate 230 

Pecos sandy loam 231 

Roswell fine sandy loam 231 

Roswell loam 231 

New York: 

Cassadaga sand 168 

Dekalb clay 121 

Dunkirk clay 154 

Dunkirk clay loam 153 

Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 



312 



Index. 



New York— Continued. Page. 

Dunkirk gravel 150 

Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 

Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 151 

Dunkirk loam 152 

Dunkirk shale loam 150 

DunivirK silt loam 153 

Dunkirk stony clay 150 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston sand 61 

Galveston sandy loam 62 

Hempstead loam 78 

Madeland 270 

Meadow 270 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami stony loam 134 

Miami stony sand 134 

Miami stony sandy loam .... 134 

Muck 2GG 

Norfolk coaj-se sand 47 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 

N orf oik gravel 46 

Norfolk loam 52 

Norfolk sand 48 

Peat 266 

Rock outcrop 267 

Rough stony land 267 

Sassafras gravelly loam (Nor- 
folk silt loam) 52 

Sassafras sandy loam (Nor- 
folk loam) 52 

Swamp 272 

Upshur clay 123 

Vergennes clay '. 166 

Vergennes fine sand 164 

Vergennes gravelly loam 164 

Vergennes loam 165 

Vergennes sandy loam 165 

Vergennes stony loam 164 

Volusia clay loam 148 

Volusia gravelly loam 147 

Volusia loam 147 

Volusia silt loam 148 

Volusia stony loam 146 

Wabash loam 85 

Warners loam 174 



North Carolina: Page. 

Cecil clay 104 

Cecil loam 103 

Cecil sand 101 

Cecil sandy loam 101 

Cecil silt loam 103 

Conowingo clay 114 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Iredell clay loam 113 

Meadow > 270 

Muck 266 

Neuse clay 98 

Norfolk clay 53 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk gravel 46 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Norfolk silt loam '.... 52 

Orangeburg fine sandj' loam. 179 

Porters black loam 116 

Porters clay 117 

Porters loam 117 

Porter's spnd 115 

Porters sandy loam 116 

Porters stony loam 115 

Portsmouth fine sandy loam. 55 

Portsmouth loam 56 

Portsmouth sand 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Rock outcrop 267 

Sandhill 268 

Susquehanna gravelly loam. 71 

Swamp 272 

North Dakota: 

Clyde clay 158 

Clyde fine sandy loam 157 

Clyde loam 157 

Fargo clay 177 

Hobart clay 1 78 

Marshall clay 146 

Marshall fine sand 142 

Marshall fine sandy loam 143 

Marshall gravel 141 

Marshall gravelly loam 141 

Marshall loam 143 



Index. 



313 



North Dakota— Continued. Page. 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Marshall stony loam 140 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Muck 266 

Riverwash 269 

Sioux clay 161 

Sioux fine sandy loam 160 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash loam 85 

Wheatland sand 170 

Wheatland sandy loam 171 

Ohio: 

Clyde clay 158 

Dekalbclay " 121 

Detfn lb silt loam 120 

Du-jkirk clay 154 

Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 

Dunkirk gravel 150 

Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 

Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 151 

Dunkirk loam 152 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami clay loam 140 

Miami gravelly loam 136 

Miami sand 137 

Miami stony loam 134 

Muck 266 

Peat 266 

Volusia loam 147 

Volusia silt loam 148 

Wabash clay 87 

Wabash fine sandy loam 85 

Wabash loam 85 

Wabash sandy loam 84 

W^averly clay 90 

Oklahoma. (No survey.) 

Oregon: 

Bridger gravelly loam 196 

Bridger loam 197 

Gallatin loam 203 

Maricopa sandy loam 237 

Meadow 270 

Muck 266 

Rock outcrop 267 

Salem clay 262 



Oregon— Continued. Page. 

Salem fine sandy loam 261 

Salem gravelly loam 261 

Salem silt loam 262 

Yakima loam 199 

Pennsylvania : 

Brandy wine loam 112 

Cardiff slate loam Ill 

Cecil clay 104 

Cecil clay loam 103 

Cecil stony loam 103 

Chester fine sandy loam 109 

Chester loam 109 

Chester mica loam 109 

Chester stony loam 108 

Conestoga loam 130 

Conowingo barrens 110 

Conowingo clay 114 

Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 

Dekalb gravelly loam 119 

Dekalb loam 120 

Dekalb sandy loam 119 

Dekalb shale loam 118 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Hagerstown clay 127 

Hagerstown clay loam 126 

Hagerstown loam 126 

Hagerstown stony loam 124 

Lansdale silt loam 113 

Lickdale clay loam 131 

Manor loam 112 

Manor stony loam 110 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk gravelly loam 47 

Norfolk loam 52 

Norfolk silt loam 52 

Penn loam 106 

Penn sandy loam 106 

Penn shale loam 105 

Penn silt loam 107 

Penn stony loam 105 

Porters clay 117 

Porters stony loam 115 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Rough stony land 267 

Porto Rico: 

Adjuntas clay 277 

Alonso clay 276 



314 



Index. 



Porto Rico— Continued. Page. 

Arecibo loam 275 

Arecibo sand. 273 

Arecibo sandy loam 274 

Arecibo silt loam 276 

Coralsand 274 

Pastillo loam 275 

Penuelas adobe 277 

Ponce loam 27(> 

Ponce sandy loam 274 

Portugues adobe 277 

Portugues stony loam 273 

Riverwash 273 

Tanama stony loam 273 

Utuado loam -'- 276 

Utua do sandy loam 274 

Vivi sandy loam 275 

Rhode Island: 

Dunesand - 268 

Galveston fine sand 62 

Galveston sandy loam 62 

Gloucester stony loam 167 

Meadow 270 

Miami silt loam 139 

Miami stony loam 134 

Miami stony sandy loam 134 

Norfolk coarse sand 47 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam.. 48 

Swamp... 272 

South Carolina: 

Cecil clay.. 104 

Cecil fine sandy loam 102 

Cecil gravelly loam 100 

Cecil sand 101 

Cecil sandy loam 101 

Cecil silt loam 103 

Cecil stony clay 100 

Cecil stony loam 100 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston fine sand 62 

Iredell clay loam 113 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk fine sand 40 

Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Norfolk silt loam 52 

Orangeburg sand 58 

Orangeburg sandy loam .... 59 

Porters clay 117 

Porters sand 115 



South Carolina— Continued. 

Porters sandy loam 116 

Portsmouth fine sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Rock outcrop 267 

Sandhill 268 

Swamp 272 

South Dakota: 

Marshall loam 143 

Marshall sandy loam 142 

Marshall stony loam 140 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Tennessee: 

Clarksville clay loam 129 

Clarksville slit loam 128 

Clarksville stony loam 127 

Conestoga clay 132 

Cumberland loam 130 

Dekalb sandy loam 119 

Dekalb shale loam 118 

Dekalb silt loam 120 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Fort Payne clay loam 131 

Guthrie clay 132 

Hagerstown loam 126 

Hagerstown sandy loam 125 

Hagerstown stony loam .... 124 

Lexington silt loam 174 

Lickdale clay loam 131 

Meadow 270 

Miller clay 92 

Miller fine sand 90 

Miller fine sandy loam 91 

Miller silt loam 91 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Rock outcrop 267 

Saff ord silt loam 176 

Wabash silt loam 86 

Waverly loam 88 

Texas: 

Calcasieu fine sandy loam ... 76 

Crawford clay 182 

Crawf ordrfoam 181 

Crawford stony clay 180 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston fine sand 62 

Houston black clay 65 

Houston black clay loam 64 

Houston clay 65 

H ouston gravelly clay ..... . 63 



Index. 



315- 



Texas— Continued. Page. 

Houston loam 64 

Lake Charles fine sandy loam 77 

Luf kin clay 68 

Luf kin fine sand 67 

Lufkin fine sandy loam 68 

I^ufkin gravelly loam 66 

Lufkin loam 68 

Lufkin sand 66 

Lufkin sandy loam 67 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam .... 51 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Norfolk silt loam ■ 52 

Orangeburg clay 60 

Orangeburg fine sand 58 

Orangeburg fine sandy loam . 59 

Orangeburg sandy loam .... 59 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Rock outcrop 267 

Hough stony land 267 

San Antonio clay loam 82 

Sanders loam 94 

Sharkey clay 98 

Susquehanna clay 72 

Susquehanna fine sandy loam 71 

Travis gravelly loam 73 

Vernon clay 184 

Vernon fine sandy loam 183 

Vernon sand 183 

Vernon sandy loam 183 

Vernon silt loam 184 

Vv'abash clay 87 

Wabash heavy clay 87 

Yazoo loam 95 

Yazoo sandy loam 92 

Utah: 

Bingiiam gravelly loam 186 

Bingham loam 187 

Bmgham stony loam .... 186 

Elsinore fine sandy loam 195 

Elsinore sand 194 

Jordan clay 192 

Jordan clay loam 192 

Jordan fine sand 191 

Jordan fine sandy loam 191 

Jordan loam 192 

Jordan sand 190 

Malade fine sand 189 



Utah— Continued. Page. 

Malade fine sandy loam 189 

Malade loam 190 

Malade sandy loam 189 

Meadow 270 

Redfield clay loam 188 

Red field fine sandy loam 187 

Redfield loam 188 

Riverwash 269 

Salt Lake clay loam . 194 

Salt Lake loam 194 

Salt Lake sand 193 

Salt Lake sandy loam 193 

Weber fine sandy loam 195 

Vermont: 

Meadow 270 

Miami stony sandy loam 134 

Muck.... 266 

Rc/Ck outcrop 267 

Swamp 272 

Vergennes black clay 166 

Vergennes clay 166 

Vergennes fine sand 164 

Vergennes gravelly loam 164 

Vergennes loam 165 

Vergennes sandy loam 165 

Vergennes stony loam 164 

Virginia: 

Cecil clay 104 

Cecil fine sandy loam 102 

Cecil loam 103 

Cecil sand 101 

Cecil sandy loam 101 

Cecil silt loam 103 

Chester loam 109 

Chester mica loam 109 

Conestoga clay ..... 1 . . ...... 132 

Conowingo barrens 110 

Conowingo clay 114 

Dekalb shale loam 118 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston sand 61 

Hagerstown clay 127 

Hagerstown loam 126 

Hagerstown sandy loam .... 125 

Hagerstown stony loam .... 124 

Iredell clay loam 113 

Leonardtown loam 79 

Loudoun sandydoam 1 II 

Meadow 270 



316 



Index. 



Virginia— Continued. Page. 

Murrill clay loam 131 

Norfolk clay loam 53 

Norfolk coarse sandy loam.. 48 

Norfolk fine sand 49 

Norfolk fine sandy loam .... 51 

Norfolk gravelly loam 47 

Norfolk loam 52 

Norfolk sand 48 

Norfolk sandy loam 50 

Penn clay 107 

Penn gravelly loam i06 

Penn loam 106 

Penn sandy loam 106 

Penn stony loam 105 

Porters black loam 116 

Porters clay 117 

Porters sand 115 

Porters sandy loam 116 

Portsmouth clay loam 57 

Portsmouth fine sandy loam . 55 

Portsmouth s."nd 54 

Portsmouth sandy loam 55 

Portsmouth silt loam 57 

Rock outcrop 267 

Swamp 272 

Wickham clay loam 73 

Wickham sand 72 

Wickham sandy loam 72 

Worsham sandy loam 112 

Washington: 

Clyde gravelly sandy loam . . 155 

Clyde loam 157 

Clyde sandy loam 156 

Columbia silt loam 206 

Gallatin gravelly loam 201 

Gallatin loam -03 

Galveston clay 62 

Galveston coarse sand 61 

Meadow 270 

Miami clay loam 140 

Miami gravelly sand 135 

Miami gravelly sandy loam . 136 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami stony loam 134 

Miami stony sand 134 

Muck 266 

Peat 266 

Puget fine sandy loam 263 



Washington— Continued. Page. 

Puget silt loam 264 

Puget clay 265 

Riverwash 269 

Rock outcrop 267 

Swamp 272 

Walla Walla silt loam 206 

Yakima fine sandy loam .... 199 

Yakima sand 198 

Yakima silt loam 200 

Yakima stony loam 198 

West Virginia: 

Dekalb clay 121 

Dekalb loam 120 

Dekalb stony loam 118 

Meadow 270 

Rough stony land 267 

Upshur clay 123 

Wisconsin: 

Dunesand 268 

Marshall gravelly loam 141 

Marshall sand 141 

Marshall silt loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Miami black clay loam 145 

Miami fine sand 137 

Miami gravel 135 

Miami loam 139 

Miami sand 137 

Miami sandy loam 138 

Miami silt loam 139 

Miami stony sand 134 

Muck 266 

Portage sandy loam l7i 

Portage silt loam 175 

Portage stony sandy loam . . 167 

Rock outcrop 267 

Sioux sand 159 

Sioux sandy loam 160 

Sioux silt loam 161 

Superior clay 163 

Superior sandy loam 162 

Wabash loam 85 

Wyoming: 

Billings clay 215 

Gypsum 269 

Laramie gravelly loam 207 

Laramie sandy loam 208 

Laurel sandy loam 220 

Redfield fine sandy loam 187 

Riverwash 269 



REFERENCES TO SOIL SURVEY REPORTS. 



Following the description of the type is a list of locations in which the soil 
has been mapped. For convenience in referring to the origmal description of 
the soil, an alphabetical list of all areas surveyed by the Bureau is here given, 
with a reference showing the number of the volume and the page where the 
description occurs. The volume reference is to the different reports: 1 (Report 
64), Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, 1899; 2, 1900; 3, 1901; 4, 1902; 5, 1903; (5, 
1904; 7, 1905. 



Abbeville, S. C, 4, p. 273. 
Acadia, La., 5, p. 461. 
Adams County, Pa., 6, p. 119. 
Alamance County, N. C, 3, p. 297. 
Albemarle Va., 4, p. 187. 
Allegan County, Mich., 3, p. 93. 
Allen County. Kans., 6, p. 875. 
Alma, Mich., 6, p. 639. 
Anderson County, Tex., 6, p. 397. 
Appomattox County, Va., 6, p. 151. 
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R.. 4, p. 793. 
Asheville, N. C, 5, p. 279. 
Ashtabula, Ohio, 5, p. 647. 
Auburn, N. Y., 6, p. 95. 
Austin, Tex., 6, p. 421. 
Bainbridge, Ga.. 6, p. 247. 
Baker City, Oreg., 5, p. 1155. 
Bakersfield, Cal., 6, p. 1089. 
Bear River, Utah, G, p. 995. 
Bedford, Va.. 3, p. 239. 
Bigflats, N. Y., 4, p. 125. 
Billings, Mont., 4, p. 665. 
Biloxi. Miss., 6, p. 353. 
Binghamton, N. Y., 7, p. — . 
Blackfoot, Idaho, 5, p. 1027. 
Blount County, Ala., 7, p. — . 
Boise. Idaho, 3, p. 421. 
Boonville, Ind., 6, p. 727. 
Brazoria, Tex., 4, p. 349. 
Brookings, S. Dak., 5, p. 963. 
Brown County, Kans., 7, p. — . 
Calvert County, Md., 2, p. 147. 



Campobello, S. C, 5, p. 299. 
Cando, N. Dak., 6, p. 925. 
Carlton, Minn. -Wis., 7, p. — . 
Carrington, N. Dak., 7, p. — 
Cary, N. C, 3, p. 311. 
Cecil County, Md., 2, p. 103. 
Cerro Gordo County. Iowa, 5, p. 8.53. 
Charleston, S. C, 6, p. 207. 
Cherokee County, S. C, 7, p. — . 
Chester County, Pa., 7, p. — . 
Clay County, 111., 4, p. 507. 
Cleveland, Ohio, 7, p. — . 
Clinton County, 111., 4, p. 491. 
Cobb County, Ga., 3, p. 317. 
Columbus, Ohio, 4, p. 403. 
Connecticut Valley, Conn. -Mass., 5, 

39 
Coshocton County, Ohio, 6, p. 565. 
Covington, Ga., 3, p. 329. 
Craven, N. C, 5, p. 253. 
Crawford County, Mo., 7, p. — . 
Crystal Springs, Miss., 7, p. — . 
Dallas County, Ala., 7, p. — . 
Darlington, S. C, 4, p. 291. 
Davidson County, Tenn., 5, p. 605. 
De Soto Parish, La., 6, p. 375. 
Dodge County, Ga., 6, p. 231. 
Dover, Del., 5, p. 143. 
Dubuque, Iowa, 4, p. 571. 
Duplin County, N. C., 7, p. — . 
East Baton Rouge Parish, La., 7, i 

317 



818 



Soil Survey ReporU. 



Everett, Wash., 7, p. — . 
Fargo, N. Dak., 5, p. 979. 
Fort Payne, Ala.y 5, p. 355. 
Fort Valley, Ga., 5, p. 317. 
Fresno, Cal., 2, p. .333. 
Gadsden County, Fla., 5, p. 331. 
Gainesville, Fla., 6, p. 269. 
Gallatin Valley, Mont., 7, p. — . 
Garden City, Kans., 6, p. 895. 
Grand Forks, N. Dak., 4, p. 643. 
Grand Island,. Nebr., 5, p. 927. 
Grand Junction, Colo., 7, p — . 
Greeiey, Colo., 6, p. 951. 
Greensville, Tenn., 6, p. 493. 
llanford, Cal., «, p. 447. 
Hanover County, Va., 7, p. — . 
Harford County, Md., 3, p. 211. 
Henderson County, Tenn., 7, p. — 
Hickory, N.C., 4, p. 239. 
Howell County, Mo., 4, p. 593. 
Houston County, Tex., 7, p. — . 
Huntsville, Ala., 5, p. 373. 
Imperial, Cal., 5, p. 1219. 
Indio, Cal., 5, p. 1240. 
Island County Wash., 7, p — . 
Jacksonville, Tex , 5, p. 521. 
Jackson, Miss., 6, p. 343. 
Jamestown, N. Dak., 5, p. 1005. 
Janesville, Wis., 4, p. 549: 
Johnson County, 111., 5, p. 721. 
Kearney, Nebr., 6, p. 859. 
Kent County, Md., 2, p. 173. 
Knox County, 111., 5, p. 737. 
Lake Charles, La., 3, p. 621. 
Lancaster County, Pa., 2, p. 61. 
Lancaster County, S. C, 0, p. 169. 
Laramie, Wyo., 5, p. 1071. 
Lauderdale County, Ala., 7, p. — -. 
Lavaca County, Tex., 7, p. — . 
Lawrence County, Tenn., 6, p. 475, 
Lebanon, Pa., 3, p. 149. 
Leesburg, Va., 5, p. 191. 
Lee County, Tex., 7, p. — . 
Leon County, Fla., 7, p. — . 
Lewiston, Idaho, 4, p. 689. 
Lockhaven, Pa., 5, p. 129. 
Long Island, N. Y., 5, p. 91. 
Los Angeies, Cal.. 5, p. 1263. 



Louisa County, Va., 7, p. — . 

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo., 4, p. 

729. 
Lufkin, Tex., 5, p. 501. 
Lyons, N. Y., 4, p. 143. 

McCracken County, Ky., 7, p. 

McLean County, 111., 5, p. 777. 
McNeill, Miss., 5, p. 405. 
Macon County, Ala., 6, p. 291. 
Madison County, Ind., A, p. 687. 
Madison County, Ky., 7, p. - — . 
Marshall, Minn., 5, p. 815. 
Marshall County, Ind., 6, p. 689. 
Mason County, Ky.,o, p. 631. 
Miller County, Ark., 5, p. 563. 
Mobile, Aia., 5, p. 393. 
Mount Mitchell. N. C, 4, p. 259. 
Montgomery County,. Ohio. 2, p. 85. 
Montgomery County, Tenn., 3, p. 341. 
Montgomery County, Pa., 7, p. - — . 
Montgomery County, Ala., 7, p. — . 
Munising, Mich., 6, p. 581. 
Nacogdoches, Tex., 5, p. 487. 
New Orleans, La., 5, p. 439. 
Newton County, Ind., 7, p. — . 

Norfolk, Va., 5, p. 233. 

O'Fallon, Mo.-IH., G, p. 815. 

Orangeburg, S. C, 6, p. 185. 

Ouachita Parish, La., 5, p. 419. 

Owosso, Mich., (>, p. 665 

Oxford, Mich., 7, p. — . 

Paris, Tex., 5, p. 533. 

Parsons, Kans., 5, p. 891. 

Pecos Valley, N. Mex., 1, p. 36. 

Perquimans and Pasquotank counties, 
N. C, 7, p. — . 

Perry County, Ala., 4, p, 309. 

Pikeville, Tenn., o, p. 577. 

Pontiac, Mich., 5, p. 659. 

Portage County, Wis., 7 p. — . 

Posey County, Ind., 4, p. 441. 

Prince Edward, Va., 3, p. 259. 

Prince George County, Md., 3, p. 173. 

Provo, Utah, 5, p. 1121. 

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C, 2, p. 187, 

Riiodo Island, (>, p. 47. 

Russell, Kans., "), p. 911. 

St. Clair. County, 111., 4, p. 507. 



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Soil Survey Reports* 



319 



St. Mary County, Md., 2, p. 125. 
Sacramento, Cal., 6, p. 1049. 
Saginaw, Mich., 6, p. 603. 
Salem, N. J., 3, p. 125. 
Salem, Oreg., 5, p. 1171. 
Salinas Valley, Cal., 3, p. 481. 
Saline County, Mo., 6, p. 791. 
Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1, p. 77. 
Salt River Valley, Ariz., 2, p. 287. 
San Antonio, Tex., 6, p. 447. 
San Bernardino, Cal., 6, p. 1115. 
Sangamon County, III., 5, p. 70.3. 
San Gabriel, Cal., 3, p. o5'^. 
San Jose, Cal., 5, p. 1183. 
San Luis Valley, Colo., 5, p. 1099. 
Santa Ana, Cal., 2, p. 385. 
Sarpy County, Nebr., 7, p. — . 
Scotland County, Mo., 7, p. — . 
Scott County, Ky., 5, p. 619. 
Scott County, Ind., 6, p. 707. 
Sevier Valley, Utah, 2, p. 243. 
Shelby County, Mo., 5, p. 875. 
Smedes, Miss., 4, p. 325. 
Solomonsville, Ariz., 5, p. 1045. 
Spalding County, Ga., 7, p. — . 
Stanton, Nebr., 5, i). 947. 
Statesville, N. C, 3, p. 273. 
Stockton, Cal., 7, p. — . 
Story County, Iowa, 5, p. 833. 
Stuttgart, Ark., 4, p. 611. 
Sumter County, Ala., 6, p. 317. 
Superior, Wis. -Minn., 6, p. 751. 
Syracuse, N. Y., 5, p. 63. 



Tama County, Iowa, 6, p. 769. 
Tangipahoa Parish, La., 7, p. — . 
Tazewell County, 111., 4, p. 465. 
Tippecanoe County, Ind., 7, p. — 
Toledo, Ohio, 4, p. 383. 
Tompkins County, N. Y., 7, p. — 
Trenton, N. J., 4, p. 163. 
Union County, Ky., 4, p. 425. 
Upshur County, W. Va., 7, p. — - 
Ventura, Cal., 3, p. 521. 
Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y., 6, p. 73. 
Vernon, Tex., 4, p. 365. 
Viroqua, Wis., 5, p. 799. 
Waco, Tex., 7, p. — . 
Walla Walla, Wash., 4, p. 711. 
Warren County, Ky., 6, p. 527. 
Weber County, Utah, 2, p. 207. 
Webster County, Mo., 6, p. 845. 
Westerville, Ohio, 7, p. — . 
Westfield, N. Y., 3, p. 75. 
Wichita, Kans., 4, p. 623. 
Wilhs, Tex., 3, p. 607. 
Winnebago County, 111., 5, p. 573. 
Woodville, Tex., 5, p 511. 
Wooster, Ohio, G, p. 543. 
Worcester County, Md. , 5, p. 165. 
Yazoo, Miss., 3, p. 359. 
Yakima. Wash., 3, p. 389. 
York County, S. C, 7, p. — , 
Yorktown, Va., 7, p. — . 
Yuma, Ariz., 4, p. 777. 
i Yuma, Ariz.-Cal., 6, p. 1025. 



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